北京市门头沟区2015—2016年Victoria系乙型流感病毒HA1基因特征分析

目的 了解北京市门头沟区2015—2016年分离的Victoria系乙型流感病毒血凝素HA1基因变异特征,分析流行株与我国疫苗株的匹配情况,为乙型流感防控提供依据.方法 对狗肾传代细胞(MDCK)培养分离得到的14株Victoria系乙型流感病毒进行核酸提取,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增病毒HA1基因后进行核苷酸序列测定,采用邻接法进行遗传进化树分析.结果 2015—2016年北京市门头沟区流行的乙型流感病毒以Victoria系为主.分离并测序的14株Victoria系乙型流感病毒HA1基因与WHO推荐的2016—2017年流感疫苗株B/Brisbane/60/2008(FJ766842)和国内代表株B/JilinNanguan/1223/2016(EPI768805)亲缘性更近.与B/Brisbane/60/2008和B/JilinNanguan/1223/2016(EPI768805)的HA1区的氨基酸相比,所有毒株都在2个位点发生氨基酸替换,个别毒株也会在其他个别位点发生点突变,变异涉及1个抗原决定簇.而与WHO推荐的2015—2016年Yamagata系疫苗株B/Phuket/3073/2013(EPI608074)亲缘关系稍远一些.结论 在2015—2016年流感监测季中,北京市门头沟区乙型流感病毒以Victoria系为优势流行株.而WHO推荐的乙型流感疫苗株为Yamagata系,可见疫苗株与本区流行株匹配性不佳.     

1990～2000年间我国乙型流感病毒HA1基因演变的特征

目的 了解1990—2000年间我国乙型流感病毒HA1基因的演变特征。方法 提取病毒RNA，经逆转录和聚合酶链式反应扩增后测序，测定的序列和Gen bank中已有的相关序列进行比较。结果 ①我国乙型流感病毒在此期间一直存在两个差别较大的谱系，除1994年和1997年Victoria谱系为主外，其余各年均以Yamagata谱系为主；②1992年以后Yamagata谱系又分化出两个组，彼此间氨基酸序列差异达6％；③1990—2000年间非回复突变的、大的变异株引导乙型流感的流行；④除了个别毒株之外，同一年份我国不同地区流行的属于同一谱系的乙型毒株HA1基因序列差别不大。结论 我国乙型流感病毒1990—2000年间一直存在两个差别较大的谱系，其中Yamagata谱系在此期间又分化出两个组，谱系的更换和同一谱系内出现大的变异株具有重要的流行病学意义。     

Genetic analysis and evaluation of the reassortment of influenza B viruses isolated in Taiwan during the 2004-2005 and 2006-2007 epidemics

Influenza B viruses were predominant in Taiwan during the 2004-2005 epidemic and both Victoria and Yamagata lineage viruses co-circulated. A reassortant influenza B virus that contained a Victoria lineage hemagglutinin (HA) gene and Yamagata lineage neuraminidase (NA) gene appeared first in 2002 and became predominant during the 2004-2005 epidemic. During the 2006-2007 epidemic, an influenza B outbreak occurred in Taiwan and only Victoria lineage viruses circulated. We characterized the viruses isolated in the 2006-2007 epidemic and found that the HA genes of influenza B viruses from that epidemic were highly similar to those from the 2004-2005 epidemic. We also analyzed the NA genes of isolates from the 2006-2007 epidemic and found that they all belonged to the Yamagata lineage and formed a new genetic subclade. Comparison of isolates from the 2004-2005 and 2006-2007 epidemics revealed four substitutions, N220K, E320D, K343R and E404K in NA genes. Although the HA sequences from the 2006-2007 epidemic were similar to those from the 2004-2005 epidemic, the NA sequences differed, suggesting distinct patterns of evolution of the HA and NA genes from 2004-2007 in Taiwan. This study emphasizes that the evolution of the NA genes may contribute to reemergence of influenza B viruses.     

B型流感病毒Yamagata系和Victoria系双重荧光PCR诊断方法的建立与应用

目的 建立一种新型的双重荧光PCR诊断方法,用于B型流感病毒By (B/Yamagata)和Bv(B/Victoria)亚系的准确分子分型.方法 从GenBank随机下载By和By HA(hemagglutinin)基因各50条序列,通过MEGA分析,利用Primer Primer软件设计亚系特异性引物和通用探针,建立双重荧光PCR诊断方法.用HAI(hemagglutination inhibition)实验确认的B型流感病毒亚系分离毒株和A型流感病毒进行特异性验证,用体外转录核酸拷贝数进行灵敏度实验.结果 2006-2010流感监测年份,对17 765份流感样病例咽拭标本中分离到B型流感病毒793株,本方法鉴定有152株By和641株Bv病毒,与HAI鉴定结果一致.本诊断方法的检测特异性达100％,灵敏度达102拷贝/μl,重复性变异系数＜3.5％.结论 本研究所建立的荧光PCR方法为流感实时监测提供了有力的技术支撑,适合于流感监测实验室对流感病毒的快速分子诊断.     

Detection and characterization of new influenza B virus variants in 2002

One-hundred five influenza B-positive specimens obtained from southeast Asia in 2002 were categorized on the basis of DNA sequencing of HA1 gene as well as real-time PCR analysis of the NA gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA1 gene sequences showed that the majority of the viruses (96.2%) belonged to the B/Victoria/2/87 lineage, while a smaller percentage of the viruses (3.8%) belonged to the B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage. The B/Yamagata/16/88 viruses displayed significant antigenic drift in the deduced amino acid sequences of the HA1 protein, and the B/Victoria/2/87-like viruses consisted of B/Hong Kong/1351/02-like (72.3%) and B/Hong Kong/330/01-like (27.7%) viruses. The B/Hong Kong/1351/02-like viruses were reassortants with the HA gene belonging to the B/Victoria/2/87 lineage and the NA gene belonging to the B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage, whereas both the HA and NA genes of B/Hong Kong/330/01 virus belonged to the B/Victoria/2/87 lineage. In this study, however, all the B/Hong Kong/330/01-like isolates exhibited the B/Yamagata/16/88-like NA gene, which likely resulted from reassortment of B/Hong Kong/330/01 and B/Hong Kong/1351/02 viruses during coinfection. Additional molecular characterization of the six internal genes showed that the M, NS, PA, and PB2 genes of the new variants were B/Hong Kong/1351/02 in origin, whereas the NP and PA genes retained the B/Hong Kong/330/01 origin. Interestingly, these new variants all appeared late in the year 2002. These results support the notion that influenza B viruses continued to evolve through antigenic drift and shift.     

Reassortment and evolution of current human influenza A and B viruses

During the 2001-2002 influenza season, human influenza A (H1N2) reassortant viruses were detected globally. The hemagglutinin (HA) of these H1N2 viruses was similar to that of the A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) vaccine strain both antigenically and genetically, while their neuraminidase (NA) was antigenically and genetically related to that of recent human influenza H3N2 reference viruses such as A/Moscow/10/99. All six internal genes of the H1N2 reassortants originated from an H3N2 virus. After being detected only in eastern Asia during the past 10 years, Influenza B/Victoria/2/87 lineage viruses reappeared in many countries outside of Asia in 2001. Additionally, reassortant influenza B viruses possessing an HA similar to that of B/Shandong/7/97, a recent B/Victoria/2/87 lineage reference strain, and an NA closely related to that of B/Sichuan/379/99, a recent B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage reference strain, were isolated globally and became the predominant influenza B epidemic strain. The current influenza vaccine is expected to provide good protection against H1N2 viruses because it contains A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) and A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2) like viruses whose H1 HA or N2 NA are antigenically similar to those of recent circulating H1N2 viruses. On the other hand, widespread circulation of influenza B Victoria lineage viruses required inclusion of a strain from this lineage in influenza vaccines for the 2002-2003 season.     

Increasing appearance of reassortant influenza B virus in Taiwan from 2002 to 2005

Genetic and antigenic analyses of influenza B virus field strains isolated in Taiwan from 1998 to 2005 were performed. To investigate the molecular evolution of influenza B viruses, sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA1 subunit) and neuraminidase genes was performed. All influenza B viruses isolated between 1998 and 2000 belonged to the B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage. The B/Victoria/2/87 lineage, which was cocirculating with the Yamagata lineage, was identified in Taiwan in March 2001. Concurrently, there was an increasing prevalence of this lineage in many parts of the world, including North America and Europe, during the 2001-2002 season. Since 2002, genetic reassortants of influenza B virus with the Victoria lineage of hemagglutinin and the Yamagata lineage of neuraminidase have been found at a rate of 46%. Therefore, in 2002, at least three sublineages of influenza B virus strains, the B/Shanghai/361/2002-like strain (Yamagata lineage), the B/Hong Kong/330/01-like strain (Victoria lineage), and the B/Hong Kong/1351/02-like strain (B reassortant lineage), were identified in Taiwan. The results showed that genetically distinct lineages can cocirculate in the population and that the reassortment among these strains plays a role in generating the genetic diversity of influenza B viruses. Interestingly, from January to April 2005, B reassortant viruses became dominant (73%) in Taiwan, which indicated that a mismatch had occurred between the influenza B vaccine strain recommended for the 2004-2005 season in the Northern hemisphere by the World Health Organization and the epidemic strain.     

2001年中国新分离维多利亚系乙型流感病毒的抗原性及基因特性分析

目的：研究2001年中国新分离维多利亚（Victoria)系乙型流感病毒的抗原性及基因特性。方法：鸡胚传代流感病毒，从尿囊液中提取流感病毒的RNA，进行逆转录－聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR），扩增产物用纯化试剂盒纯化后测序，然后用MegAlign软件进行基因种系发生树分析。结果：B／Sichuan/63/2001和B／Zhejiang/2/2001毒株的抗原性与B／Shandong/7/97毒株间存在有差异，编码血凝素重链区基因已发生了突变并导致了HA1蛋白抗原性表位两个位点（197和199）氨基酸不同于B／Shandong/7/97毒株，基因种系发生树分析同样也证明了它们的HA1基因不同于B／Shandong/7/97病毒。然而，B／Sichuan/63/2001与B／Zhejiang/2/2001毒株间无论抗原性还是HA1基因特性均很相似。结论：2001年我国人群中流行的乙型流感病毒维多利亚毒株系的抗原性已发生进一步的漂移。     

Genetic diversity of influenza B virus: the frequent reassortment and cocirculation of the genetically distinct reassortant viruses in a community

To characterize the genetic diversity of influenza B viruses isolated during one influenza season, the antigenic and genetic relationships among 20 strains of influenza B virus isolated in February and March 2001 at one pediatric clinic in Yamagata City, Japan, were investigated. The HA gene and seven other gene segments were phylogenetically divided into three distinct sublineages (Harbin/7/94-, Tokyo/6/98-, and Shiga/T30/98-related lineage) of the Yamagata/16/88-like lineage. The NS genes of the viruses belonging to the Harbin/7/94-related lineage have additional three nucleotides at positions 439-447, and were phylogenetically distinguishable from those of the currently circulating Yamagata/16/88- and Victoria/2/87-like lineages, but were closely related to that of the Yamagata/16/88-like lineage isolated before 1994. Moreover, four strains of influenza B virus isolated in the same community between 2002 and 2003 were further examined. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that a virus of Victoria/2/87-like lineage isolated in 2003 had acquired the NA, NS, M, and PA gene segments from a Shiga/T30/98-like virus, and two strains of Harbin/7/94-related lineage had acquired the various gene segments from Shiga/T30/98-like virus through a reassortment event. These results indicate that genetically distinct multiple viruses can combine to cause an influenza B epidemic in a community and that the frequent reassortment among these viruses plays a role in generating the genetic diversity of influenza B viruses.     

Antigenic and genetic analyses of influenza B viruses\\ isolated in Lusaka, Zambia in 1999

Summary.  Previous studies of the hemagglutinin (HA) genes of various influenza B virus isolates demonstrated the existence of two antigenically distinct virus lineages represented by B/Victoria/2/87 and B/Yamagata/16/88, respectively. Here, we investigated the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza B viruses isolated from children living in Lusaka, Zambia between January and May 1999. Antigenic analysis with chicken antiviral sera showed that all the Zambian isolates had the HA protein belonging to B/Yamagata/16/88-related lineage. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses of the eight RNA segments performed by using the total or partial nucleotide sequences of the two representative Zambian strains (B/Lusaka/270/99 and B/Lusaka/432/99) as well as the previously reported sequences suggested that the Zambian viruses are closely related to the recently circulating reassortants represented by B/Shiga/T30/98 and B/Yamanashi/166/98 which acquired the genes coding for three polymerase proteins (PB2, PB1, and PA), HA, nucleoprotein, and matrix protein from a B/Yamagata/16/88-like parent and the gene encoding nonstructural proteins (NS1 and NS2) from a B/Guandong/8/93-like parent. Accepted June 15, 2001 Received April 17, 2001     

深圳地区类流感疾病暴发的病因研究

深圳地区于１９９４年３月底至５月中发生了类流感疾病暴发。病原学和血清学研究均证实其病因为乙型流感病毒。抗原性分析指出，分离毒株的抗原性类似于Ｂ／沪防／１／９３和Ｂ／粤防／８／９３毒株（它们为Ｂ／Ｖｉｃｔｏｒｉａ／２／８７类毒株）。基因分析指出，分离毒株的ＨＡ１区基因长度与Ｂ／沪防／１／９３毒株一样为１０３８个核苷酸，编码３４６个氨基酸，它们之间ＨＡ１蛋白分子上氨基酸序列的同源性高达９５．００％以上。这就进一步证实了分离物为Ｂ／Ｖｉｃｔｏｒｉａ／２／８７类毒株。同时也表明了当前在我国人群中同时流行着两种抗原性和基因特性不同的乙型流感病毒。     

Phylogenetic analysis of influenza B virus in Taiwan, 1997 to 2001.

Seventeen strains of influenza B virus were isolated and identified from 1997 to 2001. Throat swabs were collected in children who presented in medical centers in both central and northern parts of Taiwan. To clarify the molecular characteristics of these isolates, both partial hemagglutinin (HA) gene and nonstructural (NS) gene nucleotide sequences were cloned and subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis. The phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene revealed that 16 out of 17 strains were similar to B/Yamagata/16/88-like virus, but grouped together to form an independent cluster. Only one strain, B/Taiwan/21706/97, was similar to the B/Victoria/2/87-like lineage. In addition, all isolates, except for B/Taiwan/21706/97, were similar to B/Beijing/184/93 and B/Yamanashi/166/98, which were chosen as the recommended vaccine strains in 1999 and 2001. In contrast, the NS gene of these isolates was evolved from B/Guangdong/8/93. Based on the accumulation of antigenic drift in our isolates, we conclude that influenza B virus is still prevalent in Taiwan and the accumulation of nucleotide mutations indicated that our isolates form a new cluster that evolved from the YA88 lineage.     

Internal epidemic influenza virus proteins: isolation and investigation

The internal influenza virus proteins M1 and RNP free from surface protein impurities were isolated from subviral particles (virions free from HA and NA ectomenes). The spikeless particles had no propensity to aggregate in the solution at pH 5.0 as compared with native viruses. The subviral particles of B/Hong Kong/330/01 influenza virus, which belonged to B/Victoria/2/87-lineage, were obtained by proteolytic treatment with the enzyme bromelain under the same conditions as in cases of influenza B viruses of B/Jamagata/16/88 lineage. A chromatographic analysis of the tryptic hydrolyzates obtained for matrix (M1) proteins of A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) influenza viruses revealed differences that were greatest between the protein M1 molecules isolated from influenza viruses of different subtypes of hemagglutinine. These findings suggest there are variations in the structure of this conservative internal viral protein M1 during evolution.     

Clinical and genetic characterization of severe influenza B-associated diseases during an outbreak in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Mismatches between circulating and vaccine strains of influenza virus had been observed in Taiwan. A comprehensive clinical and genetic analysis of influenza B viruses-associated important diseases was lacking. OBJECTIVES: Clinical and phylogenetic analysis of influenza B viruses during an outbreak in Taiwan. STUDY DESIGNS: Clinical manifestations of hospitalized, culture-confirmed patients were analyzed from July 2004 to June 2005. Partial genome sequence analysis of hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and nonstructural (NS) genes were performed in 54 influenza B isolates during the study period, and nine srandomly chosen isolates during 2000 and 2003. RESULTS: Three specific diseases were found in these patients, including 13 of encephalitis/encephalopathy, 28 of influenza-associated myositis (IAM), and one of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Three phylogenetic groups were identified, including reassortant strains-group 1 (Victoria lineage of HA, Yamagata lineage of NA, clade A of NS), group 2 (Yamagata lineage of HA, Yamagata lineage of NA, clade A of NS), and group 3 (Yamagata lineage of HA, Yamagata lineage of NA, clade B of NS). CONCLUSIONS: Severe influenza B-associated disease in children was not rare and might be fatal. We offered the evidence of co-circulation of the two HA lineages in the same outbreak.     

2015年北京市房山区乙型Yamagata系流感病毒HA基因特性分析

目的 了解北京市房山区2015年乙型Yamagata系流感病毒HA1基因变异情况.方法 选取2015年流感病原学监测中分离到的乙型Yamagata系毒株共13株,采用RT-PCR法扩增病毒HA基因片段后进行序列测定,与WHO推荐的疫苗株进行比对并构建进化树.采用MEGA6软件对测序结果进行分析.结果 2015年房山区乙型Yamagata系流感病毒HA1基因片段序列测定拼接后核苷酸长度为1059bp,编码氨基酸为353个,与2014-2015年的疫苗株B/Massachusetts/02/2012比较,13株毒株的氨基酸均在第123、131、165、180、187、196、211、217、244、313、327位点有变异;与2012-2013年的疫苗株B/Wisconsin/01/2010比较,13株毒株的氨基酸在第187、313、327均有变异.做进化树分析,房山区2015年分离到的乙型Yamagata系流感病毒与疫苗株B/Wisconsin/1/2010在同一个分支上,距离较近,与B/Massachusctts/2/2012不在一个分支上,距离较远.结论 2015年北京市房山区乙型Yamagata系流感病毒HA1基因在抗原决定簇区已发生变异,但疫苗株B/Wisconsin/01/2010有保护作用,应继续关注氨基酸的替换.     

Molecular analysis of isolates from influenza B outbreaks in the U.S. and Nepal, 2005

Summary. Currently circulating influenza B viruses can be divided into two antigenically and genetically distinct lineages referred to by their respective prototype strains, B/Yamagata/16/88 and B/Victoria/2/87, based on amino acid differences in the hemagglutinin surface glycoprotein. During May and July 2005, clinical specimens from two early season influenza B outbreaks in Arizona and southeastern Nepal were subjected to antigenic (hemagglutinin inhibition) and nucleotide sequence analysis of hemagglutinin (HA1), neuraminidase (NA), and NB genes. All isolates exhibited little reactivity with the B/Shanghai/361/2002 (B/Yamagata-like) vaccine strain and significantly reduced reactivity with the previous 2003/04 B/Hong Kong/330/2001 (B/Victoria-like) vaccine strain. The majority of isolates were antigenically similar to B/Hawaii/33/2004, a B/Victoria-like reference strain. Sequence analysis indicated that 33 of 34 isolates contained B/Victoria-like HA and B/Yamagata-like NA and NB proteins. Thus, these outbreak isolates are both antigenically and genetically distinct from the current Northern Hemisphere vaccine virus strain as well as the previous 2003–04 B/Hong Kong/330/2001 (B/Victoria lineage) vaccine virus strain but are genetically similar to B/Malaysia/2506/2004, the vaccine strain proposed for the coming seasons in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Since these influenza B outbreaks occurred in two very distant geographical locations, these viruses may continue to circulate during the 2006 season, underscoring the importance of rapid molecular monitoring of HA, NA and NB for drift and reassortment.     

Genetic characterization of the hemagglutinin of two strains of influenza B virus co-circulated in Taiwan.

Two isolates of influenza B virus were obtained in the spring of 1997. One strain, B/Taiwan/21706/97, was isolated from a patient who had acute tonsillitis. The other, B/Taiwan/3143/97, was isolated from a patient who was diagnosed with meningoencephalitis. This implies that the influenza B viruses not only cause respiratory symptoms but may also cause inflammation of the nervous system. Sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene, HA1 domain, indicated that there were remarkable amino acid changes in the strain B/Taiwan/3143/97 compared to B/Victoria/2/87, B/Yamagata/16/88, and B/Taiwan/7/88. The changes in the positions 116, 200, 238, 242, and 271 were correlated with receptor binding. Furthermore, a potential glycosylation site at position 233 was lost. In total, 30 amino acid changes were noted at positions ranging from 116 to 295. These changes may affect the antigenicity of the virus. Phylogenetic analyses also showed that the B/Taiwan/3143/97 was located in an independent lineage, when compared to the reference strains belonging to B/Victoria/2/87 and B/Yamagata/16/88 lineages. This supports the hypothesis that influenza B viruses with distinct genetic characteristic were co-circulated in Taiwan.     

1994-2006年深圳市分离的B型流感病毒分子进化研究

目的 通过对深圳市分离的B型流感病毒HA1分子系统进化分析,初步了解深圳市B型流感病毒的流行变异规律.方法 选取深圳市1994-2006共13年间分离的50株B型流感毒株,通过RT-PCR将其HA1基因片段扩增后进行序列解析,然后,通过MEGA等软件对序列进行分子进化分析.结果 1994-2006年间深圳市流行的B型流感病毒分为Yamagata和Victoria两个亚系,两系的毒株分别是不同年份的主要流行株.两个亚系的HA1分子具有1个糖基化位点的差异,在4个抗原决定簇区域也分布有多个氨基酸位点的变异.结论 1994-2006年间深圳市B型流感病毒的两个亚系分别在不同年份主导流行,但变异均比较缓慢.

Abstract：

Objective To study the prevalence and variation of influenza B viruses of Shenzhen. Methods Fifty strains influenza B viruses in Shenzhen from 1994 to 2006 were selected. HA1 gene were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of HA1 was conducted by MEGA program. Results The influenza B viruses of Shenzhen were divided into Yamagata and Victoria lineage. The two lineages prevailed respectively in different years from 1994 to 2006. The variance of glycosylation site and some mutations of antigenic determinants were detected in the two lineages. Conclusion The viruses of Yamagata and Victoria lineage prevailed respectively in different years in Shenzhen but the mutation rates of the two lineages were slowly.     

Cocirculation and evolution of two lineages of influenza B viruses in europe and Israel in the 2001-2002 season

Forty-nine influenza B virus isolates collected in Belgium, Finland, Spain, and Israel during the 2001-2002 winter season were categorized into either of two lineages, B/Yamagata/16/88 or B/Victoria/2/87, based on the phylogenetic studies of HA1 sequences. The data trace the geographic spread of B/Victoria/2/87-like viruses and support the emergence of B/Hong Kong/1351/02-like viruses, possibly due to selective advantages of reassortment.     

韶关市2006年B型流感病毒流行与HA1基因变异分析

目的了解2006年韶关市B型流感病毒的流行及基因变异情况。方法收集2006年韶关市流感监测及疫情资料,并随机选取流感疫情中分离的1株B型毒株,提取病毒RNA,RT-PCR扩增病毒HA1基因,纯化产物进行核苷酸序列测定,使用DNA Start MegAlign等生物软件包进行序列分析。结果 2006年流感监测与疫情中共分离到22株B型流感毒株,分离率为2.48%（22/887）,发生的35起流感疫情中有9起检出B型流感病毒,爆发时间多集中在3～4月;B/SG/y139/2006与B型代表株B/HongKong/330/2001相比,同源性为96.3%,其中有7个氨基酸替换发生在抗原决定蔟,在第197位增加了1个糖基化位点。2005和2006年分离的两毒株之间有2个氨基酸发生了替换。结论韶关市整体人群的B型Victoria系抗体水平比较低,2006年分离的B型流感毒株与B/HongKong/330/2001相比基因特性发生了变异,是2006年B型Victoria系流感病毒在韶关市成为优势毒株的原因。