Olive oil abrogates acrylamide induced nephrotoxicity by modulating biochemical and histological changes in rats

Acrylamide (ACR) is one of the most important contaminants occurring in foods heated at high temperatures. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective efficacy of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), a main component of the Mediterranean diet, against nephrotoxicity induced by ACR. Rats have received by gavage during 21 days either ACR (40?mg/kg body weight) or ACR-associated with EVOO (300?μl) or only EVOO (300?μl). Acrylamide induced nephrotoxicity as evidenced by an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), protein carbonyls (PCOs) and a decrease in glutathione, non-protein thiols (NPSHs), and vitamin C levels. Activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were also decreased. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, creatinine, urea, and uric acid, urinary volume and creatinine clearance levels were modified. EVOO supplementation improved all the parameters indicated above. Kidney histoarchitecture confirmed the biochemical parameters and the beneficial role of EVOO. EVOO, when added to the diet, may have a beneficial role against kidney injury by scavenging free radicals and by its potent antioxidant power.     

左西替利嗪联合初榨橄榄油治疗颜面再发性皮炎疗效观察

目的：评价左西替利嗪联合初榨橄榄油对女性颜面再发性皮炎的疗效。方法：选取67例女性颜面再发性皮炎患者,并随机分组,分别外用初榨橄榄油（实验组）和肝素钠软膏（对照组）治疗,同时口服左西替利嗪胶囊5mg,每日1次。于使用前、首次使用后第1周、第2周进行临床症状及体征评分比较。结果：实验组患者治疗后自觉红斑、干燥、瘙痒、灼痛明显减轻或消失,治疗后第1周、第2周两组比较有效率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但实验组第2周有效率明显高于第1周（P〈0.05）。结论：左西替利嗪联合初榨橄榄油治疗女性颜面再发性皮炎安全、有效,且2周疗效较好。     

Adjuvant potential of virgin coconut oil extract on antiretroviral therapy‐induced testicular toxicity: An ultrastructural study

The effects of Virgin coconut oil as an adjuvant to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were investigated on the testicular ultrastructure and biochemical markers in rats. Twenty male Sprague‐Dawley rats, weighing 153‐169 g were divided into four groups and treated as follows: control A (distilled water), B (HAART), C (HAART+Virgin coconut oil 10 ml/kg) and D (Virgin coconut oil [VCO] 10 ml/kg). Testicular segments were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. Serum was assayed for testosterone, luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and testicular tissue for malondialdehyde and glutathione. Ultrastructure of basement membrane (Bm), mitochondria and spermatocytes was normal in the control group. HAART‐treated group showed significant increase (p < .01) in Bm thickness with significant decrease in Leydig cell nuclear diameter (p < .05) and volume (p < .01) when compared with control group. Mitochondrial cristae appear collapsed, and Sertoli cells showed cytoplasmic vacuolations. HAART+VCO group showed improved ultrastructural details in Bm, and Sertoli cell and Leydig cells show abundant lipid droplets. Virgin coconut oil‐treated group showed thinning of Bm with otherwise normal ultrastructural features of organelles. HAART‐treated group showed significant increase (p < .01) in testosterone levels. There was no significant effect on malondialdehyde and glutathione levels. Virgin coconut oil improved testicular morphology and reversed HAART‐induced ultrastructural alterations. Further studies on putative mechanism are required.     

Potential effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: To extract from the biomedical published reports, the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on inflammatory disease, in particular acute pancreatitis. METHODS: This review will explain these effects and evaluate potential mechanisms of action of HBO in acute pancreatitis. A Medline/PubMed search (January 1966 to July 2004) with manual cross-referencing was conducted, including all relevant articles investigating the molecular and systemic effects of HBO on inflammatory diseases, particularly focusing on the studies of acute pancreatitis. All publication types, languages and subsets were searched. RESULTS: Original and review articles and short communications were extracted. The selected original articles covered the molecular and systemic effects of HBO and the effects in inflammatory disease states. The major findings are that HBO can act as an anti-inflammatory agent and as an antimicrobial agent. Many of the effects of HBO would be beneficial in the treatment of acute severe pancreatitis. Work carried out to date in animal models of acute pancreatitis shows promising improvements in severity but studies are limited to date. CONCLUSION: Acute pancreatitis impairs the pancreatic and systemic microcirculation and causes acute inflammation. These processes are potentially improved by HBO therapy.     

远端缺血预处理对对乙酰氨基酚诱导急性肝损伤小鼠氧化应激和炎症反应的保护作用

目的 探讨远端缺血预处理（remote ischemic preconditioning,RIPC）对对乙酰氨基酚（acetaminophen,APAP）诱导的急性肝损伤小鼠的保护机制。方法 采用腹腔注射APAP溶液诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型。按随机数字表法将6~8周龄、体质量22~25 g的C57BL/6雄性小鼠分为空白对照组（C组）、假手术组（S组）、肝损伤组（A组）及远端缺血预处理组（R组）,每组10只。处理16 h后取小鼠血标本及肝脏组织,检测各组血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）与谷草转氨酶（AST）活性、血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）与白介素-6（IL-6）水平,检测肝组织活性氧（ROS）、丙二醛（MDA）含量以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）与谷胱甘肽酶（GSH）活性,检测肝组织中Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白-1（Keap1）、核因子E2相关因子2（Nrf2）和血红素加氧酶-1（HO-1）表达的变化。组间比较采用单因素方差分析。结果 （1）肝功能指标：与C组和S组的ALT、AST比较,A组ALT [（5 643.20±688.21）U/L]和AST [（4 479.10±834.46）U/L]水平明显升高,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;R组ALT [（3 730.12±599.33）U/L]和AST [（3 592.52±646.13）U/L]水平明显低于A组,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。（2）炎症因子水平：与C组和S组血清TNF-α、IL-6比较,A组血清TNF-α [（337.75±48.57）pg/mL]和IL-6[（938.03±160.90）pg/mL]水平明显升高,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;R组血清TNF-α [（235.55±65.77）pg/mL]和IL-6 [（713.48±87.78）pg/mL]水平明显低于A组,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。（3）氧化应激程度：与C组和S组对比,A组ROS产生较多,肝内MDA [（13.20±1.94）nmol/mg protein]含量增高,GSH [（7.13±0.89）mg/g protein]和SOD [（8.15±0.65）U/mg protein]活性降低,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;与A组相比,R组ROS产生减少,肝内MDA [（8.50±0.82）nmol/mg protein]活性降低,GSH [（10.36±0.96）mg/g protein]和SOD [（11.14±1.61）U/mg protein]活性则明显升高,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。（4）与C组和S组对比,A组Keap1、Nrf2和HO-1的蛋白相对表达强度降低,而R组显著改善（P<0.05）。结论 远端缺血预处理可通过抗氧化应激和炎症反应,减轻对乙酰氨基酚诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤,其保护机制可能与Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1通路的参与有关。     

IL‐6 production by monocytes is associated with graft function decline in patients with borderline changes suspicious for acute T‐cell‐mediated rejection: a pilot study

Although borderline changes (BL ) suspicious for acute T‐cell‐mediated rejection represent a diagnostic category, its clinical relevance is questioned leading to heterogeneous therapeutic management. We hypothesized that measuring IL ‐6 secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells identifies patients with ongoing graft damage. We examined the association between secreted IL ‐6 and the change in estimated glomerular filtration rate at 6 months after the biopsy (ΔeGFR ). We then conducted phenotypic and functional studies on patient and mouse innate immune cells in the blood and the kidney. In a training set, ΔeGFR was strongly associated with IL ‐6 levels, showing a clinically meaningful decline of 4.6 ± 1.5 ml /min per increase in log10 IL ‐6 (P = 0.001). These results were consistent after adjustment and were reproduced in a validation cohort. Phenotyping of peripheral blood cells revealed that the main source of IL ‐6 was CD 14⁺CD 16^?CCR 2⁺HLA‐DR ⁺CD 86⁺CD 11c⁺ inflammatory monocytes. There was a significant correlation between IL ‐6 secretion and interstitial dendritic cell density in the biopsy. Finally, characterization of mouse kidney dendritic cells revealed that they share features with macrophages and function as effector cells secreting IL ‐6. In conclusion, measuring IL ‐6 secreted by peripheral blood cells can be useful in the management of patients with BL in the absence of a concurrent inflammatory condition.     

鱼油对大鼠急性坏死性胰腺炎抗氧化酶的影响

目的探讨大鼠抗氧化酶系统与急性坏死性胰腺炎(acute necrotizing pancreatitis,ANP)的关系以及鱼油对ANP大鼠抗氧化酶系统的影响。方法48只SD大鼠被分为急性坏死性胰腺炎组(A组,n=16)、急性坏死性胰腺炎鱼油干预组(F组,n=16)和对照组(C组,n=16);A组、F组应用3.5%牛磺胆酸钠逆行胰胆管注射法诱导ANP模型,F组尚通过皮下注射鱼油进行药物干预;在模型制备后30h、5d后分别处死各组的其中8只大鼠,观察各自胰腺病理变化并测定其血清SOD、GSH-Px活力和淀粉酶浓度。结果病理学检查提示鱼油组的胰腺炎症严重程度低于急性胰腺炎组;血清学检查提示急性坏死性胰腺炎组30h、5d后血清SOD、GSH-Px活力明显低于对照组(分别P<0.05及P<0.01),急性坏死性胰腺炎经鱼油治疗后血清中SOD、GSH-Px活力升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论急性坏死性胰腺炎大鼠血清抗氧化酶含量明显降低;鱼油对急性坏死胰腺炎有治疗作用,其上调抗氧化物酶系统可能是其作用机制之一。     

The protection of acute spinal cord injury by subarachnoid space injection of Danshen in animal models

Context/Objective: Following acute spinal cord injury (ASCI) in rabbits, subarachnoid space injection of Danshen was performed to protect the neurological damage. In this study, we established rabbit models of spinal cord injury using a modified Allen’s method.

Design: After the operation introducing the injuries, the rabbits were randomized into two different groups, control group (normal saline, NS) and Danshen, a component extracted from Chinese herb, treatment group. Each rabbit was supplied with either the drug or placebo at 0.3?ml/kg each day through subarachnoid cavity.

Setting: Rabbit model of acute spinal cord injury were used for the response to Danshen treatment.

Participants: Total 48 Chinese rabbits aged four～ five months old provided by Experimental Animal Center of Hubei Province were used for this study.

Interventions: Danshen drug or placebo was administered via a silicon tube embedded under the spinal dura mater to administer the drugs into subarachnoid cavity.

Outcome Measures: After the treatment, damage indicators including cell apoptosis, morphological changes and oxidative damages were assessed.

Results: We found out that cell apoptosis was decreased after Danshen injection as determined by downregulation of apoptosis index (AI) by TUNEL analysis as well as propidium iodide (PI) percentage by FACS analysis. In the meanwhile, we observed cells after the treatment have increased numbers of BCL-2 positive cells, this indicated the antiapoptotic gene expression is increased after Danshen treatment. When we check the oxidative damage indicators, we found superoxide dismutase (SOD) was increased and malondiadehyde (MDA) levels were decreased after the treatment.

Conclusion: Danshen can protect ASCI through inhibition of oxidative damage in the injured cells and thus reduce the subsequent cell apoptosis in the spinal.     

Ameliorative effects of curcumin against acute cadmium toxicity on male reproductive system in rats

The aim of the present study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of curcumin (CMN) against acute cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)) toxicity on male reproductive system in rats. CdCl(2) is known to be a heavy metal and potential environmental pollutant. For this purpose, 28 rats were equally divided into four groups; the first group was kept as control and given distilled water and corn oil as carrier. In second and third groups, CdCl(2) and CMN were administered at the dose with 1 mg kg(-1) day(-1) and 100 mg kg(-1) for 3 days respectively. CdCl(2) and CMN were given together at the same doses in the fourth group. It was determined that acute CdCl(2) exposure caused a significant reproductive damage via increased oxidative stress (increased TBARS levels and decreased SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH levels), histological alterations (necrosis, oedema etc.) and spermatological damage (decreased sperm motility and sperm concentration and increased abnormal sperm rate) in male rats. However, CMN treatment partially reversed these toxic effects of CdCl(2) on the reproductive system. In conclusion, our results show that acute exposure of CdCl(2) may lead to infertility, and CMN could prevent and reverse hazardous effects of CdCl(2) to some degree. Thus, CMN may be useful for the prevention of CdCl(2)-induced reproductive damage.     

Effectiveness and safety of olive oil preparation for topical use in pressure ulcer prevention: Multicentre,controlled, randomised,and double‐blinded clinical trial

This non‐inferiority, multicentre, randomised, controlled, and double‐blinded clinical trial compared the therapeutic effectiveness of the topical application of an olive oil solution with that of a hyperoxygenated fatty acid compound for the prevention of pressure ulcers in at‐risk nursing home residents. The study population comprised 571 residents of 23 nursing homes with pressure ulcer risk, randomly assigned to a hyperoxygenated fatty acid group (n = 288) or olive oil solution group (n = 283). Both solutions were applied on at‐risk skin areas every 12 hours for 30 days or until pressure ulcer onset. The main outcome variable was the pressure ulcer incidence. The absolute risk difference was estimated (with 95% CI) using Kaplan‐Meier survival and Cox regression curves. The groups did not significantly differ in any study variable at baseline. The pressure ulcer incidence was 4.18% in the olive oil group vs 6.57% in the control group, with an incidence difference of −2.39% (95% CI = −6.40 to 1.56%), which is within the pre‐established non‐inferiority margin of ±7%, thus supporting the study hypothesis. We present the first evidence of the effectiveness and safety of the topical application of olive oil to prevent pressure ulcers in the institutionalised elderly.     

Role of resident macrophages in the immunologic response and smooth muscle dysfunction during acute allograft rejection after intestinal transplantation.

Resident muscularis macrophages initiate an inflammatory cascade during ischemia/reperfusion that is associated with dysmotility and the activation of immunologic processes. We hypothesized that these muscularis macrophages may also play a potential immunologic role for acute allograft rejection in intestinal transplantation. Orthotopic SBTx (BN‐Lew) was performed without immunosuppression. Animals were sacrificed 7 days after SBTx. The role of resident macrophages was evaluated by transplantation of macrophage‐depleted and gadolinium chloride‐treated gut. Leukocyte infiltration was investigated in muscularis whole mounts by immunohistochemistry. Mediator mRNA expression was determined by Real‐Time‐RT‐PCR. Apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL. Smooth muscle contractility was assessed in a standard organ bath. In comparison to vehicle‐treated grafts, macrophage‐depleted grafts exhibited significantly lower mediator mRNA peak expression (IL‐6, IL‐2, IL‐10, MCP‐1, iNOS, TNFα, IFNγ, FasL), leukocyte infiltrates (ED1‐ and ED2 positive monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ lymphocytes), apoptosis rates and an improved histologic rejection grading. Vehicle‐treated grafts showed a 77% decrease in smooth muscle contractility compared to naïve controls, while macrophage‐depleted gut exhibited only a 51% decrease in contractile activity. Transplantation of macrophage‐depleted gut attenuates the functionally relevant molecular and cellular immunologic response within the graft muscularis in acute allograft rejection. Resident macrophages participate in initiating these processes.     

乌蔹莓膏在急性骶尾部藏毛窦脓肿术后的应用研究

目的:观察乌蔹莓膏应用于急性骶尾部藏毛窦脓肿术后创面的临床疗效。方法:采用前瞻性随机对照研究方法,纳入84例采用切口开放手术(袋形缝合术)治疗的急性骶尾部藏毛窦脓肿的患者,随机分为试验组(采用乌蔹莓膏换药治疗,n=41)和对照组(采用医用凡士林敷料换药治疗,n=43),比较两组的创面疼痛和渗液情况、创面肉芽生长情况、愈合情况、住院时间及愈合皮肤瘢痕增生情况。结果:试验组的创面疼痛及渗液情况明显轻于对照组(P＜0.05)。试验组的创面肉芽生长更好,创面愈合速度更快,住院时间及愈合时间更短(均P＜0.001)。术后6个月,试验组患者温哥华瘢痕量表(VSS)评分中的色泽、厚度、血管分布、柔软度及总分均明显低于对照组(均P＜0.05)。结论:乌蔹莓膏应用于急性骶尾部藏毛窦脓肿术后创面的疗效较好,可有效减轻术后创面疼痛、渗液,促进肉芽生长,加快创面愈合速度,缩短创面愈合时间及住院时间,抑制瘢痕增生,值得临床推广。     

Systemic translation of locally infiltrated epidermal growth factor in diabetic lower extremity wounds

Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the most frightened diabetic complications leading to amputation disability and early mortality. Diabetic wounds exhibit a complex networking of inflammatory cytokines, local proteases, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as a pathogenic polymicrobial biofilm, overall contributing to wound chronification and host homeostasis imbalance. Intralesional infiltration of epidermal growth factor (EGF) has emerged as a therapeutic alternative to diabetic wound healing, reaching responsive cells while avoiding the deleterious effect of proteases and the biofilm on the wound's surface. The present study shows that intralesional therapy with EGF is associated with the systemic attenuation of pro‐inflammatory markers along with redox balance recovery. A total of 11 diabetic patients with neuropathic foot ulcers were studied before and 3 weeks after starting EGF treatment. Evaluations comprised plasma levels of pro‐inflammatory, redox balance, and glycation markers. Pro‐inflammatory markers such as erythrosedimentation rate, C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6, soluble FAS, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1‐alpha were significantly reduced by EGF therapy. Oxidative capacity, nitrite/nitrate ratio, and pentosidine were also reduced, while soluble receptor for advanced glycation end‐products significantly increased. Overall, our results indicate that the local intralesional infiltration of EGF translates in systemic anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects, as in attenuation of the glycation products' negative effects.     

Ameliorative effects of pine bark extract on cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in rats

Objective: This study investigated the dose–response effects of pine bark extract (PBE, pycnogenol^®) on oxidative stress-mediated apoptotic changes induced by cisplatin (Csp) in rats.

Materials and methods: The ameliorating potential of PBE was evaluated after orally administering PBE at doses of 10 or 20?mg/kg for 10 days. Acute kidney injury was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of Csp at 7?mg/kg on test day 5.

Results: Csp treatment caused acute kidney injury manifested by elevated levels of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) with corresponding histopathological changes, including degeneration of tubular epithelial cells, hyaline casts in the tubular lumen, and inflammatory cell infiltration (interstitial nephritis). Csp also induced significant apoptotic changes in renal tubular cells. In addition, Csp treatment induced high levels of oxidative stress, as evidenced by an increased level of malondialdehyde, depletion of the reduced glutathione (GSH) content, and decreased activities of glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in kidney tissues. On the contrary, PBE treatment lowered BUN and CRE levels and effectively attenuated histopathological alterations and apoptotic changes induced by Csp. Additionally, treatment with PBE suppressed lipid peroxidation, prevented depletion of GSH, and enhanced activities of the antioxidant enzymes in kidney tissue.

Conclusions: These results indicate that PBE has a cytoprotective effect against oxidative stress-mediated apoptotic changes caused by Csp in the rat kidney, which may be attributed to both increase of antioxidant enzyme activities and inhibition of lipid peroxidation.     

Healing efficacy of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed oil in an ovine burn wound model

To investigate the efficacy of sea buckthorn (SBT) seed oil – a rich source of substances known to have anti-atherogenic and cardioprotective activity, and to promote skin and mucosa epithelization – on burn wound healing, five adult sheep were subjected to 3rd degree flame burns. Two burn sites were made on the dorsum of the sheep and the eschar was excised down to the fascia. Split-thickness skin grafts were harvested, meshed, and fitted to the wounds. The autograft was placed on the fascia and SBT seed oil was topically applied to one recipient and one donor site, respectively, with the remaining sites treated with vehicle. The wound blood flow (LASER Doppler), and epithelization (ultrasound) were determined at 6, 14, and 21 days after injury. 14 days after grafting, the percentage of epithelization in the treated sites was greater (95 ± 2.2% vs. 83 ± 2.9%, p < 0.05) than in the untreated sites. Complete epithelization time was shorter in both treated recipient and donor sites (14.20 ± 0.48 vs. 19.60 ± 0.40 days, p < 0.05 and 13.40 ± 1.02 vs. 19.60 ± 0.50 days, p < 0.05, respectively) than in the untreated sites, confirmed by ultrasound. In conclusion, SBT seed oil has significant wound healing activity in full-thickness burns and split-thickness harvested wounds.     

A red palm oil diet can reduce the effects of oxidative stress on rat spermatozoa

Male Wistar rats (n = 54) received daily supplementation of red palm oil (RPO: 0, 2, 4 ml). Subgroups were subsequently injected with saline, cumene hydroperoxide (cHP, 10 μm) or t-butyl hydroperoxide (tbHP, 20 μm) over a 60-day period after which animals were sacrificed. Epididymal sperm motility, concentration, reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and enzymes were measured. Sperm concentration, motility, superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration, glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly lower, while dichlorofluorescein (DCF) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were higher in sperm of hydroperoxide-treated animals compared to controls (P < 0.05). DCF and MDA levels were significantly lower, while SOD, CAT and GSH were significantly higher in the sperm of rats supplemented with RPO in combination with hydroperoxide treatment when compared to those receiving hydroperoxide and no RPO supplementation (P < 0.05). Moreover, the DCF, SOD, CAT and GSH levels in the RPO hydroperoxide groups did not differ from control values (P > 0.05). RPO supplementation can successfully attenuate the oxidative stress-induced sperm damage due to organic hydroperoxide exposure. We therefore propose that a daily intake of RPO supplement to the diet might be helpful in protecting males against the adverse effects of high ROS in sperm function and help preserve fertility.     

Diverse effects of natural antioxidants on cyclosporin cytotoxicity in rat renal tubular cells.

BACKGROUND: As is well known, the use of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) is partially restricted by its nephrotoxic effects, which include early changes in haemodynamics followed by irreversible injuries to the renal tubules. Although the mechanisms responsible for these side effects are poorly understood, an involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been suggested. In this study, we selected three natural antioxidants, resveratrol, hydroxytyrosol and vitamin E, on the basis of their scavenging capabilities, and tested their protective effects against CsA toxicity. METHODS: Immortalized rat tubular cells (RPTc) were used as the model system. Cell viability was checked with trypan blue assay, and free radical formation was measured using the fluorescent probe 2,7-dichlorofluorescein (DCF). We evaluated several oxidative stress parameters, including phospholipid peroxidation products, glutathione levels and oxygenase expression. RESULTS: Incubation of RPTc with 25 muM CsA induced a significant decrease in cell viability paralleled by intracellular ROS formation and alterations in lipid peroxidation. There was also an imbalance of glutathione redox state as well as upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The three antioxidants, at micromolar concentration, quantitatively prevented the ROS-activated DCF fluorescent signal and membrane lipid peroxidation. Both hydroxytyrosol and resveratrol strengthened the CsA induction of HO-1 expression. Moreover, vitamin E and resveratrol counteracted CsA-induced changes in the glutathione redox state via different mechanisms, whereas hydroxytyrosol was completely ineffective. Similarly, CsA-dependent nephrotoxicity was prevented by vitamin E, while resveratrol only exerted partial protection, and hydroxytyrosol showed no protective effects. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the diverse cytoprotective effects of the antioxidants tested in these studies were not directly related to their scavenging capabilities. These findings confirm a key role for glutathione in protecting cells from CsA-induced adverse effects and do not support a direct link between CsA-mediated ROS generation and adverse renal effects.     

环孢素A对大鼠急性出血坏死性胰腺炎脑损伤保护作用

目的探讨环孢素A在大鼠急性出血坏死性胰腺炎（ANP）时对脑组织损害的保护作用,从而为胰腺炎脑损伤的治疗提供实验依据。方法将60只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组,诱导组和环孢素A处理组,经胰胆管逆行注射5％牛磺胆酸钠建立大鼠ANP模型,12h后处死动物,测定血清的TNFα水平,并检测脑组织含水量、脑组织MDA含量及脑微血管内白细胞聚集及附壁现象。结果经环孢素A处理后,血清中TNFα水平、脑组织含水量、脑组织MDA含量、脑微血管内白细胞聚集及附壁现象显著降低（P〈0．01）。结论环孢素A可以减轻脑损害的发生和发展。     

利多卡因减轻内毒素诱导兔肺损伤炎症反应的实验研究

静脉注射内毒素引起的急性肺损伤与临床脓毒血症引起的急性肺损伤相似，是全身的过度炎症反应引起的急性损伤。肺由于其组织结构及功能的特殊性，往往成为受累最先及最严重的一个器官。近年，大量的动物及体外实验证明，利多卡因具有抑制中性粒细胞黏附、趋化，抑制氧自由基和蛋白水解酶释放，稳定细胞膜，调节细胞因子和抑制过度的炎症反应等作用。动物实验已经证实利多卡因预防性及打击后早期给药可以减轻多种因素诱发急性肺损伤的程度（包括高氧、盐酸吸入、胰酶及蛋白酶诱导、内毒素诱导及缺血再灌注损伤等）。但利多卡因剂量与减轻急性肺损伤程度的关系尚不清楚。本研究探讨利多卡因是否能减轻内毒素诱导兔肺部的炎症反应，最终减轻肺损伤及量效关系。