腺病毒介导的AFP基因修饰树突状细胞的体外生物学特性

目的: 探讨腺病毒介导AFP基因修饰树突状细胞瘤苗体外生物学活性。方法:将携带小鼠AFP全长cDNA的重组腺病毒表达载体AdAFP转染BMDC，构建AFPDC肝癌瘤苗，采用电化学发光免疫测定法确证AFPDC转染的有效性，FACS检测表面分子和内吞功能，3HTdR掺入法检测T细胞增殖反应的能力，51Cr 释放法检测CTL活性。结果: AFP基因转染12 h后DC及其培养上清中可检到AFP的表达，表明腺病毒介导的AFP基因转染的有效性。AFPDC与BMDC比较B7分子明显上调，MHC分子也有轻度升高，内吞功能降低(P<0.05)。AFPDC激发同基因型小鼠T细胞增殖功能均明显高于DC对照组和LacZDC组(P<0.05)。AFPDC体外诱导CTL对Hepa16肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用具有特异性。结论: 肝癌相关基因AFP可作为抗肝癌基因治疗的切入点，该研究为肝癌树突状细胞体内免疫治疗提供了实验依据。     

甲胎蛋白基因转染树突状细胞瘤苗对诱发性小鼠肝癌发生发展的免疫抑制作用

目的 构建小鼠甲胎蛋白(mAFP)基因转染的树突状细胞(DC)瘤苗,评价其在C57BL/6J小鼠自然肝癌诱发过程中的免疫保护作用.方法 诱导、扩增DC.将表达mAFP的重组腺病毒颗粒转染DC,检测转染前后DC细胞表面分子MHC Ⅰ、MHC Ⅱ、CDl8a(LFA)、CD54(ICAM)、CD80(B7.1)和CD86(B7.2)等的变化.80只C57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分为单纯接种DC组、接种转mAFP基因DC(pAdBM5-mAFP-DC)组、单纯接种重组质粒(pAdBM5-mAFP)组和正常对照组,每组20只.实验组在每只小鼠的左肋部注射5×105个细胞,连续免疫3 d,以后每7 d接种疫苗1次,继续免疫4次;正常对照组仅注射0.1 ml PBS.在接种免疫的同时,给以二乙基亚硝胺(DEN)、四氯化碳(CCl4)和乙醇联合诱癌.诱癌20周后处死小鼠,检查成瘤情况,并对肝脏标本进行组织病理学检查.结果成功构建了转基因pAdBM5-mAFP-DC瘤苗;mAFP基因转染后的DC表面高表达MHC Ⅰ、MHC Ⅱ、CD18a、CD54、CD80和CD86等共刺激分子,其分子表达率分别为69.3%、41.0%、42.1%、63.2%、39.4%和38.6%,与转染前差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).单纯接种DC组、pAdBM5-mAFPDC组、pAdBM5.mAFP组和正常对照组的肝癌发生率分别为65.0%、25.0%、70.0%和75.0%,pAdBM5-mAFP-DC组与其他组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 pAdBM5-mAFP-DC瘤苗免疫自然诱癌的C57BL/6J小鼠,可降低肝癌的发生率,对肝癌的发生有免疫保护作用.     

含甲胎蛋白肽段的重组腺病毒转染树突状细胞诱导细胞毒性T细胞对肝癌细胞的体外杀伤效应

目的 研究人外周血单核细胞来源的树突状细胞(DC)转染含甲胎蛋白(AFP,137-145)片段的重组腺相关病毒后所诱导的特异性T细胞对肝癌细胞株HepG2和SMMC-7721的体外杀伤作用.方法 抽取健康志愿者外周血,分离单核细胞,体外培养,使用含AFP片断的重组腺相关病毒转染未成熟DC,诱导特异性T细胞.检测体外培养的DC和细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)活性,应用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测CTL对HepG2和SMMC-7721细胞的杀伤作用.结果 转染或未转染的体外培养的成熟DC高表达CD40、CD86和IL12,成熟DC诱导的CTL高表达IFNγ;修饰成熟后的DC后体外能诱导特异性CTL,该CTL在休外对肝癌细胞株HepG2和SMMC-7721均有杀伤作用.结论 重组腺相关病毒转染DC,不明显改变DC表型和刺激淋巴细胞增殖和分化功能,可诱导自体CTL增殖,含AFP(137～145)片断的腺相关病毒转染DC诱导自体CTL对肝癌细胞株HepG2和SMMC-7721细胞有明显杀伤作用,DC疫苗可以作为肝癌患者免疫治疗的有效补充.     

以AFP为靶点的肝癌树突状细胞免疫治疗的实验研究

目的探讨AFP作为肝癌基因治疗和免疫治疗靶点的可行性以及AFP基因转染的树突状细胞（AFP-DC）疫苗对表达AFP肝细胞癌的免疫治疗作用.方法构建AFP-cDNA 真核表达载体,体外转染DC,制备AFP-DC瘤苗,诱导针对表达AFP的肝癌细胞株HepG2的特异性免疫反应,MTT法检测效应细胞对靶细胞的杀伤率.结果 AFP-DC瘤苗能够分泌AFP抗原,培养上清中AFP含量为0.8805 IU/ml,与空载体组和空白对照组相比,差异显著（P〈0.05）.免疫荧光检测可见AFP-DC胞浆及胞膜有AFP抗原分子表达;活化的CTL能够对表达AFP肝癌细胞起特异性杀伤作用,杀伤效率可达84.05%,与空载体组和空白对照组比较,差异显著（P〈0.05）.结论 AFP作为靶点治疗肝癌具有可行性,AFP可作为肝癌靶向治疗的新的突破点;AFP-DC疫苗可以作为表达AFP肝癌的一种免疫治疗手段,为DC瘤苗的临床应用奠定了基础.     

用表达IL-2的重组腺病毒瘤体内注射诱导肿瘤消退及免疫反应

IL-2能通过增强CTL细胞的杀伤活性、诱导LAK细胞及激活TIL等具有抗肿瘤作用。而腺病毒以其扩增快、转染范围广,以及不整合入感染细胞的基因组等优点适于临床应用。本文作者将携带IL-2基因的重组腺病毒AdCA IL-2转入肿瘤细胞后种入小鼠体内或直接在肿瘤部位进行瘤体内注射,检测了IL-2的表达,并观察了对肿瘤生长的影响。     

过继回输腺病毒介导的白细胞介素10基因转染CTL对机体抗肿瘤免疫功能的增强效应

本研究探讨了白细胞介紊10(IL-10)对小鼠体内抗肿瘤免疫功能的影响。鉴于C26结肠癌细胞转染了IL-10基因后在体内的致瘤性明显下降，本研究构建了一株对C26结肠癌细胞具有杀伤括性的CD8^ CTL并观察了IL-10基因转染的该细胞株对肿瘤的治疗作用。携带IL-10基因的重组腺病毒能有效介导小鼠琳巴细胞的基因转染并使之分泌较高水平的IL-10。IL-10基因转染的CTL过继回输荷瘤小鼠体内能明显增强荷瘤小鼠的体内抗肿瘤免疫功能，使实验性肺转移小鼠肺部转移结节数明显减少．这表明，IL-10对于过继回输的肿瘤特异性CTL的免疫功能具有明显的增强作用。     

含人AFP基因重组腺病毒载体的构建及其转染树突状细胞瘤苗的制备

目的:构建含人AFP基因的腺病毒载体,体外转染树突状细胞,制备树突状细胞肝癌瘤苗.方法: 将AFP基因亚克隆到pIND 载体和Shuttle2载体中,构建穿梭载体Shuttle2-AFP.用PI-Sce Ⅰ和I-CeuⅠ双酶切后将所获AFP基因片段再与线性化的腺病毒载体pAdeno-X连接,构成pAdeno-AFP重组腺病毒载体.其后,用重组腺病毒载体转染HEK293细胞,包装腺病毒表达载体.通过酶切、PCR对腺病毒载体进行鉴定.包装好的重组病毒载体pAdeno-AFP体外感染树突状细胞制备树突状细胞肝癌瘤苗后,FACS分析pAdeno-AFP/DC表面分子的表达,酶联免疫吸附试验法( ELISA) 检测AFP水平.结果: 酶切、PCR鉴定证实,穿梭质粒插入片段为AFP基因.包装的腺病毒载体具有良好的感染性,可以在293细胞中形成病毒颗粒,腺病毒载体内携带AFP基因感染树突状细胞,pAdeno-AFP/DC能高水平的表达CD1a,CD11c,CD80,CD86以及HLA-DR,并分泌较高水平的AFP.结论: 构建成功的含AFP腺病毒载体可以在树突状细胞中表达AFP,为DC瘤苗的进一步研究奠定了基础.     

腺病毒转染黑色素瘤抗原基因3的树突状细胞疫苗抗胃癌的免疫效应

目的 研究趋化因子巨噬细胞炎症蛋白1α(MIP-1α)动员的树突状细胞(DC),经黑色素瘤抗原基因3(MAGE-3)腺病毒转染后对胃癌细胞的免疫效应.方法 615小鼠尾静脉注射MIP-1α,分选得到B220-CD11c+细胞,加入细胞因子连续培养,检测其细胞表面标志和混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR).收集培养后的B220-CD11c+细胞,加入编码MAGE-3的重组腺病毒进行转染,制备表达肿瘤抗原的DC疫苗,以荷载小鼠前胃癌(MFC)全肿瘤细胞抗原制备的DC疫苗作为阳性对照.采用二苯基溴化四氮唑蓝(MTT)法,榆测活化的T淋巴细胞在体外对MFC细胞的杀伤作用.采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),检测γ干扰素(INF-γ)的分泌情况.DC疫苗皮下注射MFC荷瘤小鼠,观察小鼠瘤体生长情况和存活时间.结果 MIP-1α注射后,外周血中B220-CD11c+细胞明显升高.新鲜分离的B220-CD11c+细胞在体外经过细胞因子诱导分化后具有典型的DC表面标志,并在MLR中具有极强的刺激T淋巴细胞增殖的能力.腺病毒转染MAGE-3的DC激活的T淋巴细胞表现出对MFC细胞的特异性杀伤作用,产牛高水平的INF-γ[(1460.00±16.82)ps/ml].实验组荷瘤小鼠接受DC疫苗治疗后,肿瘤牛长缓慢,观察至MFC细胞接种后的第27天,其肿瘤体积仅为(3.46±1.12)cm3;实验组小鼠的肿瘤体积与对照组之间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).实验组小鼠存活时间明显延长,与对照组之间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 注射趋化因子MIP-1α可快速动员并诱导分化为成熟DC.肿瘤抗原基因MAGE-3经腺病毒转染制备的DC疫苗,在体外可以诱导出针对胃癌细胞的特异性杀伤作用,在体内对MFC荷瘤小鼠有明显的免疫治疗作用.     

黏蛋白1基因转染DC对乳腺癌细胞MCF-7裸鼠移植瘤的免疫抑制作用

目的:探讨黏蛋白1 (mucin 1,MUC1基因转染DC对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞裸鼠移植瘤的抑制作用.方法:体外诱导培养健康成人DC,应用脂质体转染法将pcDNA3.1-MUC1转染DC,ELISA法检测转染后DC分泌细胞因子IL-12和YNF-α的能力,LDH释放法检测基因转染后DC诱导特异性CTL对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的杀伤活性.应用MU C1基因转染DC、空质粒转染DC、及生理盐水皮下注射治疗人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞裸鼠移植瘤,观测其对肿瘤生长的抑制作用.结果:转染pcDNA3.1-MUC1的DC分泌IL-12、TNF-α的能力较转染空质粒DC明显增强[IL-12:(202.52±29.61)vs(10.83±1.02)pg/ml;TNF-α:(349.07±79.42)vs(9.26±1.52)pg/ml,均P＜0.01];转染pcDNA3.1-MUC1的DC诱导产生特异性CTL,对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞具有更明显的杀伤活性,效靶比为10∶1、5∶1和2.5∶1时的杀伤率分别达到56.2％、38.9％和25.8％,显著高于对照组CTL(均P＜0.01).MUC1基因转染DC对乳腺癌MCF-7裸鼠移植瘤生长抑制作用明显强于空质粒转染DC组(P＜0.05).结论:MUC1基因转染DC可以诱导特异性CTL,对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞具有更强的抗肿瘤免疫效应.     

转染融合基因的DC抗肿瘤免疫效应

 目的 研究转染融合基因（GM-CSF-survivin GM-ΔSur）的树突状细胞（DC）在体外诱导高效而特异的抗肿瘤免疫效应 。方法 用jetPEI^TM-Macrophage转染体系,将构建的GM-ΔSur融合基因转染入DC,用流式细胞仪检测DC的表面分子 HLA-DR、CD83、CD80、CD86表达的高低;用LDH法测定转染融合基因的DC诱导特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTLs）杀伤肿瘤细胞（HT-29和OVCAR-3）的能力。结果 转染融合基因的DC细胞中可检测到GM-ΔSur融合蛋白的表达;DC表面高表达HLA-DR、CD83、CD80、CD86;PHA/rhIL-2长期培养（21d）的T细胞CD8^＋比例明显增加;转染融合基因的DC 对HT-29肿瘤细胞的杀伤率显著高于未修饰的DC的杀伤率。结论 GM-ΔSur基因转染修饰的DC能选择性诱导MHC-I类分子限制的CTL的特异性,显著提高DC的抗原提呈功能和诱导高效而特异的抗肿瘤免疫效应。     

Oncogénétique et psycho-oncologie, une collaboration recommandée...

Résumé: La possibilité depuis 1994, de connaître la probabilité individuelle de développer certains cancers a permis de proposer de nouvelles modalités de prévention, de traitements et contribué au développement actuel de loncogénétique. Une meilleure connaissance des répercussions psychologiques tant pour les patients que pour les apparentés est désormais possible et limplication des psycho-oncologues dans ce cadre de la réalisation des tests prédictifs, recommandée. La mission de «messager» qui incombe au «cas-index» doit faire lobjet dune attention particulière. La complexité de linformation et la dimension paradoxale que peut avoir parfois la communication à propos des choix, rend difficile lévaluation de la qualité du consentement. La situation particulièrement délicate dune aide à la décision à légard de la chirurgie prophylactique, exige une collaboration étroite des généticiens et des psycho-oncologues.Les soins de support en oncologie     

The role of papillomaviruses in human cancers

This review comprehensively evaluates the influence of gene-gene, gene-environment and multiple interactions on the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods of studying these interactions and their limitations have been discussed herein. There is a need to develop biomarkers of exposure and of risk that are sensitive, specific, present in the pathway of the disease, and that have been clinically tested for routine use. The influence of inherited variation (polymorphism) in several genes has been discussed in this review; however, due to study limitations and confounders, it is difficult to conclude which ones are associated with the highest risk (either individually or in combination with environmental factors) to CRC. The majority of the sporadic cancer is believed to be due to modification of mutation risk by other genetic and/or environmental factors. Micronutrient deficiency may explain the association between low consumption of fruit/vegetables and CRC in human studies. Mitochondrial modulation by dietary factors influences the balance between cell renewal and death critical in colon mucosal homeostasis. Both genetic and epigenetic interactions are intricately dependent on each other, and collectively influence the process of colorectal tumorigenesis. The genetic and environmental interactions present a good prospect and a challenge for prevention strategies for CRC because they support the view that this highly prevalent cancer is preventable.     

Antifungal combination therapy in localized candidosis

A mouse model of localized candidosis in air-filled subcutaneous cysts imitating thrush has been developed. We have now tested various antifungal combinations in this animal model. Flucytosine (5-FC) + amphotericin B (Amph B) showed the highest efficacy, a clear additive or even synergistic effect was seen. The combination of 5-FC + imidazole or triazole derivative was less efficacious, an additive effect was rare. The combination of 5-FC + Amph B was also tested against Candida albicans strains showing various degrees of 5-FC-resistance. A significant reduction in 5-FC-resistant mutants was seen after the treatment with the combination.     

Les génériques en cancérologie: à molécule identique, médicaments identiques? Les biosimilaires, des super-génériques?

Résumé: Les biosimilaires vont bientôt voir leur apparition en Europe. Comment un laboratoire peut-il aborder le développement de son dossier dAMM? Quelles sont les bases légales et les recommandations officielles? Comment la similarité et/ou le caractère générique peuvent-ils être démontrés? Les règles sont-elles identiques à celles des produits chimiques conventionnels pour lesquels, notamment en cancérologie, il existe des médicaments génériques? Comment faire pour que la sécurité et lefficacité des médicaments biosimilaires soient assurées pour les patients?     

Cancer immunotherapy

Unprecedented progress has seen made in the last decade in the field of cancer immunotherapy. The recent approval of nivolumab （Opdivo）, the first anti-programmed cell death-1 （PD-1） antibody, for metastatic melanoma in Japan, marked a milestone in the rapidly advancing field of cancer immunotherapy. Nivolumab together with ipilimumab （Yervoy）, the anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 （CTLA-4） antibody, are the first 2 drugs in the class of ＂immune checkpoint inhibitors＂ that have delivered impressive responses in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell cancer （RCC） as well as a variety of solid tumors.     

Effect of tumor therapeutic irradiation on the mechanical properties of teeth tissue

Tumor irradiation of the head-neck area is accompanied by the development of a so-called radiation caries in the treated patients. In spite of conservative therapeutic measures, the process results in tooth destruction. The present study investigated the effects of irradiation on the demineralization and remineralization of the dental tissue. For this purpose, retained third molars were prepared and assigned either to a test group, which was exposed to fractional irradiation up to 60 Gy, or to a non-irradiated control group. Irradiated and non-irradiated teeth were then demineralized using acidic hydroxyl-cellulose gel; afterwards the teeth were remineralized using either Bifluorid12 or elmex gelee. The nanoindentation technique was used to measure the mechanical properties, hardness and elasticity, of the teeth in each of the conditions. The values were compared to the non-irradiated control group. Irradiation decreased dramatically the mechanical parameters of enamel and dentine. In nonirradiated teeth, demineralization had nearly the same effects of irradiation on the mechanical properties. In irradiated teeth, the effects of demineralization were negligible in comparison to non-irradiated teeth. Remineralization with Bifluorid12 or elmex gelee led to a partial improvement of the mechanical properties of the teeth. The enamel was more positively affected by remineralization than the dentine.     

Consultation multidisciplinaire pour les patients atteints d’une pathologie tumorale (carcinome infiltrant ou lésion précancéreuse) liée à HPV : la consultation multidisciplinaire papillomavirus

Given the recent increase in the number of human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cancers in other locations than gynaecological, the number of patients with two cancers at distinct sites, and because of the lack of exhaustive data, we decided to create a multidisciplinary network around an HPV consultation at the Georges-Pompidou European Hospital (HEGP). This network aims to set up the best tools for detecting HPV-associated “multisite” precancerous lesions in order to determine the possible impact of dedicated care for this at-risk population. This monthly consultation was created at the HEGP in June 2014. It is currently organized around five consultations: gynaecological, ENT, urological, digestive and immunological. Every patient who has been diagnosed with HPV-related cancer and whose care is provided at the HEGP is offered this particular follow-up: systematically, once the initial lesion has been treated, the patient is convened annually for a day during which it benefits from the consultations mentioned above. A consultation with a psychologist is systematically proposed. Local samples are taken at each site: a cytological examination, the analysis of known predictive and prognostic virological markers are carried out. This study fits more broadly in a theme of clinical and fundamental research around cancers related to HPV.     

Differentiation state and invasiveness of human breast cancer cell lines

Summary Eighteen breast cancer cell lines were examined for expression of markers of epithelial and fibroblastic differentiation: E-cadherin, desmoplakins, ZO-1, vimentin, keratin and ₁ and ₄ integrins. The cell lines were distributed along a spectrum of differentiation from epithelial to fibroblastic phenotypes. The most well-differentiated, epithelioid cell lines contained proteins characteristic of desmosomal, adherens and tight junctions, were adherent to one another on plastic and in the basement membrane matrix Matrigel and were keratin-positive and vimentin-negative. These cell lines were all weakly invasive in anin vitro chemoinvasion assay. The most poorly-differentiated, fibroblastic cell lines were E-cadherin-, desmoplakin- and ZO-1-negative and formed branching structures in Matrigel. They were vimentin-positive, contained only low levels of keratins and were highly invasive in thein vitro chemoinvasion assay. Of all of the markers analyzed, vimentin expression correlated best within vitro invasive ability and fibroblastic differentiation. In a cell line with unstable expression of vimentin, T47D_CO, the cells that were invasive were of the fibroblastic type. The differentiation markers described here may be useful for analysis of clinical specimens and could potentially provide a more precise measure of differentiation grade yielding more power for predicting prognosis.