内踝区动脉网的显微解剖与隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的设计

目的：为隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣设计提出解剖学依据。方法：30侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成年下肢标本，解剖观测内踝区动脉来源、分支、分布及吻合。结果：内踝区动脉有9个来源，构成3条纵向的血管网：(1)内踝前动脉和踝上支的前纵向血管网；(2)骨皮穿支的中纵向血管网；(3)胫后动脉肌间隙支和踝管动脉穿支的后纵向血管网。形成3个层面的血管网：(1)骨膜血管网；(2)深筋膜血管网；(3)皮神经浅静脉血管网。内踝区骨膜、筋膜、大隐静脉、隐神经和皮肤的营养血管同源。结论：内踝区血供来源为多源性，有明显的方向性，吻合十分丰富，可以设计3种包含浅深筋膜、皮神经、浅静脉及其营养血管的小腿内侧远端蒂皮瓣：(1)以胫后动脉肌间隙支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点上3cm；(2)以内踝前动脉筋膜穿支为蒂；(3)以踝管区动脉穿支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点平面。     

Number and location of venous valves within the popliteal and femoral veins: a review of the literature

Although deep venous insufficiency is common and important, the anatomy of deep vein valves is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the location, number and consistency of venous valves in the femoral and popliteal veins in normal subjects. A detailed literature search of PubMed was performed. Abstracts and selected full text articles were scrutinised and relevant studies published between 1949 and 2010 reporting anatomical details of deep vein valves were included. From 7470 articles identified by the initial search strategy, nine studies with a total of 476 legs were included in this review. All studies were cadaveric and subjects ranged from stillborn fetuses to 103 years of age. Studies suggested that femoral veins contain between one and six valves, and popliteal veins contain between zero and four valves. Deep vein valves were consistently located in the common femoral vein (within 5 cm of the inguinal ligament), the femoral vein (within 3 cm of the deep femoral vein tributary) and in the popliteal vein near the adductor hiatus. Valves are consistently located at specific locations in the deep veins of the leg, although there is often significant variability between subjects. Further anatomical and functional studies using new imaging modalities available should target these areas to identify whether certain valves play a more important role in venous disease. This may guide us in the development of new treatment options for patients with deep venous disease.     

收肌管下口处隐神经阻滞的应用解剖

目的探讨收肌管下口处隐神经的精细解剖和体表定位。方法采用12具尸体标本20侧下肢对收肌管及其下口部位进行精细解剖和测量。结果收肌管下份隐神经在前内侧、股动脉居中、股静脉在后。在收肌管下口和稍上位置,膝降动、静脉和隐神经分别穿大收肌腱板出收肌管并伴行下行,隐神经在膝内侧缝匠肌腱和股薄肌腱之间穿深筋膜,伴大隐静脉下降至小腿和足内侧。收肌管下口分别距髌骨上缘(5.85±0.15)cm、髌骨底内侧缘(2.72±0.60)cm、股内侧皮肤表面(4.08±0.66)cm。结论髌骨上缘上5.85 cm、髌骨底内侧缘内2.72 cm、股内侧皮肤表面4.08 cm深处为收肌管下口隐神经阻滞的体表定位;股动脉是收肌管下口上隐神经阻滞的定位标志;膝降动脉的隐支是收肌管下口下隐神经阻滞的识别标志。     

收肌管下口处隐神经阻滞的应用解剖

目的　探讨收肌管下口处隐神经的精细解剖和体表定位。 方法　采用12具尸体标本20侧下肢对收肌管及其下口部位进行精细解剖和测量。 结果　收肌管下份隐神经在前内侧、股动脉居中、股静脉在后。在收肌管下口和稍上位置,膝降动、静脉和隐神经分别穿大收肌腱板出收肌管并伴行下行,隐神经在膝内侧缝匠肌腱和股薄肌腱之间穿深筋膜,伴大隐静脉下降至小腿和足内侧。收肌管下口分别距髌骨上缘（5.85±0.15）cm、髌骨底内侧缘（2.72±0.60）cm、股内侧皮肤表面（4.08±0.66）cm。 结论　髌骨上缘上5.85 cm、髌骨底内侧缘内2.72 cm、股内侧皮肤表面4.08 cm深处为收肌管下口隐神经阻滞的体表定位;股动脉是收肌管下口上隐神经阻滞的定位标志;膝降动脉的隐支是收肌管下口下隐神经阻滞的识别标志。     

Posterior approach for simultaneous access to the popliteal and anterior tibial arteries applications to distal arterial bypass

Abstract Arterial surgery to salvage the lower limb tends to make use of the great saphenous vein, harvested with the subject in the supine position. If this is not possible the small saphenous vein is used, harvested with the subject in the prone position, however this requires a peroperative modification of the procedure. A bypass between the popliteal and anterior tibial arteries can be performed using either a lateral or a medial and lateral approach with the patient supine. In the event of trophic disorders of the lateral compartment of the leg, these approaches are not applicable. In such cases we propose a single posterior approach. The single posterior approach was used on 10 lower limbs from 5 cadavers in the prone position. Approach to the lower part of the popliteal artery was undertaken posteriorly between the two heads of gastrocnemius. The small saphenous vein was entirely dissected 10cm above the lateral malleolus, the Achilles tendon and short fibular vessels were retracted medially to expose the interosseous fascia, which was divided over 10 cm. Medial rotation of the limb by 30° exposed the anterior tibial artery. For 3 of the lower limbs an 8 cm fibular resection was necessary, whereas on the remaining 7 medial rotation enabled excellent exposure of the anterior tibial artery. The single posterior approach to the anterior tibial artery can be applied in cases requiring distal bypass, using the small saphenous vein, between the inferior part of the popliteal artery and the anterior tibial artery.     

小腿内侧神经血管复合体岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为小腿内侧神经血管复合体岛状皮瓣的设计提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 5 4侧下肢标本上解剖观察了大隐静脉及隐神经营养血管的来源、走行、分支、分布及吻合情况。结果 :小腿内侧浅筋膜层营养血管链由隐动脉、胫后动脉肌间隔皮支及内踝前动脉构成 ,沿大隐静脉及隐神经分布 ,三者密切相关 ,构成一复合体。血管链筋膜皮支分布达外侧 5 .2cm ,内侧 4.0cm。结论 :以小腿内侧神经血管复合体为蒂截取岛状皮瓣可用于膝周、足背及足跟软组织缺损的修复。     

Bilateral persistent sciatic vein: report of a case with developmental,histological and clinical aspects

Objective

Bilateral large variant veins were encountered in the lower extremity. It was aimed to identify the structural characteristics of this rare case and then, regarding the structural features, to overview its formation process and denomination.

Material and method

During the routine dissection of a 93-year-old male cadaver, bilateral large variant veins were found at the thigh. Valves of the veins were examined and evaluated together with the vascular wall histology.

Results

The variant vein was loosely attached to the sciatic nerve by fibrous tissue and had anastomoses with the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa on each side. The popliteal veins were hypoplastic on both sides. The right variant vein was passing through the fibers of the adductor magnus muscle 56.2 mm above the adductor hiatus, which corresponds to the third perforating branch of deep femoral vein. The left one was turning to the front over the adductor magnus muscle, at the lower border of quadratus femoris muscle. The left variant vein was corresponding to the descending branch of the medial circumflex femoral vein. Both variant veins had one incomplete and three well-developed valves.

Conclusion

In accordance with the findings, the variant vein was concluded to be an embryonic remnant, rather than an acquired one subsequent to any obstruction of the femoral vein. Regarding their connection with the popliteal vein but not with the internal iliac vein, both variant veins were denominated as “lower type persistent sciatic vein”. Such a variation would be important with respect to the risk of complication during popliteal sciatic nerve blockade.     

下肢深静脉血栓的超声诊断价值及相关诊断方法的应用

目的 研究下肢深静脉血栓的超声诊断价值及相关诊断方法的应用。方法 选取2018年5月~2019年5月在我院诊治的132例下肢深静脉血栓患者临床资料,患者均采用常规超声和多普勒超声检查,比较两种诊断方法下肢静脉血栓的检出率、不同节段下肢静脉血栓灵敏度。结果 彩色多普勒超声检查下肢深静脉血栓检出率为96.21%,高于常规超声检查的80.30%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;彩色多普勒超声检查不同节段下肢深静脉血栓（股静脉、髂总静脉、腘静脉、胫后静脉、胫前静脉）灵敏性、特异性查比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;彩色多普勒超声对股静脉（96.66）、腘静脉（92.59）的灵敏性较高,对髂总静脉、胫后静脉、胫前静脉的灵敏性较低。结论 下肢深静脉血栓采用彩色多普勒超声检出率高,且对出不同节段深静脉血栓灵敏性存在差异,无创伤,具有良好的重复性,有一定的的诊断价值。     

股骨头颈骨内、外静脉回流的解剖学研究

目的 :为探讨Legg Perthes病的发病机理及临床治疗提供形态学依据。 方法 :采用巨微解剖、血管透明、组织切片、造影、扫描电镜等方法对 45例胎儿、新生儿及儿童的股骨头颈骨内、外静脉回流途径、骨内微血管构筑特点进行观察。结果 :(1 )髋关节骨外静脉包括 :旋股内、外侧静脉 ,闭孔静脉 ,臀上、下静脉 ,颈后静脉 ,髂腰静脉 ,股骨头韧带静脉 ,颈升静脉 ;骨内静脉包括 :前、后、上、下骺静脉 ,内骺静脉 ,前、后、上、下干骺静脉。关节囊内存在丰富的滑膜下静脉网 ,髋关节周围形成两个彼此有吻合的环状结构。(2 )一条微动脉一般有两条微静脉伴行 ,微静脉间有丰富的横行吻合支 ,在微动脉移行为毛细血管的部位 ,常可见到环形缩窄。结论 :(1 )Legg Perthes病与股骨头、颈静脉回流障碍密切相关。 (2 )根据股骨头、颈骨内外静脉回流特点 ,Legg Perthes病可以设计骨内、外双重介入治疗 ,骨内、囊内静脉搭桥的显微外科治疗方案     

The medial malleolar network a constant vascular base of the distally based saphenous neurocutaneous island flap

Based on 30 fresh cadaver dissections a detailed anatomic study of the medial malleolar network is presented with particular attention to the anastomoses between the latter and the vascular axis that follows the saphenous nerve. The medial malleolar network is formed by the anterior medial malleolar artery, branches from the medial tarsal arteries, the posterior medial malleolar artery and branches from the medial plantar artery. A distinct anterior medial malleolar artery and posterior medial malleolar artery could be identified in 80 and 20%, respectively, as well as constant additional small branches arising from the anterior tibial or posterior tibial artery. A constant anastomosis was found between the arcade formed by the medial tarsal arteries and the medial plantar a. in 60%, and the medial branch of the medial plantar artery in 40%, respectively. This anastomosis always gave rise to branches to the medial malleolar network. In the perimalleolar area and with regard to the great saphenous v. a larger anterior and a smaller posterior branch of the saphenous nerve was found in 100 and 90%, respectively. In all dissections, for both branches of the saphenous nerve two to four small, but distinct anastomoses between the medial malleolar network and the perineural vascular axis were identified. These constant anastomoses represent a new and reliable vascular base for the distally-based saphenous neurocutaneous island flap. Thus, the pivotal point of the flap can be chosen in the area of the medial malleolus without respecting the most distal septocutaneous anastomosis between the perineural vascular axis and the posterior tibial artery. Additionally, an illustrative clinical case is presented.     

下肢股段主要静脉及其瓣膜的解剖及临床意义

目的通过对103侧成人尸体下肢股段主要静脉及其瓣膜的观测,为临床血管疾病的外科及介入诊疗提供形态学依据。方法在103侧成人尸体下肢股段中观测主要静脉瓣膜的数量及形状、静脉特别点外径、静脉特别点的体表位置。结果大隐静脉股段瓣膜均为双瓣型,隐股点处外径(真径)为(5.18±1.25)mm,隐股点至腹股沟韧带的距离为(3.92±0.71)cm;股浅静脉第一对瓣膜多为双瓣型,瓣膜附着缘静脉外径(压扁径)为(1.06±0.17)cm,其位置较恒定,距股深静脉入口下缘(1.16±0.66)cm,到隐股点距离为(6.16±1.69)cm;股深静脉注入点下缘至隐股点下缘的距离为(5.00±1.57)cm,至腹股沟韧带的距离为(7.84±1.89)cm。结论以上观测结果为临床血管外科手术及介入治疗提供解剖学基础。     

腘静脉的组成及其瓣膜的观测

对100侧成人尸体各23侧童尸下肢小腿深静脉的观察和测量,结果表明:腘静脉的支数以2支型最多(65.85%);腘静脉的组成分2个主型和10个亚型,以Ⅰ a 型最多(26.39%);腘静脉外径(成人86侧)1支型平均值为6.03mm、2支型大支为6.35mm,小腿诸深静脉外径均较细小。102侧腘静脉中平均每条腘静脉有2.26个瓣,一条腘静脉内有2个瓣者最多(53.92%);腘静脉第1段第1瓣位置平均在膝关节线以上12.06cm,胭静脉第2段第1瓣位置在膝关节线以下2.08cm。92侧小隐静脉的回流分3型,正常型最多见(占78.26%)。     

小隐静脉解剖和多普勒超声活体观察在远端蒂皮瓣的意义

目的:探讨小隐静脉与远端蒂皮瓣静脉回流.方法:以腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣为例.(1)解剖观察40侧小隐静脉.(2)用多普勒超声检查60侧人的小隐静脉.结果:解剖观察外踝尖水平上 3～4 cm小隐静脉体表投影与皮瓣轴线基本一致,两者相差(0.5±0.3)cm.40侧中有12侧各有1支与腓静脉的交通支,距外踝尖(3.0±0.7)锄,外径(1.2±0.5)mm;彩超检杳外踝尖水平上3～4cm小隐静脉内径为(2.3±0.7)mm,距体表(3.2±1.0)mm,78.3%正常人的小隐静脉能较显著将远侧的静脉血导入近侧.若足踝部大隐静脉回流障碍,小隐静脉引流将加剧.结论:(1)结扎小隐静脉消除了浅静脉干对远端蒂皮瓣的倒灌,可改善皮瓣静脉回流.(2)经超声定位,在外踝尖水平上3～4cm行0.5～1 cm的纵向小切口能准确结扎小隐静脉,操作简单,不会损伤蒂部穿支血管和血管网.     

小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣的应用研究

目的探讨小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损的效果。方法成人尸体23具（46侧下肢），股动脉红色乳胶灌注，肉眼解剖观察小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣范围内动脉及其吻合支的分布及关系。在解剖学研究的基础上，于1995年1月至2006年12月间，应用小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣移植修复足部组织缺损16例。皮瓣最大面积为16cm×42cm，最小为8cm×12cm。其中皮瓣远端超过小腿中下1／3段的小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣4例。修复皮肤缺损范围最大面积为15cm×30cm，最小为5cm×8cm，术中将隐神经与受区神经吻合或在皮瓣断蒂时将隐神经与受区神经吻合。术后对皮瓣范围超过小腿中下1／3段的小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣常规使用皮瓣助活仪，19-28d断蒂。结果小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣范围内主要以皮下筋膜血管和肌间隙血管供血，多个节段性筋膜皮支相互间存在吻合接力，形成在浅、深筋膜的“纵行血管桥接”。移植皮瓣全部成活，无花斑，皮瓣皮肤感觉断蒂2-4周有痛温触觉，但不灵敏，或有感觉过敏现象。16-24周痛温触觉逐渐灵敏，感觉接近或恢复正常，感觉过敏消失。随访6-12月患者能正常行走，未发生破溃，外观及功能满意。结论小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣修复下肢巨大组织缺损安全可靠，效果好。皮瓣范围超过小腿中下1／3段的小腿内侧链型筋膜皮瓣需使用皮瓣助活仪保障皮瓣远端血运。     

男性外生殖器的淋巴流向

在３０具足月胎儿和新生儿男性新鲜尸体上，用淋巴管间接注射法观察了男性外生殖器淋巴管的分布、吻合情况及其淋巴流向，为临床阴茎癌的淋巴结清扫术和阴囊淋巴水肿作淋巴管静脉吻合术，提供解剖学依据。     

Origin and make up of the human sural nerve

Abstract The dissection of 37 cadavers has shown that in only a third of cases, the sural nerve comes from the communication between the medial cutaneous nerve, derived from the tibial nerve, and the communicating branch of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the leg which comes from the lateral popliteal nerve. The communication is most often at the junction between the proximal two-thirds and distal third of the leg, on average 2 mm below the transverse crease of the popliteal fossa. The medial cutaneous nerve was absent in only one case. On the other hand, in 11 cases the lateral cutaneous nerve or its communicating branch was missing. In 12 cases without any anastomoses, the route of the sural nerve was followed by the medial cutaneous nerve of the leg in 9 cases and by the lateral cutaneous nerve in 3 cases. The majority of branches to the proximal half of the calf came from the lateral cutaneous nerve. In the lower part of the leg, the sural nerve and/or the medial cutaneous nerve gave numerous branches to the Achilles’ tendon and to the integuments of the lateral aspect of the heel and lateral malleolus.     

Contribution to the study of the venous vasculature of the penis

The penile veins are thought to be responsible for some erectile disorders. The aim of this study was to describe the anatomy and function of these veins. The venous systems of 25 cadaveric penises were studied by various anatomic and histologic techniques. The superficial veins arising from the tegumentary layers drain into the superficial dorsal vein which in three-quarters of cases empties into the left great saphenous vein. The veins of the deep internal system, running below the deep fascia of the penis, emerge from the erectile bodies and can be divided into two systems, one anterosuperior and the other posteroinferior. The anterosuperior system comprises the veins of the glans which will form the deep dorsal vein the latter receives blood from the medial portion of the corpus spongiosum and from the free portion of the corpora cavernosum mainly via the circumflex veins. It ends in the pre-prostatic plexus. The posteroinferior system, issuing from the posterior portion of the erectile bodies, is composed of the bulbar, cavernous and crural veins which drain towards the pre-prostatic plexus and the internal pudendal veins. Anastomoses link the two networks, superficial and deep. Study of the structure of the veins of the deep system reveals the presence of muscular cushions, which we have shown to have adrenergic innervation. These findings are compared with those of the literature, which show variations which are mainly of number. The place of veins in the mechanism of erection is discussed.     

Categorizing the distribution of the saphenous nerve in relation to the great saphenous vein

Saphenous donor site neuralgia is a cause of morbidity post‐coronary artery bypass surgery. Saphenous nerve damage during harvesting of the great saphenous vein is thought to be responsible. We dissected 37 cadaveric lower limbs from the knee fold to the dorsal venous arches, to study the spatial relations of the saphenous nerve and great saphenous vein to identify its distribution within the leg. Distribution of the saphenous nerve was categorized into Type A, where the nerve traveled inferiorly and split into an anterior and posterior branch during its course between the knee fold and medial malleolus, Type B, where the nerve traveled anterior to the vein with a small caliber branch traveling posteriorly at the proximal end, Type C where two main branches originated at the knee fold, one anterior to and one posterior to the vein. Overall the vein and nerve crossed in 27 out of the 37 cases (73%), occurring between 5 and 29 cm from the malleolus (60% occurred between 16 and 26 cm). In 32 (86%) of cases, the distal part of the nerve and vein were tightly adhered to each other within a common sheath. The length of adherence ranged from 3 to 26 cm with an average of 14 cm. The saphenous nerve is highly vulnerable during harvesting of the great saphenous vein due to its close relationship and crossing branches. Knowledge of the distribution categories of the nerve can help guide the surgeon to avoid damaging nerve branches during harvesting. Clin. Anat. Clin. Anat. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.