胆囊切除术后胆管损伤30例治疗分析

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤的临床症状分型以及相关治疗方式的选择。方法对2016年1月至2019年9月昆明医科大学第二附属医院收治的胆囊切除术后胆管损伤30例病人临床资料进行收集整理,按临床症状分组,观察术后近期和远期并发症并行疗效分析。结果 (1)胆管狭窄组9例:早期开腹手术修复8例,其中胆肠吻合术6例,并发胆漏及狭窄各1例;超声介入治疗并发胆管炎1例。(2)胆漏组14例:开腹手术修复4例,并发胆漏、胸腔积液及胆管炎各1例;内镜治疗5例,复发胆漏2例;超声介入治疗5例,复发胆漏1例。(3)胆漏合并胆管狭窄组7例:超声介入结合开腹手术修复3例,超声介入结合内镜治疗1例,早期行胆管修补术复发狭窄1例,仅行腹腔穿刺引流术复发胆管狭窄2例。结论胆囊切除术后胆管损伤病人的治疗可以根据临床症状分型选择超声介入、内镜与开腹手术治疗。待胆管扩张后早期胆肠吻合术是胆管狭窄型肠的主要修复手段;内镜是胆漏型病人首选的微创方式;胆漏合并胆管狭窄型早期不建议开腹手术,而是有机结合三种治疗方法。     

手术治疗医源性胆管损伤的临床体会

目的总结医源性胆管损伤的诊治方法及再手术要点。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2013年12月收治的医源性胆管损伤病人的临床资料。结果总计32例医源性胆管损伤:发生于胆囊切除手术19例,胆管探查手术8例,肝切除手术5例。治疗方法:4例病人行非手术治疗,28例病人行手术治疗。手术方式:胆管修补术7例,胆管端端吻合术1例,胆管结扎线松解1例,胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术13例,肝叶切除+胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术4例,肝叶切除术2例。32例病人中:术后1例反复发作胆管炎,1例胆肠吻合口狭窄再次手术,2例死亡,其余28例随访期内恢复良好。结论医源性胆管损伤再手术的成功,有赖于丰富的胆道外科经验和精准的胆道外科技术,对于吻合口狭窄或重建手术失败者,胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术为推荐术式。     

肝内胆管结石并狭窄的定位诊断和手术治疗

目的: 探讨如何提高肝内胆管结石并狭窄的临床疗效. 方法: 总结26例肝内胆管结石并狭窄病人的诊疗方法和体会. 结果: 术后残留结石2例,无严重并发症,无死亡.25例获随访时间为4个月至2年半不等,优良率为90.9%. 结论: 确定肝内胆管狭窄部位和肝内结石分布区域,合理选用不同治疗方法是取得较好疗效的关键.     

在具高度危险性的胆管良性狭窄病人采用经皮肝穿刺胆管气囊扩张术的评价

根据气囊血管成形术导管治疗心血管疾病的经验,1978年 Molnar 首先采用经皮肝穿刺胆管气囊扩张术治疗胆肠吻合口狭窄。本文介绍1979～1984年间治疗17例胆管狭窄病人的经验。材料和方法:选择有高度手术危险性的17例胆管良性狭窄病人,男女各半,年龄为26～83岁。过去均曾进行了手术;其中6例为胆管肠道吻合,4例为远端胆管狭窄伴残余结石,3例为肝内胆管狭窄(1例伴肝内脓肿),2例为硬化性胆管炎。经皮肝穿刺引流胆管48小时以上,使肝功能改善和胆管炎消退后,取 Olbert 血管成形气囊导管,气囊直径为6～8mm,内灌造影剂,在透视下沿导引钢丝置入胆管狭窄部,充盈气囊自30秒至2分钟以扩张狭窄部。再重行插入导引钢丝更换多孔导管,作内外胆管引流。结果:经引流和抗菌素治疗后10例的胆管炎症消退,肝功能恢复。术后1例发生中度急性胰腺炎,可能系导管影响姨管,但很快恢复。2例因多次操作而发生胆管炎,其后使用多孔导管引流狭窄胆管的近远端和抗菌素后,未再发生并发症。     

MRCP评估医源性胆管狭窄的临床价值

近年来,医源性胆管狭窄病人在临床上仍时有发生。术前的影像学检查包括B型超声、CT、PTCD、ERCP、核磁共振胆胰管显像(Magneticresonqncecholangiopancreatography ,MRCP)是近年快速发展起来的一种非侵袭性显示胆胰管的新技术。在医源性胆管狭窄的术前诊断及指导手术方式的设计中有其明显的优越性。本文报告1 3例胆囊切除术后胆管狭窄病人术前行MRCP检查的结果分析,并对此进行临床评价。临床资料1 .一般资料:本组1 3例病例为1 999年1 1月～2 0 0 2年1 2月连续收治的1 3例胆囊切除术后胆管狭窄病人。其中男性6例,女性7例,年龄30～74…     

胆道术后胆道良性狭窄17例临床分析

目的分析胆道术后发生胆道良性狭窄的原因及诊治情况,提高其防治水平。方法回顾性分析武汉大学人民医院2015年1月至2016年6月胆道术后胆道良性狭窄病人17例,对其病因、诊断及治疗进行分析。结果 17例病人中,11例病人因术中医源性胆管损伤导致术后狭窄,3例病人因T管拔除过早导致术后狭窄,3例病人因其他不明原因导致术后狭窄。其中行支架置入治疗7例,行狭窄部成形治疗2例,胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合治疗5例,行狭窄部球囊扩张治疗3例。17例病人术后3d较术前血清总胆红素及主要症状明显改善(P0.05),且均恢复良好出院。术后随访6个月至2年,15例病人无任何胆道系统症状;2例病人偶尔有短暂症状,但无需治疗;无病人出现明显与胆道系统有关且需要进一步治疗的症状,总体效果良好。结论胆道术后胆道良性狭窄主要原因为术中医源性胆管损伤,但仍有部分病人狭窄原因不明,应在术中积极预防医源性胆管损伤。胆道术后胆道良性狭窄以胆总管下段和肝门部狭窄为主,治疗方法主要包括手术治疗和介入治疗,选择合适的治疗方法可以有效提高临床治疗效果。     

内镜在胆囊切除术后综合征病因诊断和治疗中的应用价值

目的: 探讨内镜在胆囊切除术后综合征病因诊断和治疗中的应用价值.方法: 对86例胆囊切除术后综合征病人行ERCP检查明确病因后,对胆管结石者行EST和EPBD后取石;对乳头炎性狭窄者行EST或EPBD治疗;对乳头旁憩室压迫乳头开口和SOD者行EPBD治疗;对乳头肿瘤和肝门胆管癌行EMBE;对化脓性胆管炎,继发性胆总管多发结石、结石难以一次取净及术后胆瘘、胆管中段狭窄者行ENBD.结果: 83例(96.5%)ERCP成功.未发现异常7例.胆管结石45例,其中41例经1~3次内镜取石后取净.乳头炎性狭窄4例,经EST或EPBD治疗1次成功.乳头旁憩室压迫乳头开口7例,SOD 2例,行EPBD治疗1次成功.胆管中段狭窄4例,2例行ENBD成功.乳头肿瘤4例,肝门胆管狭窄5例,行内支架治疗后黄疸减退.胃十二指肠溃疡3例.胆囊管结石残留2例.总的并发症发生率6.97%.结论: ERCP能及早发现胆囊切除术后综合征确切病因并给予相应内镜治疗.     

损伤性胆管狭窄的诊治

目的分析损伤性胆管狭窄的发生原因,探讨其处理方法并提出具体预防措施。方法回顾近年来工作中遇到的58例损伤性胆管狭窄的病人,探讨诊断指标和治疗方案,并提出有效的预防措施。结果①损伤性胆管狭窄的原因:LC 20例,OC 26例,其他12例。②1次行胆管修复者6例,2次手术修复者46例,3次以上手术修复者6例。③伴肝功损害者100%,肝硬化、腹水者8.6%,有消化道出血者3%,重度营养不良者1例,近端胆管结石形成者22.4%。④本组全部行手术治疗,手术时间为胆管狭窄发生后3~6个月,最长5年。⑤全组57例治愈,1例术后死于肝衰竭。2年后补片修补者再狭窄1例,胆肠内引流再狭窄2例。结论①损伤性胆管狭窄给病人造成的痛苦重、时间长。②损伤性胆管狭窄的原因中,各种方式的胆囊切除术仍占较大比例,肝脏手术引起者是近年随着肝外科的广泛开展而发生的新的情况,有愈来愈多的趋势。③预防:应针对其发生的原因进行。④损伤性胆管狭窄均需手术治疗,手术仍以胆肠内引流为主,据情可用补片修复。     

内镜治疗术后胆管损伤的研究

目的 探讨内镜治疗手术后并发胆漏和继发性胆管狭窄的方法和效果.方法 胆漏患者均先行内镜下十二指肠乳头切开,行鼻胆管引流术,引流腹腔感染.待胆管、腹腔引流停止1～2周证实胆漏愈合后拔管,伴有胆管狭窄的患者在拔除鼻胆管后置入塑料内支架,持续扩张2～3个月.结果 26例胆漏患者鼻胆引流3～4周后胆漏处均闭合,17例胆管狭窄置入内支架者,14例支架取出后狭窄解除,4例合并肝总管狭窄者经重新置入双支架3个月后效果良好,1例左肝管狭窄伴结石者,再置入单支架,术后仍有胆管感染症状反复出现,另1例在一年后因反复感染出现肝脓疡,药物治疗无效作肝叶切除.结论 内镜治疗可列为手术后胆漏或继发胆管狭窄治疗的首选方法.     

医源性胆管损伤远期并发症五例诊治体会

目的 探讨医源性胆管损伤导致远期胆管狭窄及闭锁并发症的治疗方法及要点.方法 回顾性分析2002年6月至2006年7月收治的5例因胆囊切除手术时胆管损伤导致胆管狭窄及闭锁远期并发症患者的临床资料.结果 5例医源性胆管损伤远期并发症包括:肝总管完全闭锁2例,肝门部胆管狭窄2例,胆肠吻合口狭窄1例.其中,2例为腹腔镜胆囊切除手术,3例为小切口胆囊切除术.损伤部位按Strasberg分型包括:E1型、E2型、E3型各1例、E5型2例.5例胆管损伤远期并发症患者,均于经皮肝胆管穿刺造影及引流减黄治疗后进行手术探查及胆道重建.手术方法包括肝门部肝管成型、肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术3例,肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术2例,术后均恢复良好出院.5例患者均随访7年以上,未再发生梗阻性黄疸及胆道感染,目前仍在随访中.结论 对医源性胆管损伤导致胆管狭窄及胆管闭锁远期并发症患者,应先施行经皮肝胆管穿刺造影及引流治疗,待黄疸及炎症控制后二期手术行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合.耐心细致解剖肝门、将损伤近端正常胆管组织与空肠吻合及保证吻合口足够大是手术治疗成功的要点.     

The long-term outcome of hepaticojejunostomy in the treatment of benign bile duct strictures.

OBJECTIVE: The authors review the treatment and outcome of patients with benign bile duct strictures who underwent biliary enteric repair. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The authors conducted a retrospective review of all clinical records of patients referred for treatment of benign bile duct strictures caused by surgery, trauma, or common bile duct lithiasis or choledochal cyst. The authors performed univariate and multivariate analyses of clinical and pathologic factors in relation to patient outcome and survivals. METHODS: Eighty-four patients with documented benign bile duct strictures underwent hepaticojejunostomy, choledochojejunostomy, and intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy during a 15-year period (January 1975 to December 1989). Morbidity, mortality, and patient survival rates were measured. RESULTS: Early and late outcomes correlated neither with demographic and clinical features at presentation nor with etiologic or pathologic characteristics of the stricture. Best results correlated with high biliary enteric anastomoses and degree of common bile duct dilatation independently of bile duct stricture location. CONCLUSIONS: High biliary enteric anastomosis provides a safe, durable, and highly effective solution to the problem of benign strictures of the bile duct. Transanastomotic tube stenting is unnecessary. Endoscopic and percutaneous transhepatic dilatation seems more appropriate for the treatment of patients in poor condition and those with anastomotic strictures.     

医源性胆管损伤的原因及处理(附66例报告)

目的探讨胆管损伤和狭窄的防治方法。方法回顾性分析６６例胆囊切除（或伴）胆总管探查术发生胆管损伤及狭窄的原因和治疗。结果１３例胆管损伤在术中发现并立即修复,其中１２例手术治愈,１例术后发生胆管狭窄。５３例胆管狭窄或胆漏在术后被诊断,其中４例行胆管对端吻合（术后均复发狭窄）;４４例行胆肠Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ－Ｙ吻合,３６例治愈;５例吻合口狭窄经再手术治愈。８例死亡（死于胆漏感染５例,胆汁性肝硬化３例）。结论胆管损伤若能术中发现并妥善修复常可避免发生狭窄。胆肠Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ－Ｙ吻合治疗胆管狭窄可取得较好疗效。     

医源性胆管损伤的治疗及疗效分析

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤的防治方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析30例医源性胆管损伤病人的临床资料。结果术中发现胆管损伤并及时修复9例,其中1例术后发生狭窄而再次手术治愈;另21例术后因胆管狭窄或胆漏确诊,2例行副肝管缝扎术,3例行胆管端端吻合T管引流术,16例行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合。疗效优者22例、良5例、差1例、死亡2例(1例死于胆漏感染,1例死于胆汁性肝硬化)。结论医源性胆管损伤重要在于术中及时发现和及时处理,采取胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合治疗可取得较好疗效。     

Diagnosis and management of bile duct strictures.

In the majority of patients, strictures of the common bile duct result from an injury to the duct. The earlier the injury is repaired or the more quickly the diagnosis of stricture is made and repaired, with antibiotics to prevent infection, the better are the results of the repair. Five types of repair have been utilized: (1) choledochoduodenostomy, (2) duct-to-duct repair, (3) choledochojejunostomy, (4) plastic revision of the stricture, or (5) dilatation of a previous stricture when multiple, previous operative procedures or the difficulty of operative exposure proves too great for adequate repair. Our overall results after repair of biliary stricture are good or excellent in 84 per cent of patients. We have had the best results in patients in whom choledochoduodenostomy was performed.     

High or low hepaticojejunostomy for bile duct strictures?

The 19 patients who underwent 22 postoperative repairs of bile duct stricture in our institution between 1973 and 1984 were evaluated to assess whether the recognition of the tenuous blood supply of the supraduodenal bile duct in 1979 had improved the results thereafter. Thirteen of these 22 operations followed a previous biliary tract repair; in 10 of the operations a low anastomosis had been performed without taking blood supply into account. Follow-up was complete and ranged from 5 to 15 years. There were no operative deaths and minimal morbidity. There were three deaths at a later time. Five of the 11 patients treated by surgery to 1979 had a clinically unsatisfactory result: recurrent strictures developed in all five patients. All but one of the eight patients receiving a high hepaticojejunostomy from 1980 had a clinically satisfactory result with no recurrent strictures. The one exception was the patient who had a second repair with separate high right and left hepatic duct anastomoses and who has ongoing symptoms from preexisting secondary sclerosing cholangitis. The results in the five high repairs performed for low strictures were particularly striking: All five were asymptomatic. This study lends support to the hypothesis of an ischemic basis for biliary strictures and to the recommendation that strictures be repaired with a high hepaticojejunostomy.     

Postoperative bile duct strictures: management and outcome in the 1990s

OBJECTIVE: To describe the management and outcome after surgical reconstruction of 156 patients with postoperative bile duct strictures managed in the 1990s. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The management of postoperative bile duct strictures and major bile duct injuries remains a challenge for even the most skilled biliary tract surgeon. The 1990s saw a dramatic increase in the incidence of bile duct strictures and injuries from the introduction and widespread use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Although the management of these injuries and short-term outcome have been reported, long-term follow-up is limited. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively on 156 patients treated at the Johns Hopkins Hospital with major bile duct injuries or postoperative bile duct strictures between January 1990 and December 1999. With the exception of bile duct injuries discovered and repaired during surgery, all patients underwent preoperative percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and placement of transhepatic biliary catheters before surgical repair. Follow-up was conducted by medical record review or telephone interview during January 2000. RESULTS: Of the 156 patients undergoing surgical reconstruction, 142 had completed treatment with a mean follow-up of 57.5 months. Two patients died of reasons unrelated to biliary tract disease before the completion of treatment. Twelve patients (7.9%) had not completed treatment and still had biliary stents in place at the time of this report. Of patients who had completed treatment, 90. 8% were considered to have a successful outcome without the need for follow-up invasive, diagnos tic, or therapeutic interventional procedures. Patients with reconstruction after injury or stricture after laparoscopic cholecystectomy had a better overall outcome than patients whose postoperative stricture developed after other types of surgery. Presenting symptoms, number of stents, interval to referral, prior repair, and length of postoperative stenting were not significant predictors of outcome. Overall, a successful outcome, without the need for biliary stents, was obtained in 98% of patients, including those requiring a secondary procedure for recurrent stricture. CONCLUSIONS: Major bile duct injuries and postoperative bile duct strictures remain a considerable surgical challenge. Management with preoperative cholangiography to delineate the anatomy and placement of percutaneous biliary catheters, followed by surgical reconstruction with a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, is associated with a successful outcome in up to 98% of patients.     

Extrahepatic biliary stricture associated with cytomegalovirus in a liver transplant recipient

We describe a patient who developed a stricture in the distal common bile duct 6 weeks after orthotopic liver transplantation. Histopathologic examination of the bile duct epithelium in the region of the stricture showed characteristic cytomegalovirus (CMV) inclusions. CMV was also identified in pulmonary alveoli and in the duodenum. Although CMV has been demonstrated in the biliary epithelium of AIDS patients with extrahepatic biliary strictures and biliary obstruction, this entity has not, to our knowledge, been described in liver transplant recipients. This report confirms that CMV infection should be included as a probable cause of extrahepatic biliary strictures and bile duct obstruction in liver transplant patients.     

A study on postoperative bile duct stricture with intrahepatic stones

From January 1976 through December 1988 we encountered ninety nine cases of intrahepatic stones. Eight of them were complicated with postoperative bile duct strictures which were formed on cholangiojejunostomy in 5 cases, cholangioduodenostomy, hepatic hilum and common hepatic duct in 1 case, respectively. Six cases of them are anastomotic strictures. The stones were mainly composed of bilirubin calcium. We guessed that the bile duct stricture resulted from cholangiojejunostomy without Roux-en-Y in 1 case and anastomotic insufficiency in 5 cases. Intrahepatic stones were removed by percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS), and the treatment for the stricture was cholangiojejunostomy in 1 case and the dilatation by PTCS in 5 cases, including 3 endoprostheses by pig-tail silicone catheter and 2 internal-external biliary drainage. Two patients who did not undergo cholangioscopic dilatation died of sepsis due to cholangitis. Three of 5 patients who underwent endoscopic dilatation by PTCS could return to social life without recurrence of gallstones. In other two cases an endoprosthetic catheter was removed by PTCS because of dislodgement or obstruction of the catheter after confirming anastomotic strictures had improved. Authors recommended that PTCS should be applied for postoperative bile duct stricture complicated with intrahepatic stone.     

带蒂脐静脉瓣胆道修复

目的进一步总结带蒂脐静脉瓣胆道修复的临床经验和远期随访结果。方法第一种术式，胆管上下端后壁对端吻合，前壁纵行切开，其缺损以带蒂脐静脉瓣修复21例；第二种术式，胆管狭窄切开、整形，胆管缺损以带蒂脐静脉瓣修复18例。结果本组无死亡病例。术后达7年以上25例，其中再手术3例，术后7～12年ERCP9例，双剂量静脉胆道造影1例，胆道显影均正常；轻度胆管炎2例；另10例无任何症状，B超胆道未见异常。结论带蒂脐静脉瓣胆道修复是一种理想的胆道修复手术。     

Liver resection for intrahepatic stones

Intrahepatic stones are difficult to manage, especially when they are associated with bile duct stricture, cholangitis and destruction of liver parenchyma. Suggested modes of treatment include surgical bile duct exploration, endoscopic procedures, transhepatic cholangiolithotomy and liver resection. This paper reports 2 patients in whom liver resection was performed because of intrahepatic ductal stones, bile duct strictures and repeated episodes of cholangitis. Liver resection was uncomplicated and long-term results were satisfactory. Our results support the view that liver resection is indicated in rare instances of intrahepatic bile duct stones associated with bile duct strictures.