宁夏职业人群铅接触水平的检测与分析

目的反映我区铅作业场所和接触人群铅浓度水平的检测情况,并提出防治建议。方法分别用原子吸收分光光度法和双硫腙比色法测定空气铅及尿铅含量。结果车间空气铅浓度高低直接影响铅接触人群尿铅浓度异常率。冶炼、蓄电池制造、某钢厂热处理车间铅接触水平较高,分别为0.138mg/m3、0.121mg/m3和0.150mg/m3,相对应接触人群的尿铅异常率分别为71.9%、27.3%和53.4%。对热处理车间工人不同年份的尿铅测定结果比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。提示在一定浓度内尿铅值随接触工龄增长呈上升趋势。结论宁夏铅污染较严重的行业为热处理、冶炼、蓄电池,尤其值得关注的是铅污染较严重且接触人群集中的某热处理车间,其防治工作应引起高度重视。     

空气中低浓度铅污染与工人血铅等水平的关系

本文对某印刷厂铅作业场所空气中铅浓度作了动态测定,发现熔铅浇版二处空气中铅浓度超过国家规定最高容许浓度1～6倍。在作业工人中测定了血铅、血原卟啉, 尿δ氨基乙酰丙酸、尿铅、尿粪卟啉,血色素等指标。结果表明:空气中低浓度铅污染时,血铅与空气中铅浓度之间具有密切相关,相关系数等于0.9654;其他指标之间无明显相关。     

铅作业人员血细胞参数和血清抗氧化酶活性的变化

目的探讨职业性铅暴露作业人员血细胞参数和血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力的变化。方法选择75例某铅冶炼厂熔炼车间接触铅烟、铅尘作业工人为接触组,50例该厂不接触铅的行政及销售人员为对照组,测定2组人员尿铅含量、8项血细胞参数指标和血清SOD活力,比较2组的差异;同时对作业工人接触铅烟、铅尘的浓度进行测定。结果接触组尿铅含量为（0.058±0.092）mg/L,与对照组相比明显增高（P〈0.01）;血红蛋白含量与对照组相比明显降低（P〈0.05）;血清SOD活力为（109.80±26.35）U/ml,与对照组相比明显增高（P〈0.01）,且随着工龄的增加而增高。结论职业性铅暴露可使体内铅负荷增加,导致血红蛋白含量降低和血清SOD活力下降     

太原市某企业2008年238名铅作业人员尿铅结果分析

国的：了解铅作业人员尿铅含量，从而采取有效的防护措施。方法：回顾性分析太原市某企业2008年238名铅作业人员体检中尿铅检测和车间中的铅烟、铅尘监测资料。结果：铅浓度范围为O．026mg／m^3-0．240mg／m^3标准样品25份，超标率为30．49％。238名铅作业工人中尿铅超标者共20人，超标率8．4％，其中化成作业工人中尿铅超标率20．6％，其次是涂膏工，为14．0％，尿铅超标检出率最低是板栅工为2．3％。各工种尿铅超标检出率差异有统计学意义。结论：尿铅超标率随着接铅时间的延长而升高．随着车间空气中铅浓度的降低，工人尿铅浓度也随着下降。     

蓄电池厂铅危害的调查分析

工业用铅一般可分为二大类 :金属铅和铅化合物。进入环境的铅主要是铅化合物[1] 。就铅的接触而言 ,熔炼和精炼铅是危害最大的工种 ,但在蓄电池行业中混合的铅氧化物也相当危险 ,这些岗位的空气铅浓度可达 0 .8～ 4 .0mg/m3 。空气中高浓度的铅被吸入人体后 ,血铅和尿铅浓度相应增高[2 ] ,甚至造成铅中毒。为掌握县级蓄电池行业车间空气铅浓度对作业工人的危害情况 ,我们于 1998年 8月— 1999年 12月参加了对两个县级蓄电池厂车间空气铅浓度及该厂铅作业工人的尿铅含量的调查分析 ,现报告如下。1　对象在承德市某县和石家庄市某县二个正常生…     

唾液铅在铅吸收诊断中的价值

目的：研究唾液铅在铅吸收诊断中的价值。方法：采用双硫腙比色法测量空气中铅浓度,采用阳极溶出伏安法测定唾液铅和血铅含量。结果：作业现场空气中铅浓度超过国家最高容许浓度1．3－9．2倍。铅作业工人血铅与唾液铅的相关系数为0．6735,回归方程为Y＝4．74＋20．99X,二者呈明显的正相关。结论：职业性铅接触者以唾液铅代替血铅诊断个体吸收是可靠的。     

陶瓷厂铅作业对工人免疫功能的影响

对陶瓷厂铅作业工人的尿铅,唾液IgG,IgA和α-醋酸萘脂酶(ANAE)进行了测定。结果表明:在作业环境空气铅不超标(x=0.0193 mg/m~3),尿铅也不增加的状态下,观察组与对照组的唾液IgG、IgA和外周血ANAE比较,差异均有显著性。提示长期低剂量铅接触可引起免疫功能的改变。     

职业性铅接触生物监测指标的选择

本文对154名铅接触工人,空气铅浓度0.05～5.0mg/m~3(TWA)和163名非铅接触者的血铅(PbB)、红细胞游离原卟啉(FEP)、红细胞锌原卟啉(ZPP)、和尿铅(PbU)的测定结果进行了统计分析。接触-效应和接触-反应之间均有很好相关。用判别分析求得PbB35μg/dl,FEP 45μg/dl,ZPP 70μg/dl,PbU 35μg/L作为检测基准是适宜的。对这些指标的检测效能作了检验,并表明两个检测指标合用比单用一个指标的分辨效果为好。建议取FEP,PbU两项指标合用作铅接触者的检测较为理想。用FEP(X_1),PbU(X_2)两项指标计算得到的判别式Z=0.01901 X_1+0.0001096 X_2,和临界值Z_0=0.035作为对空气铅浓度的监测判别初筛;以Z=0.01477 X_1+0.0000558 X_2,Z_0=0.0278监测判别接触者的血铅。     

铅中毒诊断标准及铅卫生标准对铅接触者健康保护意义的探讨

目的：探讨铅中毒诊断标难及铅卫生标难对铅接触者健康保护效果。方法：测定某铅冶炼厂158名铅接触工人的血铅(PbB)、尿铅(PbU)、锌gLDb(ZPP)、游离原卟啉(FEP)、δ—氨基乙配丙酸(δ—ALA)含量及车间空气中铅浓度并计算血铅等五项指标超过诊断值的超标率。结果：工人在超过国家卫生标难(铅烟：0．03mg／m^3)726倍、180倍及ll倍的环境中工作，其各项指标的超标率：726倍的为29．6％～57．4％，180倍的为10．0％～48．0％，ll倍的为0～3．7％。结论：现行铅中毒诊断标难及铅卫生标难是安全的，对接触者的身体健康有较好的保护效果。     

宁夏某钢丝绳制造业铅作业情况调查分析

目的:了解宁夏某钢丝绳制造业铅作业环境状况,对作业工人健康影响,探讨其控制措施。方法:根据现场调查,按国家标准对作业场所进行监测,对作业人员尿铅进行检测;采用SSPS10.0软件进行数据统计。结果:下线、铅锅作业岗位空气中铅烟(尘)浓度远高于上线岗位;铅覆盖剂能有效降低铅烟(尘)浓度;铅接触者尿铅异常率逐年升高。结论:某钢丝绳制造业铅作业场所超标严重,应加强管理,车间采取有效防护措施,提高作业工人自我防护意识和能力。     

低浓度铅对女工高血压影响探讨

目的 :高浓度铅接触对心血管的影响早已肯定 ,但低浓度 (TWA为 0 .0 34mg/ m3)铅接触对心血管 ,特别是对女性是否仍有影响报道很少 ,而女性低铅作业人数约占 75 %～ 80 %。为搞清低浓度铅对女性健康的影响 ,我们对 82名低铅接触女工进行了全面调查和研究。方法 :采用时间加权平均浓度 (TWA)表示该车间空气中铅浓度和接触者体内吸收水平 ,并测定血压 ,面询工龄、年龄、神经系统发病率等。结果 :高血压发病年龄提前 ,接触组患病率最高年龄段在 30岁～ 40岁之间 (占 6 0 % ) ,最小年龄2 0岁。对照组患病率最高年龄段在 40岁～ 5 0岁之间 ,最小年龄 2 8岁 ;高血压发病和铅接触时间有关。发病者中工龄最短为 2 a,工龄 2 0 a之内发病者占 75 % ;铅接触组高血压患者神经系统症状和非高血压组有差异 ,接触组以头痛、睡眠障碍为主 ;非高血压组以头昏发病率为最高。结论 :低铅接触对女性心血管系统仍有影响 ,应把血压作为女性铅接触的监测指标     

Detection of Sperm DNA Damage in Workers Exposed to Benzene by Modified Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis

It was well known that the genotoxicity and the carcinogenic effects of benzene weredemonstrated[1,2]. Recently more attention had been paid to the effects of benzene on humanreproduction. These studies focused on the female reproductive system[3] or the semen,such as volume, viscosity and liquefaction[4]. Few articles reported investigating the effectsof benzene on sperm DNA that was crucial for human reproduction[5].The purpose of this study was to assess sperm DNA damage in workers expos…     

油漆工血铅水平及其影响因素

目的：了解油漆工人血铅水平，探讨影响其血铅水平的相关因素，为制定有效的防护措施提供理论依 据。方法：对三一重工股份有限公司和湘江关西涂料有限公司2012年10月至2012年12月参加健康体检的535名油漆工 人进行调查，以血铅是否达到检出水平(0.04 mg/L)分为血铅检测阳性和阴性两组，进行问卷调查和体格检查。采用 χ2检验和非条件logistic回归探讨可能影响油漆工人血铅水平的因素。结果：本次调查共获得525例有效问卷和体检结 果，血铅检出率(血铅≥0.04 mg/L)为10.5%，血铅最大值为0.35 mg/L。多因素logistic回归分析显示：吸烟(OR=2.424)、 在车间抽烟饮食(OR=2.139)、无良好的抽烟饭前洗手习惯(OR=1.624)、口罩更换周期在两周以上(OR=2.158)是血铅升 高的危险因素。结论：吸烟、在车间抽烟饮食、无良好的抽烟饭前洗手习惯以及口罩更换周期在两周以上是血铅水 平升高的危险因素。     

Recommendations for reducing the effect of grain dust on the lungs. Canadian Thoracic Society Standards Committee.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the appropriateness of the current Canadian standards for exposure to grain dust in the workplace. OPTIONS: The current permissible exposure limit of 10 mg of total grain dust per cubic metre of air (expressed as mg/m3) as an 8-hour time-weighted average exposure, or a lower permissible exposure limit. OUTCOMES: Acute symptoms of grain-dust exposure, such as cough, phlegm production, wheezing and dyspnea, similar chronic symptoms, and spirometric deficits revealing obstructive or restrictive disease. EVIDENCE: Articles published from 1924 to December 1993 were identified from Index Medicus and the bibliographies of pertinent articles. Subsequent articles published from 1994 (when the recommendations were approved by the Canadian Thoracic Society Standards Committee) to June 1996 were retrieved through a search of MEDLINE, and modification of the recommendations was not found to be necessary. Studies of interest were those that linked measurements of total grain dust levels to the development of acute and chronic respiratory symptoms and changes in lung function in exposed workers. Papers on the effects of grain dust on workers in feed mills were not included because other nutrients such as animal products may have been added to the grain. Unpublished reports (e.g., to Labour Canada) were included as sources of information. VALUES: A high value was placed on minimizing the biological harm that grain dust has on the lungs of grain workers. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS: A permissible exposure limit of 5 mg/m3 would control the short-term effects of exposure to grain dust on workers. Evidence is insufficient to determine what level is needed to prevent long-term effects. The economic implications of implementing a lower permissible exposure limit have not been evaluated. RECOMMENDATIONS: The current Canadian standards for grain-dust exposure should be reviewed by Labour Canada and the grain industry. A permissible exposure level of 5 mg/m3 is recommended to control short-term effects. Further measurements that link the levels of exposure to respiratory health effects in workers across Canada should be collected to establish an exposure-response relation and possible regional differences in the effects of grain dust. VALIDATION: There has been no external review of these recommendations. However, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists has recommended an 8-hour average exposure limit of 4 mg/m3 for wheat, oats and barley.     

Effects of smoking and lead exposure on proximal tubular integrity among Egyptian industrial workers

BACKGROUND: The hazards of occupational lead exposure are well documented. Tissue damage produced by lead is slow and progressive. The renal system is one of the systems primarily affected by lead. The present study aimed to evaluate renal proximal tubular functional and structural integrity among lead-exposed and cigarette-smoking male Egyptian workers. This study was extended to investigate the effect of lead exposure and cigarette smoking on urinary excretion of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). METHODS: Participants included in the present study were 156 male workers grouped as follows: i) 75 lead non-exposed workers subgrouped into G1 that consisted of 36 non-smokers (age, 39.08+/-6.65 years) and G2, which included 39 smokers (age, 43.87+/-9.93 years); ii) 45 lead-exposed workers (work duration <20 years) subgrouped into G3 that consisted of 25 non-smokers (age, 37.40+/-3.76 years) and G4, which included 20 smokers (age, 38.40+/-4.95 years), and iii) 36 lead-exposed workers (work duration > or =20 years) subgrouped into G5 that consisted of 16 non-smokers (age, 45.94+/-4.19 years) and G6 which included 20 smokers (age, 45.70+/-2.25 years). Functional integrity of proximal tubules was studied by determining urinary level of low-molecular-weight protein alpha1-microglobulin (alpha1M), and structural integrity was investigated by measuring urinary activities of the lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and the cytoplasmic enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST). Urinary concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, and creatinine were also determined. RESULTS: Data of the present investigation showed increased urinary excretion of all measured urinary parameters among lead-exposed workers in comparison with non-exposed workers whether they were non-smokers or smokers (G3 vs. G1, G5 vs. G1, G4 vs. G2, and G6 vs. G2), with greater elevation among lead-exposed smokers than among lead-exposed non-smokers (G4 vs. G3, G6 vs. G5). In addition, there was a greater increase in levels of all urinary parameters among workers with work duration > or =20 years than in those with <20 years' work duration (G6 vs. G4, G5 vs. G3). CONCLUSIONS: Lead exposure in Egyptian workers causes damage to renal proximal tubules and results in its dysfunction. Cigarette smoking has a nephrotoxic effect and also is synergistic to lead nephrotoxicity on urinary excretion of GST and NAG, as well as Pb.     

THE RISK OF OCCUPATIONAL LEAD EXPOSURE

We conducted a field survey on 53 workers in a battery factory, 52 solder workers, and 50 embroidery workers (control group). The average air lead levels at the workplaces of these three groups were 0.578 mg/nt, 0.0015 mg/m:3 and 0.006 mg,iml respectively. Clinical and biochemical studies re vealed that the workers in Shanghai Navigation Battery Factory were affected somewhat by the toxic effects of lead. The solder workers showed no signi- ficant abnormalities compared with the control group. A significant dose-response relationship ex isted between air lead levels and toxic effects. The early clinical manifestations observed were dysfunction of the central nervous system, dyspcpsia, joint pain, and myalgia in the extremities. A positive association was observed between the prevalences of fatigue, mild abdominal pain, and joint pain and the blood lead (PbB), urine lead (PbU), and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels. The symptomatic threshold values for PbB, PbU, and ZPP were 30 u.g/dl, 0.045 mg/'I, and 40 Ug/dl, respectively Although the PbB, PbU, 6-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP), and ZPP levels could be used as criteria of lead exposure, the measurement of ZPP is the first- choice screening test for a preventive monitoring program. The motor and sensory conduction velocities in the median nerve were slower in the exposure group than the control group (p<0.05). Conduction velocity and intensity of lead exposure were not significantly correlated. No apparent effects on behavioral func tion were observed among the solder workers.     

Blood lead concentration, blood pressure, and renal function

Blood lead concentrations were related to blood pressure and indicators of renal function in a clinical survey of 7735 middle aged men from 24 British towns. There was no overall evidence that blood lead concentrations were associated with systolic or diastolic blood pressure (r = +0.03 and +0.01, respectively). In the 74 men with a blood lead concentration of 1.8 mumol/l (37.3 micrograms/100 ml) or more there was some suggestion of increased hypertension, but this did not reach significance. Blood lead concentration did not have any relation with serum creatinine concentration. Moderate increases in blood lead concentration were associated with small increases in mean serum urate concentration and small decreases in mean serum urea concentration; these associations were both reduced when alcohol consumption was taken into account. There is no indication that exposure to lead at concentrations commonly encountered in British men is responsible for impaired renal function or increased blood pressure.     

铅作业住院患者不同血铅负荷量与血压水平及心电图改变的关系

目的：通过对血铅水平异常者的病例对照研究,探讨血铅水平对铅作业工人血压及心电图的影响。方法选取某钢铁厂确诊为职业性慢性血铅水平异常者45人（慢性血铅中毒20人,慢性血铅升高25人）为病例组,同时选取该厂不接触铅的工人30人为对照组,监测血压、心电图等检查结果进行对比分析。结果收缩压水平从高到低依次为慢性血铅中毒组[（126．0±11．4）mmHg]、慢性血铅升高组[（120．6±8．99）mmHg]和对照组[（112．5±5．2）mmHg],组间两两比较差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;舒张压水平从高到低依次为慢性血铅中毒组[（76．3±9．0）mmHg]、慢性血铅升高组[（72．4 ± 6．8）mmHg]和对照组[（68．7±4．7）mmHg],组间两两比较差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;各类心电图异常总体检出率从高到低依次为慢性血铅中毒组（65．0％）、慢性血铅升高组（40．0％）和对照组（16．7％）,差异具有统计学意义（趋势χ2值＝11．930,P＝0．001）。结论铅可导致收缩压与舒张压升高,以及心电图的异常率上升,且血铅水平越高上述问题越严重。     

齐齐哈尔市某家居石材加工作坊甲醛职业危害评价

目的测定家居石材加工作业场所中甲醛浓度,分析得出甲醛的危害级别,并提出有效的卫生防护措施,从而提高作业工人职业生命质量、促进其健康。方法应用酚试剂分光光度法测定作业环境中甲醛浓度,根据检测结果采用国家标准进行职业卫生学评价。结果该家居石材加工作坊生产环境中甲醛的最高浓度为0.835mg/m3,按国家标准《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值》GBZ2-2002中工作场所甲醛的最高容许浓度(0.5mg/m3),超标倍数为0.67,超标率为100%。结论该家居石材加工作坊车间内甲醛的污染程度为中度危害级别。