汽油车排出颗粒物的化学组分分析

目的 为了进一步了解汽油车尾气颗粒物的化学成分。方法 运用高效液相色谱法测定了尾气颗粒物有机提取物中6种多环芳烃含量,运用原子吸收分光光度法测定了尾气颗粒物无机提取物中5种重金属含量。结果 有提取物中6种多环芳烃按含量高低依次为：苯并（a)芘＞菲＞晕苯＞苯并（a)蒽＞Qu＋芘,其中苯并（a)芘含量占40％。无机提取物中5种重金属按含量高低依次为：铅＞镍＞铬＞镉＞锰,其中铅含量占37％。结论 汽油车尾气颗粒物含量较多的组分是苯并（a）芘和铅。     

大气粗细颗粒物的成分分析及其肺毒性研究

将大气颗粒物按粒径分成粗颗粒物（＞２μｍ）和细颗粒物（≤２μｍ），分析了颗粒物中Ｐｂ、Ｎｉ、Ａｓ、Ｃｄ和Ｃｒ５种无机元素及５种多环芳烃（芘、、、苯并（ａ）蒽和苯并（ａ）芘）的含量和粒径分布。结果显示Ｐｂ、Ｎｉ、Ａｓ、Ｃｄ和Ｃｒ及５种多环芳烃在细颗粒上高度富积。实验还采用４５只雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠分为生理盐水对照组、粗颗粒和细颗粒实验组，其中每个实验组又分０．３、１．５、７．５和３７．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ４个剂量组。经气管注入染毒后２４ｈ检测肺灌洗液中细胞及生化成分的变化，结果发现粗细颗粒物均可使灌洗液中中性白细胞百分率、乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）、酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）、碱性磷酸酶（ＡＫＰ）活性、唾液酸（ＳＡ）含量增高，细胞总数下降。但从发生的剂量和毒性指数来看，细颗粒物的肺毒性大于粗颗粒物。     

大气颗粒提取物的致突变性

用五段分级采样器采集太原某焦化厂厂区大气颗粒物，用液相色谱测定不同粒径颗粒物上５种多环芳烃（ＰＡＨ）的含量，并用Ａｍｅｓ试验及ＣＨＬ细胞姐妹染色单体互换（ＳＣＥ）试验，观察不同粒径颗粒提取物的致突变性。结果表明５种ＰＡＨ浓度均很高，芘为１４．８９μｇ／１００ｍ３、为１９．３５μｇ／１００ｍ３、苯并（ａ）蒽（ＢａＡ）为１８．９μｇ／１００ｍ３、为１１４．６７μｇ／１００ｍ３、苯并（ａ）芘（ＢａＰ）为１５．９μｇ／１００ｍ３。４７～７０％的ＰＡＨ富集在≤２μｍ细颗粒上，其质量中值直径芘、、ＢａＡ、、ＢａＰ分别为２．２、２．１、１．６、１．９、１．３。Ａｍｅｓ试验和ＳＣＥ试验结果均表明，分级颗粒粒径愈小其提取物致突变作用愈强。     

国产香烟主流烟雾中多环芳烃的含量

目的检测20种主要国产品牌香烟主流烟雾中多环芳烃与焦油含量,并分析其是否有相关关系.方法按ISO国际标准吸取香烟主流烟雾中颗粒物,提取颗粒物中的多环芳烃,高效液相法测定荧蒽(FLUO),芘(pyrene,PY),苯并(g,h,j)苝(BGP),苯并(a)蒽[B(a)A],( )(CRY),苯并(a)芘[B(a)P],苯并(b)荧蒽[B(b)F],苯并(k)荧蒽[B(k)F],二苯并(a,h)蒽(DBA)9种多环芳烃含量,并检测烟雾中焦油、尼古丁含量.结果20种主要品牌香烟主流烟雾中多环芳烃主要成分含量均值从高到低依次为芘,荧蒽,CRY,苯并(a)蒽,二苯并(a,h)蒽,苯并(a)芘,苯并(g,h,j)苝,苯并(b)荧蒽,苯并(k)荧蒽.总PAHs平均含量为714.8 ng/支,其中芘、荧蒽等非致癌性组分占总PAHs的93%;致癌性多环芳烃平均含量为89.4 ng/支,以苯并(a)芘和二苯并(a,h)蒽为主要成分.总PAHs、致癌性PAHs含量与焦油含量的相关系数和P值分别为0.647,0.002,0.554,0.011.结论国产香烟主流烟雾中均可检出9种多环芳烃,总PAHs、致癌性PAHs含量与焦油含量呈正相关,提示焦油可作为估计烟雾中致癌多环芳烃含量、评价健康危害的指标.     

高效液相色谱测定尿中苯并（a）芘的方法应用

高效液相色谱测定尿中苯并（ａ）芘的方法应用广东省职业病防治院（广州市怡乐路，５１０２６０）梁丹涛，黄春英苯并（ａ）芘（ＢａＰ）是多环芳烃类化合物，是一种强致癌物质￣［１］，广泛存在于大气、水、土壤、动物及植物中，是人类生存环境中主要的污染物之一。为深...     

无铅汽油车排出颗粒物组分分析

目的：了解无铅汽油车排出颗粒物对健康的影响，对其组分进行分析。方法：以原子吸收分光光度法检测颗粒物的铅含量，使用同步辐射X射线法（PIXE）测定颗粒物除铅外的其他金属元素；采用GC／MS法分析排出颗粒物的有机组分。结果：原子吸收分光光度法检测结果显示，尾气排出颗粒物仍含有少量铅，单位重量粒物含量约为0．11μg/mg；PIXE分析结果显示，颗粒物含有多种 金属元素,如镉（Cd）、锆（Zr）、钼（Mo）、锑（Sb）等。GC／MS法分析结果显示，两种尾气排出颗粒物吸附大量的有机物，主要包括：杂环化合物（苯并噻唑）、多环芳烃（PAHs）如蒽、芘等，烷烃、甲基二硫化物，酸如1，2－苯二羧酸等物质。结论：无铅汽油车排出颗粒物吸附许多有害物质，包括无机成分及有机成分。     

不同粒径颗粒物中多环芳烃含量与致突变性关系的研究

用五段分级采样器采集太原市三个功能分区空气中颗粒物，用高效液相色谱测定不同粒径颗粒物上五种ＰＡＨ的含量，用ＳＣＥ试验观察不同粒径颗粒物致突变性，结果表明，三个采样点大气颗粒物五种ＰＡＨ（Ｂｅｉ、芘、苯并（ａ）蒽、苯并（ａ）芘Ｑｕ）浓度均很高，工业区明显高于住宅区及郊区（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＢａＰ含量分别超标１５８、６２、５２倍，６０～７０％ＰＡＨ富集在粒径≤２μｍ颗粒上。颗粒物粒径愈小，致突变性愈强。     

厨房空气中烹调油烟有害成分的测定和分析

目的研究3种类型民用燃料燃烧的烹调油烟中气态污染物（SO2、NO2、CO、CO2）及颗粒物（PM2.5、PM10）的污染状况,并分析PM2.5、PM10中8种金属元素（铅、铬、铜、镉、锰、锌、铁、汞）和两种多环芳烃（菲、苯并[a]芘）的含量。方法采用气体检测仪检测SO2、NO2、CO、CO2值;采用称重法分析PM25和PM10的质量浓度,石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法定量检测PM25和PM10中铅、铬、铜、镉,火焰原子吸收分光光度法定量检测PM2.5和PM10中锰、锌、铁,冷原子吸收法定量检测PM2,和PM10中汞,高效液相色谱法定量检测PM2,和PM10中菲、苯并[a]芘浓度。结果SO2、NO2、CO、CO2及PM2.5、PM10的浓度均超过室内空气质量标准规定的浓度限值,其中超标倍数较大的分别是天然气的CO2（5．2）,液化石油气的NO2（11．1）,蜂窝煤的SO2（12．4）、CO（16．5）;天然气的PM2.5、PM10超标倍数分别是117．0、145．5。PM2.5、PM10的金属成分分析结果显示锰、锌、铁含量较高,铅、铜次之,铬、镉、汞含量最低;PM2.5、PM10的多环芳烃类有机成分菲、苯并[a]芘含量均较高。结论3种类型燃料燃烧产生的烹调油烟中气态污染物及颗粒物污染严重,不同类型燃料产生的污染物污染状况不同,PM2.5、PM10中金属元素及多环芳烃类有机成分污染水平较高,烹调油烟可能是居室内空气污染主要来源,且污染程度严重。     

橄榄油中5种多环芳烃的测定

多环芳烃（PAHs）中包括苯并（a）芘等十几种致癌物质。国家食品卫生标准中规定各类食用油中苯并（a）芘的限值为10ug／kg。国家标准GB5009．27—2003（（食品中苯并（a）芘的测定》规定了两种检测方法，分别是荧光分光光度法和目视比色法。我们研究了利用凝胶净化技术进行前处理，用液相色谱法测定橄榄油中苯并（a）芘等5种PAHs的含量。该法自动化程度高，有机溶剂使用量少，回收率高，满足相关标准的要求。     

江苏省市售食用植物油中多环芳烃污染状况分析

目的测定江苏省市售食用植物油中15种多环芳烃残留含量,为江苏省食用油脂安全监管提供依据。方法采用凝胶渗透色谱净化,高效液相色谱分离,荧光检测器检测多环芳烃残留含量。结果市售食用植物油中15种多环芳烃均有检出。压榨油中,有9份样品苯并(a)芘含量超过我国限量标准10μg/kg,占14%;浸出油中,有4份样品苯并(a)芘含量超过我国限量标准10μg/kg,占7%;调和油中,无样品苯并(a)芘含量超过我国限量标准。结论江苏省市售食用植物油中存在多环芳烃污染。     

含铅和无铅汽油汽车尾气成分和致突变性

为探讨含铅和无铅汽油汽车尾气成分和致突变性,使用含铅、无铅两种汽油,分别检测尾气中的一氧化碳（ＣＯ）和碳烃类化合物（ＨＣ）及颗粒物水平,同时利用气相色谱－质谱联用（ＧＣ／ＭＳ）对颗粒物吸附的有机物进行了分析并采用中国仓鼠肺组织（ＣＨＬ）体外微核实验检测了致突变性。结果显示无铅汽油能显著地减少ＣＯ、ＨＣ及颗粒物的排放,但两种汽油尾气颗粒物有机提取物均能诱导ＣＨＬ细胞微核率的升高,两种汽油一定量的颗粒     

大气颗粒有机提取物的染色体损伤作用研究

目的：探讨大颗粒有机提取物的染色体损伤作用，方法：使用高压液相色谱法对太原市高污染区太钢地区及低污染区阳曲地区大气总悬浮颗粒物有机提取物（EOM）中的部分多环芳烃（PAHs)进行成分分析，采用传统微核实验方法检测有机提取物所致小鼠的染色体损伤作用。结果：太原市太钢地区大气颗粒有机提取物中的多环芳烃含量明显高于阳曲地区，且BaP的含量在太钢地区达到0．819μg/m^3，超过阳曲地区10余倍，两地区EOM均可诱导小鼠微核率的升高，且存在剂量－反应关系，太钢组样品诱发小鼠微的作用明显高于阳曲组（P＜0．01），结论：大气颗粒有机提取物可致小鼠染色体损伤，其损伤程度可能与EOM中所含的PAHs种类和含量有关。     

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand activity of polycyclic aromatic ketones and polycyclic aromatic quinones

Polycyclic aromatic ketones (PAKs) and polycyclic aromatic quinones (PAQs) are oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and reports about the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand activities of these compounds are few. In this study, activation of AhR by 41 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), focusing especially on PAKs and PAQs, was determined by measuring beta-galactosidase activity from a reporter plasmid in yeast engineered to express human AhR and the AhR nuclear translocator proteins and by measuring luciferase activity from mouse hepatoma (H1L1) cells (chemical-activated luciferase expression [CALUX] assay). The PACs used in these experiments included 11 PAKs, seven PAQs, and 21 PAHs. In this study, the PAKs 11H-benzo[a]fluoren-11-one (B[a]FO), 11H-benzo[b]fluoren-11-one (B[b]FO) and 7H-benzo[c]fluoren-7-one and the PAQs 5,12-naphthacenequinone, 1,4-chrysenequinone, and 7,12-benz[a]anthracenequinone showed high AhR activities in H1L1 cells, although these values were not as high as that for benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). These PAKs and PAQs showed significantly stronger activities in yeast cells relative to B[a]P. It was predicted that PAKs such as B[a]FO and B[b]FO occupied 0.06% to 1.3% of the total induction equivalents, and each contribution matched the contribution of PAHs such as B[a]P, chrysene, and benz[a]anthracene in gasoline exhaust particulates and airborne particulates using data of CALUX assay.     

汽车尾气对大鼠肺脏的氧化应激和遗传毒性作用

[目的]探讨汽车尾气对大鼠肺脏生物大分子的氧化损伤作用。[方法]将汽车尾气的颗粒物、冷凝物和半挥发性有机物的二氯甲烷提取物（extracts of gasoline engine exhaust,EGE）减压挥干后用二甲亚砜（dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO）定容到200L／mL。将40只SD大鼠分为5组,每组8只。以DMSO为溶剂对照,以汽车尾气0、5．6、16．7、50．0L／kg的剂量经气管滴注染毒,每周1次,共4次,末次染毒24h后处死,测定肺脏脏器系数以及肺组织内丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）和羰基蛋白（carbonyl protein,CP）含量以及超氧化物岐化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH—Px）活力;并用彗星试验检测肺组织细胞中DNA的损伤程度。[结果]各组动物体重和肺脏脏器系数与对照组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;16．7、50．0L／kg剂量组肺组织中MDA含量分别达到了4．57、4．48nmol／mg蛋白,故对照组明显升高（P〈0．05）;CP含量在50．0L／kg剂量组为8．91μmol／mg蛋白,较对照组明显增加（P〈0．05）;SOD和GSH—Px活力在50．0L／kg剂量组分别为1697．61NU／mg蛋白和14．80U／mg蛋白,与对照组比较均明显降低（P〈0．05）。在16．7L／kg和50．0L／kg组,肺组织细胞的拖尾率与对照组比较均明显增加（P〈0．05）,但各组尾长的增加无统计学意义。[结论]汽车尾气可诱导大鼠肺组织生物大分子的氧化损伤和DNA单链断裂。     

Oxidative Damage of the Extracts of Condensate,Particulate and Semivolatile Organic Compounds from Gasoline Engine Exhausts on Testicles of Rats

Oxidative damage induced by extracts of condensate, particulate matters and semivolatile organic compounds from gasoline engine exhausts were investigated in testicles of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The results showed that gasoline engine exhaust could increase the contents of malondialdehyde and carbonyl protein, decrease activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and induce DNA damage in testicle of rat. Taking together, the gasoline engine exhaust could promote oxidative damage of bio-macromolecular in testicles of rat and oxidative stress might be an alternative mechanism for male reproductive function of male mammals.     

A comparison on the emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their corresponding carcinogenic potencies from a vehicle engine using leaded and lead-free gasoline.

Our objective in this study was to assess the effect of using two kinds of lead-free gasoline [including 92-lead-free gasoline (92-LFG) and 95-lead-free gasoline (95-LFG), rated according to their octane levels] to replace the use of premium leaded gasoline (PLG) on the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their corresponding benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaP(eq)) amounts from the gasoline-powered engine. The results show that the three gasoline fuels originally contained similar total PAHs and total BaP(eq) contents; however, we found significant differences in the engine exhausts in both contents. The above results suggest that PAHs originally contained in the gasoline fuel did not affect the PAH emissions in the engine exhausts. The emission factors of both total PAHs and total BaP(eq) obtained from the three gasoline fuels shared the same trend: 95-LFG > PLG > 92-LFG. The above result suggests that when PLG was replaced by 95-LFG, the emissions would increase in both total PAHs and total BaP(eq), but when replaced by 92-LFG would lead to the decreased emissions of both contents. By taking emission factors and their corresponding annual gasoline consumption rates into account, we found that both total PAH and total BaP(eq) emissions increased from 1994 to 1999. However, the annual increasing rates in total BaP(eq) emissions were slightly higher than the corresponding increasing rates in total PAHs.     

Atmospheric Deposition of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in an Urban and a Suburban Area of Korea from 2002 to 2004

Atmospheric bulk samples (wet and dry) were collected monthly during 2002 to 2004 from an urban and a suburban area in Korea for assessment of depositional flux and seasonal variations in the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAH depositional flux ranged from 64.1 to 610 μg/m²/y for the urban area and from 65 to 460 μg/m²/y for the suburban area. The fluxes of PAHs measured in this study were comparable with those reported for urban and suburban areas in other countries. The fluxes of particulates and PAHs were higher in winter than in summer, consistent with the greater per capita consumption of fossil fuel in winter than in summer. Ambient temperature played a major role in the seasonal variability in PAH fluxes. Photochemical degradation of PAHs appears to occur during the summer months. The relationship of PAH depositional fluxes with major air pollutants, such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and presence of particulate matter up to 10 μm in size (PM₁₀), was also investigated. Dominant PAH compounds in both the urban and the suburban locations were benzo[g,h,i]perylene, pyrene, and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene. Based on the PAH diagnostic ratios and a factor analysis, the major sources of PAHs in the urban and the suburban regions were found to be similar. Diesel exhaust, coal combustion, and gasoline emissions contributed predominantly to atmospheric PAH contamination.     

汽油尾气对大鼠睾丸组织的氧化损伤和遗传毒性作用

目的探讨汽油尾气对大鼠睾丸的遗传毒性及氧化损伤作用。方法将汽油尾气的颗粒物、冷凝物和半挥发性有机物的二氯甲烷提取物以0、5.6、16.7和50.0L/kg的剂量经气管滴注染毒SD大鼠,每周一次,共4次。末次染毒24h后处死动物,测定睾丸脏器系数、睾丸组织内丙二醛(MDA)和羰基蛋白(CP)含量以及超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性;并用彗星实验检测睾丸组织细胞中DNA的单链断裂水平。结果各剂量组体重增重和睾丸脏脏器系数与对照组相比差异无显著性(P>0.05);中、高剂量染毒组睾丸组织中MDA和CP含量显著升高;各剂量组SOD酶活力明显降低(P<0.05),而GSH-Px活性的下降仅在高剂量组具有显著性。在16.7L/kg和50.0L/kg组,睾丸组织细胞的拖尾率较对照组明显增加(P<0.05),但尾长的增加仅在50.0L/kg组具有统计学意义。结论汽油尾气可诱导大鼠睾丸组织生物大分子的氧化损伤和DNA单链断裂。     

Effects of exposure to vehicle exhaust on health

Exposure to combustion engine exhaust and its effect on crews of roll-on roll-off ships and car ferries and on bus garage staff were studied. The peak concentrations recorded for some of the substances studied were as follows: total particulates (diesel only) 1.0 mg/m3, benzene (diesel) 0.3 mg/m3, formaldehyde (gasoline and diesel) 0.8 mg/m3, and nitrogen dioxide (diesel) 1.2 mg/m3. The highest observed concentration of benzo(a)pyrene was 30 ng/m3 from gasoline and diesel exhaust. In an experimental study volunteers were exposed to diesel exhaust diluted with air to achieve a nitrogen dioxide concentration of 3.8 mg/m3. Pulmonary function was affected during a workday of occupational exposure to engine emissions, but it normalized after a few days with no exposure. The impairment of pulmonary function was judged to have no appreciable, adverse, short-term impact on individual work capacity. In the experimental exposure study, no effect on pulmonary function was observed. Analyses of urinary mutagenicity and thioether excretion showed no sign of exposure to genotoxic compounds among the occupationally exposed workers or among the subjects in the experimental study.     

含铅、无铅汽油尾气排出颗粒提取物的细胞膜毒性比较

[目的]通过实验室细胞染毒模型来揭示无铅汽油的使用能否减低汽车尾气颗粒有机提取物的细胞膜毒性。[方法]在发动机台架试验上，分别使用市售90#含铅及无铅两种汽油来制造尾气。收集尾气的颗粒物及其吸附有机物，并检测尾气中HC与C0浓度。将体外培养中国仓鼠肺细胞(CHL)暴露于尾气的提取物中，通过检测细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH)及细胞内K^ 及Ca^2 浓度来分析细胞内外物质交换的变化，从而说明不同汽油排出尾气颗粒有机提取物的细胞膜毒性。[结果]随着对细胞染毒剂量的增加，培养液中的LDH浓度以及细胞内的Ca^2 浓度有增加的趋势，而细胞内K^ 浓度有降低的趋势，这种变化呈剂量—反应关系。统计学检验表明，无铅汽油尾气颗粒提取物的细胞膜毒性与对照组及其他实验组有显著性的差别。[结论]无铅汽油的使用能减少尾气中C0、HC及颗粒物的排放。与含铅汽油相比较，无铅汽油的颗粒吸附有机物的细胞膜毒性有所降低。