DNA flow cytometric analysis in renal neoplasms associated with acquired renal cystic disease

In order to better understand the potential malignancy of renal neoplasms arising in patients with acquired renal cystic disease and to try and establish differences from other renal tumours we analysed DNA ploidy as well as the level of S-phase fraction in 11 neoplasms associated with acquired cystic disease by means of flow cytometry. The results were correlated with known prognostic factors such as nuclear grade, size and stage, as well as the clinical behaviour of the tumours. We found a close relationship between DNA aneuploidy and high S-phase fraction and a poor clinical outcome. We also found some differences in the DNA ploidy profile of these tumours when compared with those reported in other renal neoplasms.     

Chromosomal imbalances revealed in primary renal cell carcinomas by comparative genomic hybridization

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for approximately 3% of all new cancer cases. Although the classification of RCC is based mainly on histology, this method is not always accurate. We applied comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to determine genomic alterations in 46 cases of different RCC histological subtypes [10 cases of clear cell RCC (CCRCC), 13 cases of papillary RCC (PRCC), 12 cases of chromophobe RCC (CRCC), 9 cases of Xp11.2 translocation RCC (Xp11.2RCC), 2 cases of undifferentiated RCC (unRCC)], and investigated the relationships between clinical parameters and genomic aberrations. Changes involving one or more regions of the genome were seen in all RCC patients; DNA sequence gains were most frequently (>30%) seen in chromosomes 7q, 16p, and 20q; losses from 1p, 3p, 13q, 14q, and 8p. We conclude CGH is a useful complementary method for differential diagnosis of RCC. Loss of 3p21-25, 15q, and gain of 16p11-13 are relatively particular to CCRCC vs. other types of RCC. Gain of 7p13-22, 8q21-24, and loss of 18q12-ter, 14q13-24, and Xp11-q13/Y are more apparent in PRCC, and gain of 8q21-24 is characteristic of type 2 PRCC vs. type 1 PRCC. Loss of 2q12-32, 10p12-15, and 11p11-15, 13p are characteristic of CRCC, and gain of 3p and loss of 11p11-15 and 13p are significant differentiators between common CRCC and CRCC accompanied by sarcomatous change groups. Gain of Xp11-12 is characteristic of the Xp11.2RCC group. Based on Multivariate Cox regression analysis, aberration in 5 chromosome regions were poor prognostic markers of RCC, and include the gain of chromosome 12p12-ter (P = 0.034, RR = 3.502, 95% CI 1.097-11.182), 12q14-ter (P = 0.002, RR = 5.115, 95% CI 1.847-14.170), 16q21-24 (P = 0.044, RR = 2.629, 95% CI 1.027-6.731), 17p12-ter (P = 0.017, RR = 3.643, 95% CI 1.262-10.512) and the loss of 18q12-23 (P = 0.049, RR = 2.911, 95% CI 1.006-8.425), which may provide clues of new genes involved in RCC tumorigenesis.     

Immunohistochemical and molecular genetic profiling of acquired cystic disease-associated renal cell carcinoma

Aims:  Acquired cystic disease-associated renal cell carcinoma (ACD-associated RCC) is a unique neoplasm that specifically develops in the background of acquired cystic disease of the kidney. The aim was to analyse nine ACD-associated RCCs from three patients to determine their immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics using immunohistochemistry, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) .
Methods and results:  ACD-associated RCC preferentially expressed proximal nephron phenotype (CD10+/RCC marker+/α-methylacyl-CoA racemase+/glutathione S-transferase-α+/BerEP4+/cytokeratin 7–/E-cadherin–/high-molecular-weight cytokeratin−/MOC31−). CGH combined with FISH demonstrated non-random chromosomal gains clustering on chromosomes 3 (8/9), 7 (6/9), 16 (7/9), 17 (4/9) and Y (5/9). Chromosomal losses were uncommon. The chromosomal aberrations in all multifocal tumours were not identical for the same kidney or for the same patient, indicating a 'field effect' that induces multiple independent clones.
Conclusions:  Although the genetic profiles of ACD-associated RCC showed some similarity to those of papillary RCC, ACD-associated RCC distinctly revealed frequent gains on chromosomes 3 and Y. ACD-associated RCC is characterized not only by its particular clinical setting and histology, but also by its unique immunohistochemical and molecular genetic profiles.     

Unclassified renal cell carcinoma: a clinicopathological,comparative genomic hybridization,and whole-genome exon sequencing study

Unclassified renal cell carcinoma (URCC) is a rare variant of RCC, accounting for only 3-5% of all cases. Studies on the molecular genetics of URCC are limited, and hence, we report on 2 cases of URCC analyzed using comparative genome hybridization (CGH) and the genome-wide human exon GeneChip technique to identify the genomic alterations of URCC. Both URCC patients (mean age, 72 years) presented at an advanced stage and died within 30 months post-surgery. Histologically, the URCCs were composed of undifferentiated, multinucleated, giant cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunostaining revealed that both URCC cases had strong p53 protein expression and partial expression of cluster of differentiation-10 and cytokeratin. The CGH profiles showed chromosomal imbalances in both URCC cases: gains were observed in chromosomes 1p11-12, 1q12-13, 2q20-23, 3q22-23, 8p12, and 16q11-15, whereas losses were detected on chromosomes 1q22-23, 3p12-22, 5p30-ter, 6p, 11q, 16q18-22, 17p12-14, and 20p. Compared with 18 normal renal tissues, 40 mutated genes were detected in the URCC tissues, including 32 missense and 8 silent mutations. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the missense mutation genes were involved in 11 different biological processes and pathways, including cell cycle regulation, lipid localization and transport, neuropeptide signaling, organic ether metabolism, and ATP-binding cassette transporter signaling. Our findings indicate that URCC may be a highly aggressive cancer, and the genetic alterations identified herein may provide clues regarding the tumorigenesis of URCC and serve as a basis for the development of targeted therapies against URCC in the future.     

用比较基因组杂交技术(CGH)检测肾癌染色体畸变

目的应用比较基因组杂交技术(CGH)分析原发性肾癌肿瘤组织中染色体异常变化,探讨肾癌细胞遗传物质的改变,揭示肾癌发生发展的内在本质及其与临床特征之间的关系。方法采用CGH技术对12例肾癌组织提取的全基因组DNA进行检测,以了解肾癌全基因组的变化。结果CGH技术检测的12例肾癌标本中均有染色体的畸变(扩增和/或缺失),常见的扩增区是1p、4p、5q、7p、9p、16p,常见的缺失区是3q、4q、6q、9q、14q、18q。结论原发性肾癌存在广泛的遗传物质不平衡现象,肾癌细胞染色体扩增和/或缺失可能是肾癌发生发展的基础。     

G-显带技术、荧光原位杂交和比较基因组杂交技术在产前诊断中的应用

目的 探讨G显带、荧光原位杂交(fluorescencein situ hybridization,FISH)和比较基因组杂交(comparative genomic hybridization,CGH)技术在产前诊断中应用的程序及意义.方法 采集102例妊娠16周～24周胎儿的羊水,采用G显带、G显带/FISH和G显带/FISH/CGH三阶梯的核型诊断程序,并分析其在产前诊断中的意义.结果 102例胎儿中,经第1阶梯诊断核型98例,诊断困难2例,失败2例;第2阶梯诊断核型2例,诊断困难1例,失败1例;第3阶梯诊断核型2例.经3阶梯诊断程序核型的诊断率达100%(102/102例),异常核型7例(7/102例,6.68 0A),其中第1、第2和第3阶梯分别诊断异常核型4例(4/7例,57.1 oA)、1例(1/7例,14.3%)和2例(2/7例,28.5%).结论 在产前诊断中实施3阶梯诊断程序有助于提高核型的确诊率,规范染色体诊断流程.     

Chromosomal and genetic imbalances in Chinese patients with rhabdomyosarcoma detected by high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children. Although associations between ARMS tumorigenesis and PAX3, PAX7, and FKHR are well recognized, the complete genetic etiology underlying RMS pathogenesis and progression remains unclear. Chromosomal copy number variations (CNVs) and the involved genes may play important roles in the pathogenesis and progression of human malignancies. Using high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), we examined 20 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) RMS tumors to explore the involvement of the relevant chromosomal regions with resident genes in RMS tumorigenesis. In RMS, frequent gains were identified on chromosome regions 12q13.3-q14.1, 12q24.31, 17q25.1, 1q21.1, and 7q11.23, whereas frequent losses were observed on chromosome regions 5q13.2, 14q32.33, and 15q11.2. Amplifications were observed on chromosome regions 9p13.3, 12q13.3-q14.1, 12q15, and 16p13.11, whereas deletions were detected on chromosome regions 1p36.33, 1p13.1, 2q11.1, 5q13.2, 8p23.1, 9p24.3, and 16p11.2. Frequent gains were detected in GLI1, GEFT, OS9, and CDK4 (12q13.3-q14.1), being 60% in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) and 66.67% in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS), respectively. However, frequent losses were detected in IGHG1, IGHM, IGHG3, and IGHG4 (14q32.33), being 70% in ERMS and 55.56% in and ARMS, respectively. Frequent gains were detected in TYROBP, HCST, LRFN3, and ALKBH6 (19q13.12) in ERMS but not in ARMS. The frequency of TYROBP, HCST, LRFN3, and ALKBH6 gains is significantly different in ERMS versus ARMS (P=0.011). The results suggest that novel TYROBP, HCST, LRFN3, and ALKBH6 genes may play important roles in ERMS. The technique used is a feasible approach for array comparative genomic hybridization analysis in archival tumor samples.     

Comparative genomic hybridization reveals frequent chromosome 13q and 4q losses in renal carcinomas with sarcomatoid transformation

Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) with sarcomatoid transformation show the most malignant behaviour of all renal carcinoma types. In this study, comparative genomic hybridization was used to screen for losses and gains of DNA sequences along all chromosome arms in 12 sarcomatoid (S) RCCs. On average, there were 8·6 aberrations per tumour. DNA sequence losses (5·2±4·4) were slightly more frequent than gains (3·4±2·6). DNA gains most often involved chromosomes 17 (33 per cent), 7, and 8q (25 per cent each). High-level co-amplification involving 11q22–23 and 7p21–22 in one SRCC was not present in adjacent non-sarcomatous tumour areas, raising the possibility of oncogene involvement at these loci for sarcomatoid transformation. DNA losses were most prevalent at 13q (75 per cent) and 4q (50 per cent), suggesting that inactivation of tumour suppressor genes at chromosomes 13q and 4q may be linked to sarcomatoid growth of RCC. It is concluded that SRCCs are genetically highly complex. Chromosomes 13q, 4q, 7p21–22, and 11q22–23 may carry genes with relevance for sarcomatoid growth in RCC. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

EGF-r gene copy number changes in renal cell carcinoma detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization

Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-r) is a frequent event in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). To investigate the role of EGF-r gene copy number changes related to EGF-r overexpression, 50 RCC specimens were examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry. Dual-labelling FISH with a repetitive pericentromeric probe for chromosome 7 and a probe for the EGF-r gene (at 7p13) was performed to analyse the EGF-r copy number in relation to chromosome 7 copy number on a cell-by-cell basis. Polysomy 7 was frequent in all histological types of RCC. Chromosome 7 polysomy was found in 26 of 35 clear cell (74 per cent), nine of nine papillary, and three of three chromophobe RCCs. EGF-r gene copy number was closely associated with the chromosome 7 copy number on a cell-by-cell basis. No EGF-r gene amplifications were found. EGF-r positivity was found in 37 of 50 cases (74 per cent) by immunohistochemistry. EGF-r positivity was more common in clear cell (81 per cent) than in papillary tumours (40 per cent; P=0·029). Neither chromosome 7 nor EGF-r gene copy number was associated with EGF-r expression, indicating that an increased gene dosage is not a mechanism of EGF-r overexpression in RCC. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

荧光原位杂交联合微阵列比较基因组杂交分析一例原发性闭经患者的染色体畸变

目的分析1例原发性闭经患者的染色体畸变,探讨该患者原发性闭经的可能原因。方法采集临床已确诊的原发性闭经患者外周血,并抽提基因组DNA,进行荧光原位杂交和微阵列比较基因组杂交,分析染色体异常。结果微阵列比较基因组杂交显示患者染色体Xp22.31区域存在长1.637Mb片段的三倍体,Xp21.2-q21.1区域存在长52.156 Mb片段的重复片段。结论微阵列比较基因组杂交技术可以检测染色体微小畸变,值得临床推广应用。     

Fluorescence in situ hybridization, comparative genomic hybridization, and other molecular biology techniques in the analysis of effusions

Over the last 20 yr, the introduction of immunocytochemistry as a diagnostic tool has dramatically revolutionized diagnostic pathology. With the introduction of molecular methods as part of the diagnostic armamentarium, the practicing pathologist is facing the new challenge of grasping novel concepts of the molecular cytogenetics era. Herein, we review the diagnostic contribution of ancillary molecular techniques, including fluorescent and chromogenic in situ hybridization, telomerase assays, loss of heterozygosity, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and microarray-based CGH, for the practicing cytopathologists and discuss how these techniques will help pathologists in decision-making.     

人食管鳞癌细胞系EC9706的建立及其比较基因组杂交分析

目的 以中国男性食管鳞癌为来源，建立一个可良好传代的细胞系，从而提价七个有用的体外模式用于食管癌的研究。方法 采用组织块培养法，以新鲜的食管癌组织细胞系EC9706，做了初步的生物学特性观察，并采用比较基因组杂交的方法进行细胞遗传学的检测。结果 食管癌细胞系EC9706生长曲线显示其生长良好，易于培养。传代时间为26h，平皿集落形成率为91．9％，且能够在软琼脂中形成集落。经异种接种到裸鼠中均形成移植性肿瘤，肿瘤的病理诊断为中－低分化鳞状细胞癌。比较基因组杂交结果得出染色体1p1,q2-4,2p1,5p,7p14,7q21,11q1,11q2,20q扩增，其中5p表现出高水平的扩增。而染色体2p2,2q2,3p,4,9p,14,18,Xq缺失。结论 建立的细胞系EC9706可用于研究食管癌的癌变过程。     

Array—CGH技术用于产前诊断可疑胎儿染色体异常

目的探讨微阵列比较基因组杂交技术（array—based comparative genomic hybridization,array—CGH）在产前诊断胎儿染色体异常中的应用价值。方法产前诊断发现4例常规G显带染色体核型分析不能明确的胎儿染色体异常,按照标准的array—CGH操作分析对这些病例进行全基因组检测。结果通过array—CGH技术分析,明确了4例胎儿可疑染色体异常的诊断并且进行精确定位,1例染色体部分缺失,1例正常,1例染色体部分重复,1例不平衡易位。结论array—CGH技术对产前诊断胎儿染色体异常具有高分辨率,能够精确定位异常片段,明确胎儿预后,对产前诊断具有重要应用价值。     

光谱核型分析联合微阵列比较基因组杂交诊断15号环状染色体综合征

目的 探讨联合应用光谱核型分析技术(spectral karyotyping,SKY)和微阵列比较基因组杂交技术(microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization,array-CGH)在诊断复杂疑难的环状染色体畸变中的价值.方法 对1例常规G显带染色体核型分析疑诊为46,XY,r(15)?的8岁男性生长发育迟缓患儿依次应用SKY及array-CGH技术常规进行制片杂交,并通过相应的显微摄像系统和计算机软件分析结果.结果 SKY技术明确了该患儿环状染色体来源于15号染色体,array-CGH技术明确患儿15q26.3末端存在约594 kb的缺失,染色体基因位点编码范围为99689349-100282878.结论 联合应用现代分子细胞遗传学技术可以从细胞到分子水平精确诊断复杂疑难的环状染色体病例,是常规染色体核型分析的有益补充,也有利于细胞遗传学向分子水平深入.     

微阵列比较基因组杂交分析一例足月小样儿的染色体畸变

目的 分析一例足月小样儿的染色体畸变,探讨患儿低出生体重的原因.方法 采集临床已确诊的足月小样儿外周血并抽提基因组DNA,进行微阵列比较基因组杂交,分析患儿基因组拷贝数的改变.培养患儿及其父母外周血淋巴细胞,进行染色体核型分析并确定患儿染色体畸变的来源.结果 微阵列比较基因组杂交显示患儿在10q125.2→qter区域存在长22 Mb片段的重复,同时在15q26.2→qter区域存在长5 Mb片段的缺失.核型分析显示患儿核型为46,XY,-15,+der(15)t(10;15)(q25;q26)pat.结论 患儿在10q25.2→qter区域存在部分三体,而在15q26.2→qter区域存在部分单体,这两种染色体畸变可能均是导致患儿表现为足月小样儿的病因之一.     

A complex chromosome rearrangement with at least five breakpoints studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization

A newborn infant with multiple congenital anomalies was diagnosed with an unbalanced translocation of chromosomes 1 and 5. Studies of parental chromosomes revealed a complex rearrangement in the patient's mother involving the exchange of terminal long arms between chromosomes 1 and 5 and the insertion of an interstitial segment from the same chromosome 5q into chromosome 2q by high-resolution G-banding. Further study of the mother's chromosomes by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) detected an additional insertion between the rearranged chromosomes 2 and 5, which was not revealed by G-banding. This led to the identification of a complex translocation-insertion between 3 chromosomes with at least 5 breaks [t(1;5;2)(1pter→1q42.3::5q23.2→5qter;5pter→5q21.2::2q33→2q35::1q42.3→1qter;2pter→2q33::5q21.2→5q23.2::2q35→2qter)] and illustrates the value of FISH as an adjunct to standard cytogenetics, particularly in cases of complex rearrangements. Am. J. Med. Genet. 68:417–420, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Array-based comparative genomic hybridization of ductal carcinoma in situ and synchronous invasive lobular cancer

It has been increasingly recognized that ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and invasive cancer of the breast are often closely associated with one another. However, the genomic relationship between these histologically distinct entities has not been well characterized. Refinements in high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) techniques allow for a detailed comparison of genomic alterations in synchronously occurring tumors. The following case illustrates how array CGH may be used to better understand whether synchronous neoplasms share a common origin.