下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 通过检测住院患者经支气管肺泡灌洗培养细菌的分布及耐药特征,指导临床合理应用抗菌药物.方法 采用MicroScanAutoScan-40半自动微生物鉴定仪和药敏系统及配套进行菌株鉴定与药物敏感性测定,并检测产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA),采用WHONET5软件进行数据统计分析.结果 共检出849株病原菌,革兰阴性杆菌793株占93.4％;革兰阳性球菌56株占6.6％,均为金黄色葡萄球菌,主要革兰阴性杆菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌,分别占32.0％、23.4％、15.6％、13.6％、8.8％;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为48.7％和34.1％,MRSA检出率为32.1％;对铜绿假单胞菌耐药率＜20.0％的抗菌药物有阿米卡星、妥布霉素及哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率最低,为12.0％,肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南耐药率为1.5％,大肠埃希菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、亚胺培南耐药率较低,分别为6.1％、17.4％、0,嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对左氧氟沙星耐药率为13.3％,金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素100.0％敏感.结论 医院获得性下呼吸道感染以革兰阴性菌为主,临床应重视病原学检查及根据药敏合理选择应用抗菌药物,以减少病原菌耐药的发生.     

ICU革兰阴性杆菌耐药性监测及治疗策略

目的 监测医院ICU革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物、合理制定用药方案提供依据.方法 从临床送检标本中分离出病原菌,用全自动细菌鉴定及药敏测定仪进行耐药性监测.结果 革兰阴性杆菌检出数量分别为大肠埃希菌产ESBLs菌175株、铜绿假单胞菌169例、肺炎克雷伯菌非产ESBLs菌115株、大肠埃希菌非产ESBLs菌103株、鲍氏不动杆菌83株、肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs菌75株、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌22株.结论 对ICU革兰阴性杆菌耐药性监测,掌握常见细菌耐药特点,对合理使用抗菌药物非常重要.     

呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性

目的 探讨重症监护病房(ICU)呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌分布特点及对抗菌药物的耐药性,为合理应用抗菌药物、预防和减少VAP的发生提供指导依据.方法 对2006年1月-2008年12月重症监护病房(ICU)机械通气患者开展日标性监测,对80例有病原学诊断依据的VAP患者,分析其病原菌及耐药性.结果 共检出致病菌107株,其中革兰阴性菌73株(68.2%),真菌22株(20.6%),革兰阳性菌12株(11.2%);革兰阴性菌中铜绿假单胞菌26株(24.3%)、肺炎克雷伯菌19株(17.8%)、鲍氏不动杆菌14株(13.1%)、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌8株(7.5%)为主要致病菌;革兰阳性菌中金黄色葡萄球菌6株(5.6%)占主导地位;白色假丝酵母菌为真菌感染的主要致病菌;革兰阴性菌均出现较强的耐药性,铜绿假单胞菌仅对头孢他啶和碳青酶烯类药物敏感,肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和大肠埃希菌对碳青酶烯类及阿米卡星药物敏感,嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对碳青酶烯类药物及其他大多数药物耐药.结论 VAP的病原菌以革兰阴性菌占优势,铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌为ICU中VAP的主要致病菌;真菌感染的发生率不可忽视,致病菌耐药性升高,临床上应加强抗菌药物的合理应用.     

呼吸科病房患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析医院2012年呼吸科病房下呼吸道感染患者病原菌分布特点及耐药性,为临床抗感染提供病原学依据。方法于2012年1-12月对呼吸科下呼吸道感染患者送检的痰液及支气管冲洗液标本2 236份中分离出病原菌483株,用全自动细菌鉴定及药敏测定仪进行耐药性鉴定。结果 2 236份标本中共检出病原菌483株,检出率21.6%,检出率由高到低依次为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、肺炎链球菌等,前5种病原菌占77.9%;大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs的菌株检出率分别为58.2%和25.0%;鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、多黏菌素B、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶耐药率<40.0%;嗜麦芽寡养假单胞菌对左氧氟沙星、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、替卡西林/克拉维酸耐药率<40.0%。结论医院呼吸内科检出病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主且耐药现象严重,建议临床合理应用抗菌药物,以延缓病原菌耐药性发生。     

重症监护病房病原菌流行菌株及其耐药特点分析

目的了解ICU病原菌流行菌株及其耐药特点,为临床合理使用抗菌药物、预防和控制感染提供依据。方法对2008年1月-2010年5月,医院ICU送检的各种标本进行细菌培养鉴定及药敏试验,对分离出的病原菌及其耐药情况进行统计分析。结果从送检的各类标本中共分离出349株病原菌,以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占77.9%,其次是革兰阳性球菌占12.9%,真菌占9.2%;主要病原菌依次是鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌等,分别占22.1%、15.2%、11.2%、6.9%、6.9%、6.3%;主要分布于下呼吸道,占69.3%;鲍氏不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌泛耐药菌株检出率分别为7.8%和13.2%;肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌产ESBLs株检出率分别为46.2%、50.0%;MRSA检出率为50.0%;主要病原菌对抗菌药物表现为多药耐药和泛耐药,革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁全部敏感。结论 ICU病原菌流行菌株以革兰阴性杆菌为主,主要分布于下呼吸道,主要病原菌对抗菌药物耐药严重;应动态监测ICU病原菌的流行和耐药情况,规范、合理使用抗菌药物,预防和减少耐药菌株的产生。     

肺结核患者下呼吸道医院感染病原菌及耐药性分析

目的 了解肺结核患者下呼吸道医院感染的病原菌构成及耐药状况,指导临床合理用药.方法对2005-2007年肺结核下呼吸道医院感染患者痰液标本分离出的576株病原菌及耐药情况进行分析,并对革兰阴性杆菌进行ESBLs检测.结果革兰阴性杆茵占73.6%.列前6位的病原菌依次是铜绿假单胞菌(19.4%)、鲍氏不动杆菌(12.0%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(11.1%)、大肠埃希菌(9.9%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(9.2%)和白色假丝酵母菌(8.2%);对哑胺培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌高度敏感,铜绿假单胞菌耐药率2.7%～30.3%,鲍氏不动杆菌耐药率8.7%～30.4%,MRSA对β-内酰胺、氟喹诺酮、氨基糖苷类耐药率为64.7%～100.0%,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株分别为52.6%和45.3%.结论肺结核下呼吸道医院感染以革兰阴性菌为主,主要为条件致病菌,对抗菌药物均有不同程度的耐药且呈上升趋势,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌比例较高,加强耐药监测,合理使用抗菌药物,对延缓病原菌耐药的产生及医院感染的控制有重要意义.     

细菌流行病学监测与分析

目的监测并分析某医院主要流行菌株及其耐药性,为临床预防和治疗细菌感染提供依据。方法对该院2009-2012年所分离病原菌及耐药性进行回顾性分析,使用SPSS 11.5软件进行统计分析。结果 2009-2012年共分离病原菌12 068株,主要流行菌株为白色假丝酵母菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌,其中白色假丝酵母菌每年检出率均为最高,而鲍氏不动杆菌检出率从2010年始骤然升高,超出2009年的3倍,其他4种病原菌检出率变化不大;鲍氏不动杆菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药率从2010年始急剧升高,总耐药率从2009年的50.81%升高至2010年的81.32%,铜绿假单胞菌和嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌的耐药率4年来一直居高不下,总耐药率63.51%~75.85%,而肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌的耐药率在2012年有明显下降,分别从38.10%、47.93%下降至31.74%、41.28%。结论该院最常见流行菌株为白色假丝酵母菌,近3年来可能处于鲍氏不动杆菌的流行状态,铜绿假单胞菌和嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌的耐药率居高不下,而肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌的耐药率在2012年明显改善。     

ICU患者下呼吸道感染常见革兰阴性菌的分布

目的研究医院重症监护病房(ICU)患者下呼吸道感染常见革兰阴性(G-)菌的分布与变迁,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法回顾性分析医院自2003年1月-2006年12月ICU患者736例痰标本所得的G-菌476株,阳性率64.67%,总结其分布及变迁。结果476株细菌主要为鲍氏不动杆菌129株、铜绿假单胞菌94株、肺炎克雷伯菌66株、大肠埃希菌54株、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌33株。结论重症监护病房患者下呼吸道感染病原菌以G-菌为主,其中仍以鲍氏不动杆菌分离率最高,但嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌逐渐增多,提示临床医师应监测G-菌的变迁动态,合理使用抗菌药物,提高治愈率。     

下呼吸道病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解下呼吸道感染的菌种分布及耐药性,供临床用药借鉴。方法对2005年1-12月住院及门诊的下呼吸道感染患者合格痰标本进行细菌学培养,用ATB细菌鉴定及药敏分析系统,进行菌株的鉴定与药物敏感性检测。结果共分离到687株致病菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌560株(81.5%),以铜绿假单胞菌119株(21.3%)为主,依次为鲍氏不动杆菌111株(19.8%)、肺炎克雷伯菌97株(17.3%)、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌93株(16.6%)、大肠埃希菌42株(7.5%),其他阴性杆菌98株(17.5%);真菌109株(15.9%),革兰阳性球菌16株(2.3%),其他2株(0.3%);除铜绿假单胞菌与嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌外,革兰阴性杆菌以亚胺培南敏感性最高(99.1%~100.0%);铜绿假单胞菌以阿米卡星最高(95.9%),嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌以复方新诺明最高(78.5%)。结论医院下呼吸道感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,不同的细菌对同一抗菌药物的敏感差异较大,应根据药敏结果选择抗菌药物。     

临床分离革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南耐药性的变迁

目的调查十堰市革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率变迁。方法对2009年1月-2010年10月从住院患者各种临床标本中分离的革兰阴性杆菌药敏结果进行回顾性调查。结果共分离出革兰阴性杆菌4658株,其中肠杆菌科细菌占36.7%;非发酵菌占63.3%;分离率占前5位的病原菌分别是铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌;肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为0.9%;嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为100.0%、62.4%、30.5%、10.1%。结论亚胺培南对肠杆菌科细菌具有很强的体外抗菌活性,对非发酵菌的体外抗菌活性较差,铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率呈较大幅度上升。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.