Pulmonary ischemia/reperfusion injury: a quantitative study of structure and function in isolated heart-lungs of the rat.

Early graft dysfunction after lung transplantation is a significant and unpredictable problem. Our study aimed at a detailed investigation of structure-function correlations in a rat isolated heart-lung model ofischemia/ reperfusion injury. Variable degrees of injury were induced by preservation with potassium-modified Euro-Collins solutions, 2 hr of cold ischemia, and 40 min of reperfusion. Pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), and perfusate gases (deltaPO2, deltaPCO2) were recorded during reperfusion. Right lungs were used to calculate W/D-weight ratios. Nineteen experimental and six control left lungs were fixed for light and electron microscopy by vascular perfusion. Systematic random samples were analyzed by stereology to determine absolute and relative volumes of lung structures, the amount of interstitial and intraalveolar edema, and the extent of epithelial injury. Lectin- and immunohistochemistry using established epithelial cell markers were performed in three animals per group to reveal sites of severe focal damage. Experimental lungs showed a wide range in severity of ischemia/ reperfusion injury. Intraalveolar edema fluid amounted to 77-909 mm3 with a mean of 448+/-250 mm3 as compared with 22+/-22 mm3 in control lungs (P<0.001). Perfusate oxygenation (deltaPO2) decreased from 30.5+/-15.2 to 21.7+/-15.2 mm Hg (P=0.05) recorded after 5 and 40 minutes of reperfusion. In experimental lungs, a surface fraction of 1% to 58% of total type I pneumocyte surface was damaged. Intraalveolar edema per gas exchange region (Vv ape,P) and deltaPO2 were related according to deltaPO2 = 96 - 60 x log10(Vv ape,P) [mm Hg]. The extent of epithelial injury did not correlate with deltaPO2 nor with intraalveolar edema, but increased significantly with PVR. Lectin- and immunohistochemistry revealed focal severe damage to the alveolar epithelium at the border of perivascular cuffs.     

Ghrelin对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑水肿和水通道蛋白4表达的影响

 目的： 探讨ghrelin对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑水肿、血脑屏障通透性及水通道蛋白4（AQP4）表达的影响。方法： 成年SD雄性大鼠随机分为3组:sham组、大脑中动脉阻塞（MCAO）组和ghrelin处理组。采用线栓法复制MCAO模型（缺血2 h,再灌注22 h）。Ghrelin组大鼠于再灌开始时经股静脉注射ghrelin 10 nmol/kg。TTC染色观察脑梗死体积,神经功能评分判断脑功能障碍程度,分别以体积计算和干湿重法检测脑肿胀程度和脑含水量的变化,收集脑血管外伊文思蓝(EB)来评估血脑屏障的破坏程度,免疫组化和Western blotting检测AQP4的表达变化。结果： 与MCAO组比较,ghrelin处理组的脑梗死体积较小（P<0.01）,神经功能评分较低（P<0.01）,脑组织中的EB渗出量较少（P<0.01）。Ghrelin处理组大鼠的脑肿胀体积、脑含水量和AQP4表达明显低于MCAO组（P<0.05）。结论： Ghrelin减轻大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤,减轻脑水肿和血脑屏障的破坏,抑制脑组织中AQP4的表达。AQP4在ghrelin的脑保护机制中可能发挥重要作用。     

人参皂苷Rg1预处理对大鼠离体心缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨人参皂苷Rg1对离体大鼠心缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤的保护作用。方法:选取SPF级SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、I/R组、人参皂苷Rg1(1、5、10、20μmol/L)处理组。利用Langendorff灌流系统建立大鼠离体心I/R损伤模型。IabOhart电生理系统实时监测心功能指标,血清生化检测心流出液中心肌酶含量,TTC染色法测定心肌梗死面积。结果:不同浓度人参皂苷Rg1均可改善心肌I/R损伤引起的左室发展压(LVDP)和左室内上升/下降最大速率(±dp/dt_(max))的下降,并降低流出液巾乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK MB)、肌红蛋白(MYO)和肌钙蛋白I(TroI)的含量,显著减少心肌梗死面积。其中5μmol/L和10μmol/L浓度的人参皂苷Rg1对心的保护作用最显著。结论:人参皂苷Rg1具有药物预适应作用,改善心肌I/R损伤后的心肌生理功能,减少流出液中心肌酶的释放和心肌梗死面积,从而发挥抗心肌I/R损伤的保护作用。     

Impact of preservation solution on the extent of blood‐air barrier damage and edema formation in experimental lung transplantation

A major aim in lung transplantation is to prevent the loss of structural integrity due to ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Preservation solutions protect the lung against I/R injury to a variable extent. We compared the influence of two extracellular‐type preservation solutions (Perfadex, or PX, and Celsior, or CE) on the morphological alterations induced by I/R. Pigs were randomly assigned to sham (n = 4), PX (n = 5), or CE (n = 2) group. After flush perfusion with PX or CE, donor lungs were excised and stored for 27 hr at 4°C. The left donor lung was implanted into the recipient, reperfused for 6 hr, and, afterward, prepared for light and electron microscopy. Intra‐alveolar, septal, and peribronchovascular edema as well as the integrity of the blood‐air barrier were determined stereologically. Intra‐alveolar edema was more pronounced in CE (219.80 ± 207.55 ml) than in PX (31.46 ± 15.75 ml). Peribronchovascular (sham: 13.20 ± 4.99 ml; PX: 15.57 ± 5.53 ml; CE: 31.56 ± 5.78 ml) and septal edema (thickness of alveolar septal interstitium, sham: 98 ± 33 nm; PX: 84 ± 8 nm; CE: 249 ± 85 nm) were only found in CE. The blood‐air barrier was similarly well preserved in sham and PX but showed larger areas of swollen and fragmented epithelium or endothelium in CE. The present study shows that Perfadex effectively prevents intra‐alveolar, septal, and peribronchovascular edema formation as well as injury of the blood‐air barrier during I/R. Celsior was not effective in preserving the lung from morphological I/R injury. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

血红素氧合酶-1在大鼠供肝中的表达及其对供肝缺血再灌注损伤的防护作用

目的探讨血红素氧合酶-1（HO—1）在大鼠同种异体移植肝脏中的表达及其对供肝缺血再灌注损伤的防护作用。方法96只WiS1ar大鼠随机分为正常对照组（c组）、生理盐水预处理组（S1组）、钴原卟啉预处理组（S2组）和锌原卟啉预处理组（S3组）。C组6只，各预处理组分别为30只。各预处理组随机取出24只分为供受体，供体于预处理后24h行原位肝移植，分别于门静脉复流后1h和3h各取6只取血及肝组织；余6只仅行预处理，于供体预处理后24h取血及肝组织，分别检测血清ALT、AST、TNF—α水平、肝组织形态学变化及HO—1蛋白表达水平。结果①血清转氨酶水平：与C组相比，供肝预处理后24h，各组血清转氨酶水平无显著性差异（P〉0．05），门静脉复流后各时间点，S2组血清转氨酶水平均低于S1组和S组（P〈0．05），S1组低于S组（P〈0．05）；②HO—1表达水平：C组基本无表达；预处理后24h，S组肝脏HO—1mRNA及其蛋白即有较高表达，S1组和S3组只有极少量表达；门静脉复流后各时间点，S2组均高于S1组和S组（P〈0．05），S1组高于％组（P〈0．05）；③肝脏形态学变化：与C组相比，移植肝门静脉复流后3h，＆组肝脏损伤轻于S1组和S3组，S1组轻于S组。结论HO—1在同种异体肝移植大鼠肝脏中的过表达可显著改善移植后的肝脏功能，减轻供肝的缺血再灌注损伤。     

Morphological changes in the lungs during experimental acute ischemia and reperfusion of the limb

The development of 4-h ischemia of the limb was associated with significant disorders in pulmonary microcirculation (increased vascular permeability, capillary plethora, hemorrhages). Pathological changes in the lung tissue progressed during the reperfusion period. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 142, No. 7, pp. 118–120, July, 2006     

丙泊酚对大鼠肾缺血/再灌注损伤细胞凋亡信号通路的影响

目的探讨丙泊酚对大鼠肾缺血/再灌注损伤细胞凋亡通路的影响及可能的作用机制。方法建立大鼠肾缺血/再灌注损伤模型,将动物分为对照(Con)组、缺血再灌注(IR)组、缺血再灌注 丙泊酚(IR P)组。观察损伤肾的形态学改变,用免疫组织化学观察细胞凋亡相关蛋白BCL-2、BAX、caspase3和细胞色素C(cytochrome C)的表达情况。结果光镜可观察到肾缺血/再灌注引起的肾损害,损害程度依次为近曲小管、远曲小管、集合管、肾小球;免疫组化图像分析观察到IR组与Con组相比,BAX、caspase3,细胞色素C表达增加,BCL-2表达未见明显变化;IR P组与IR组比较,前者BAX、caspase3和细胞色素C表达下降,BCL-2表达增高(P<0·05)。结论丙泊酚对肾缺血/再灌注损伤引起的细胞凋亡可能具有保护作用,可能机制是抑制促凋亡蛋白BAX、caspase3和细胞色素C的表达,对BCL-2的表达无影响,与细胞凋亡的线粒体通路途径有关。     

吡那地尔后处理大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌线粒体的蛋白质组学研究

 目的: 运用蛋白质组学研究方法探讨吡那地尔后处理对缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心肌的保护作用。方法: 建立Langendorff大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤模型,随机分为吡那地尔后处理组(Pina组)和缺血再灌注损伤组(I/R组),每组9只。提取心肌线粒体蛋白质行双向凝胶电泳,应用质谱鉴定差异大于2倍的蛋白质点。结果: Pina组与I/R组比较,共发现7个差异蛋白质:Pina组NADH脱氢酶1α亚复合体10亚基(NDUFA10)﹑NADH脱氢酶铁硫蛋白2(NDUFS2)和NADH脱氢酶黄素蛋白2(NDUFV2)表达低于I/R组;Pina组异柠檬酸脱氢酶α亚基(IDHA)和Δ^3,5-Δ^2,4-二烯酰辅酶A异构酶(ECH1)表达高于I/R组;另有2个蛋白质点均被鉴定为ATP合酶δ亚基,一个蛋白质点表达升高,而另一个表达降低。结论:吡那地尔后处理可能抑制了复合体Ⅰ的亚基(NDUFA10﹑NDUFS2和NDUFV2)代偿性增加,但促进了IDHA和ECH1表达并引发了ATP合酶δ亚基发生磷酸化,这些改变可能均与吡那地尔后处理保护心肌的作用有关。     

The influence of retrograde reperfusion on the ischaemia‐/ reperfusion injury after liver transplantation in the rat

Dysfunction of the graft after liver transplantation caused by ischaemia‐/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a serious clinical problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different kinds of reperfusion on I/R injury in a rat model. Arterialized orthoptic rat liver treatment was performed on male LEWIS‐(RT¹)‐rats. Three groups (n = 7) were formed. Group I: antegrade reperfusion with a 6‐min delayed reperfusion via the hepatic artery. Group II: Antegrade reperfusion, simultaneously, via the portal vein and the hepatic artery. Group III: Retrograde reperfusion via the vena cava. Serum parameters were determined one, 24 and 48 h after operation. Furthermore, after 48 h, the liver was taken for histological assessment. After 48 h, rats of group III showed significantly lower aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase serum levels compared with group I and group II rats. Forty‐eight hours after transplantation, glutamate dehydrogenase serum level was significantly lower in group III than in group II. In histology, group III livers showed significantly less necrotic spots than group I and group II livers. Maximum size of the necrotic spots was significantly lower in group III than in group I. Also, significantly more necrotic spots were seen in the ‘Rappaport′s zone’ 1 and 2 of group I than in group III. Our data suggested that the expression of I/R‐injury correlates with the type of reperfusion. Furthermore, under standard conditions, this study was able to demonstrate that in a rat model, the retrograde reperfusion leads to a lower expression of I/R‐injury than the antegrade reperfusion.     

大鼠肠缺血-再灌注损伤中FGFR2表达的规律

目的观察酸性成纤维细胞生长因子受体2（acid fibroblast growth factor receptor,FGFR2）在肠缺血-再灌注损伤中表达规律。方法以大鼠肠系膜上动脉（SMA）夹闭造成肠缺血-再灌注损伤模型,并将动物随机分为假手术组（C组）、生理盐水对照组（R组）、改构体aFGF治疗组（F组）。除假手术组外,其余各组动物均于缺血45min后于2、6、12、24h活杀,取小肠组织标本,免疫组化和RT—PCR检测FGFR的表达规律。结果在正常大鼠,FGFR分布在小肠绒毛上皮细胞的肠腔侧、侧壁和小肠隐窝朝向隐窝腔的-侧的细胞膜上。缺血和再灌注的初期,FGFR的表达未发生明显变化,随着再灌注时间的延长逐渐增强。FGF使FGFR的表达有明显的增强和提前表达。缺血和再灌注使FGFRmRNA的表达迅速增加,在再灌注后6h达到高峰。F组FGFRmRNA的表达较R组相应时间点显著增加（P〈0．05）。结论FGFR在肠缺血-再灌注损伤的修复中起积极作用。     

细胞自噬水平在大鼠缺血/再灌注肺组织内变化及其作用

目的 探讨大鼠肺缺血再灌注后肺组织内自噬水平的变化和自噬在肺缺血再灌注损伤中的作用.方法 大鼠分为假手术组和缺血1 h再灌注0、2、6 和24 h组,免疫印迹法检测自噬标志蛋白LC3-Ⅱ的表达,电子显微镜观察细胞内自噬体.自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)和安慰剂分别预处理假手术组和缺血再灌注2 h组大鼠,HE染色和血气分析检测肺组织损伤程度.结果 LC3-Ⅱ/Actin比值在缺血1h时即有升高,再灌注2～6h达高峰(P＜0.01),再灌注24 h恢复至接近假手术组水平.主要在Ⅰ型肺泡上皮细胞和血管内皮细胞内观察到自噬体.3-MA预处理降低肺组织损伤评分,升高血氧分压,减轻肺缺血再灌注损伤(P＜0.05).结果证实,肺缺血及再灌注诱发肺组织呼吸膜细胞自噬激活,3-MA预处理通过抑制自噬改善肺缺血再灌注损伤.结论 细胞自噬可能是肺缺血再灌注病理生理过程中加重损伤的因素.     

大鼠星形胶质细胞在高血糖脑缺血再灌注损伤中的变化

目的:探讨星形胶质细胞在高血糖脑缺血再灌注损伤中的变化规律。方法:采用链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导Ⅰ型糖尿病高血糖大鼠模型,通过双侧颈总动脉夹闭联合股动脉放血法建立全脑缺血再灌注模型,应用组织学、免疫荧光、组织化学及Western Blot方法,对比观察糖尿病高血糖脑缺血再灌注组(简称糖尿病组)与正常血糖脑缺血再灌注组(简称正常血糖组)在脑缺血15 min、再灌注1 h和6 h大脑额叶皮质区神经元、星形胶质细胞组织学变化及GFAP的表达。结果:正常血糖组再灌注1 h脑组织出现轻度水肿;再灌注6 h脑水肿加重,出现神经元固缩;再灌注1 h,糖尿病组病变与正常血糖组基本相同,再灌注6 h脑水肿加重,固缩神经元进一步增加。再灌注1 h和6 h,糖尿病组Nissl体平均光密度值明显低于正常血糖组(P<0.05)。脑组织GFAP免疫荧光检查可见,再灌注6 h正常血糖组GFAP免疫阳性细胞明显增加。糖尿病组再灌注1 h和6 h,出现GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞数目增加(P<0.05),胞体显著增大,突起增长、增粗。Western Blot结果可见,糖尿病组GFAP的表达明显高于正常血糖组。结论:糖尿病高血糖脑缺血再灌注能够加重神经元损伤,星形胶质细胞出现更明显的数量增加和GFAP表达。     

脑心清对脑缺血再灌注损伤模型大鼠的保护机制

文题释义： 缺血再灌注氧化应激：在脑部缺血再灌注的过程中,脑组织内活性氧浓度增加/抗氧化活性降低,从而积累大量的活性氧,并进一步的诱导中性粒细胞炎性浸润,蛋白酶分泌增加,随之产生大量氧化中间产物,进一步刺激脑组织的损伤。细胞焦亡：细胞的程序性死亡方式,其主要依赖半胱天冬酶1(caspase-1)发生,当细胞出现焦亡现象时,会有大量的促炎因子释放,相比于细胞凋亡及坏死,细胞焦亡的过程更为剧烈。细胞焦亡会快速的形成质膜孔洞,直接介导细胞肿胀、坏死。并大量释放细胞内容物,并进一步刺激氧化应激反应的发生。其为脑缺血再灌注过程中的重要研究热点之一。 背景：脑心清胶囊用于脑缺血再灌注损伤的治疗由来已久,然而针对其作用机制的深入研究则相对较少。 目的：应用分子生物学手段考察脑心清胶囊对脑缺血再灌注损伤沙鼠模型的治疗作用。 方法：实验方案经辽宁中医药大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(批准号为21000092017072)。将80只雄性蒙古沙鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、脑心清组及脑络通组,后3组沙鼠应用无创微动脉夹同时夹闭双侧颈总动脉5 min后松开,建立脑缺血再灌注损伤模型;假手术组不夹闭双侧颈总动脉。术后次日开始假手术组正常饲养,模型组灌服同体积的生理盐水,脑心清组按照100 mg/(kg•d)灌胃给药,脑络通组按照100 mg/(kg•d)灌胃给药,连续给药21 d。在实验结束前1周进行水迷宫实验,实验结束后麻醉下处死沙鼠取脑组织。检测沙鼠的学习记忆功能、海马神经元、脑血管及对应的分子变化情况。 结果与结论：①同假手术组相比,模型组沙鼠学习能力显著下降。而脑心清组及脑络通组则可有效提升术后的学习能力下降趋势;②与模型组相比,脑心清组及脑络通组神经元显著增多,且排列较为整齐,细胞轮廓清晰,结构完整;③与模型组相比,脑心清组及脑络通组沙鼠的超氧化物歧化酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性,谷胱甘肽含量显著升高,丙二醛含量显著降低(P < 0.01);④与模型组相比,脑心清组及脑络通组沙鼠海马组织ASC、NLRP3和Caspase-1蛋白表达下调(P < 0.05);⑤与模型组相比,脑心清组及脑络通组沙鼠的白细胞介素18和白细胞介素1β含量明显降低(P < 0.01);⑥与模型组相比,脑心清组及脑络通组沙鼠的血小板内皮细胞黏附分子1阳性细胞明显增多,细胞间连接紧密;⑦与模型组相比,脑心清组及脑络通组沙鼠海马组织血小板内皮细胞黏附分子1和磷酸化内皮型一氧化氮合酶表达显著上调,一氧化氮含量显著升高(P < 0.01);⑧结果说明,脑心清胶囊可有效保护沙鼠的海马CA1区形态;脑缺血再灌注时伴有脑血管功能紊乱,脑心清胶囊可以保护脑血管功能,进而抑制脑缺血再灌注损伤。ORCID: 0000-0001-6646-9555(闵冬雨) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后皮质神经元微血管构筑和血脑屏障的变化及丁苯酞的保护作用

目的:观察大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后皮质微血管的变化,探讨丁苯酞对其作用。方法:线栓法制备大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型;单宁酸-氯化铁媒染法显示大脑皮质微血管,Mivnt图像分析系统定量分析微血管密度(MVD)和微血管面积密度(MVA);十湿重法检测脑含水量,透射电镜观察血脑屏障超微结构。结果:与假手术组相比,缺血再灌注组大鼠皮质微血管绝大部分闭合或僵直,MVD和MVA显著下降,脑含水量明显升高,电镜观察微血管腔狭窄,内皮细胞核固缩。丁苯酞组微血管形态好转,MVD和MVA升高,脑水肿和血脑屏障损伤程度均减轻。结论:丁苯酞可改善大鼠脑皮质微血管形态,减轻脑水肿和血脑屏障损伤,对脑缺血再灌注损伤有一定的预防性保护作用。     

补体C1q与C3c在脑缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠脑组织中的表达

目的观察脑缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤大鼠脑组织中补体C1q与C3c的表达,探讨补体反应与小胶质细胞在脑I/R损伤中的作用及其机制。方法 48只SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、I/R模型24 h、72 h、7 d、15 d组,线栓法建立局灶性大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注模型。尼氏体染色观察神经元结构,免疫组化法检测CD11b以及C1q、C3c的表达水平。结果与sham组相比,I/R 24 h组脑组织尼氏体染色加深,随后染色反应减弱,尤以I/R 72 h组减少最为显著;I/R 24 h组脑组织CD11b表达增多且在I/R 72 h组达到峰值,随后逐渐减少,与sham组比较,全部模型组差异显著(P0.05);I/R 24 h组脑组织C1q与C3c急剧增多且在I/R 7 d组达到峰值,随后见下降趋势,全部模型组与sham组比较差异显著(P0.05)。结论脑I/R损伤大鼠脑组织中C1q、C3c与CD11b的表达呈正相关。提示脑I/R损伤后,启动了脑内固有免疫反应,补体C1q与C3c活化,同时激活小胶质细胞,在脑I/R损伤中起到保护或损伤作用。     

The protective effect of ginko bilboa leaves injection on the brain dopamine in the rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Background

Ginkgo Bilboa injection has had been clinically applied to restore the damaged cells and tissues due to the ischemia through improving the cerebral blood supply and decreasing the oxygen consumption.

Objective Aim

To evaluate the Ginkgo Bilboa injection''s therapeutic role towards ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) injury through determination of monoamine neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) in corpus striatum.

Methods

After the incomplete global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion models were prepared, rats were randomly assigned into four groups: sham-operated group, ischemia-reperfusion group, nimodipine injection group, and Ginkgo Biloba injection group. The cerebrospinal fluid in the rat brain striatum at different time points was collected with microdialysis, and the level of monoamine neurotransmitters dopamineDA was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detector (ECD).

Results

The dopamineDA content in cerebral ischemia model group was significantly higher than that in the sham-operated group (P<0.05) at the 30 min. However, the DA level in nimodipine injection group and Ginkgo Biloba injection group were lower than the model group (P<0.05). The dopamineDA level in Ginkgo Biloba injection group gradually decreased, and was significantly different from the model group (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Ginkgo Biloba injection can could significantly inhibit brain I/R injury, as demonstrated by prevention of excessive release of dopamineDA in striatum.     

艾芬地尔对大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤后脑水肿和AQP4表达的影响

目的:研究大鼠脑缺血后水通道蛋白4(AQP4)在脑内的表达及N-甲基-D-天冬氨基酸(NMDA)受体拮抗剂艾芬地尔对其的调节作用。方法:线栓法制作大脑中动脉阻塞(middle cerebra lartery occlusion,MACO)局灶性脑缺血模型;干湿重法测量脑组织含水量以评估脑水肿的程度;免疫组化,免疫蛋白印记法测量AQP4(水通道蛋白4)的表达。结果:与假手术组比较,模型组和艾芬地尔组脑组织含水量、梗死灶周围AQP4表达明显增加;与模型组比较,艾芬地尔组能显著减少脑组织含水量,减轻梗死灶周围AQP4表达,差异有统计学意义。结论:缺血损伤后脑组织的AQP4表达上升,脑水肿明显,给予艾芬地尔后可抑制AQP4的表达,减轻脑水肿。     

橄榄苦苷对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤和炎性反应的作用

目的:探讨橄榄苦苷(OE)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤和炎性反应的作用。方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham组)、溶媒处理组(Vehicle组)和OE处理组(OE组)。用线栓法制作大脑中动脉脑缺血/再灌注(MCAO/R)模型。TTC染色检测脑梗死体积,免疫组化法检测缺血侧大脑皮层髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)表达,Western Blot法检测基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metallopeptidase 9,MMP9)及基质金属蛋白酶-2(matrix metallopeptidase 2,MMP2)的表达。结果:(1)Vehicle组大脑缺血侧有明显的梗死灶,而OE处理组脑梗死体积明显有所缩小(P0.01)。(2)Vehicle组MPO和TNF-α表达与Sham组相比显著提高(P0.01),而OE组两者的表达较Vehicle组明显降低(P0.01,P0.05)。(3)Western Blot显示:Vehicle组MMP2、MMP9的表达水平较Sham组显著提高,而OE处理下调两者表达(P0.01,P0.05)。结论:OE可能通过抑制炎性反应保护脑缺血再灌注损伤。     

The effects of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury on postoperative cognitive function in aged rats

IntroductionHepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) is a significant source of morbidity and mortality after liver surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hepatic I/R injury on the hippocampus in rats with postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD).Material and methodsAdult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 160, age: 20–25 months, weight: 300–350 g) received I/R surgery with ischemia for 20 min, 30 min, and 40 min in different groups. Behavior tests of the Morris water maze (MWM) test and the passive avoidance test were applied. Population spike (PS) of pyramidal cells, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and protein kinase γ (PKCγ) in the hippocampus were observed.ResultsWithin 10 days after surgery, in aged rats with varying impaired cognitive function, spike size and spike latency period were reduced, level of PKCγ was decreased and an increased level of NF-κB was observed in the I/R group, especially in the I/R group with ischemia for 40 min. The parameters showed no significant difference in rats in the I/R group compared with the sham group at the 18^th day after surgery.ConclusionsHepatic I/R injury has a negative impact on the postoperative cognitive function in aged rats, leading to hippocampus changes with PS abnormity and level changes of NF-κB, PKCγ. However, this cognitive deficit improved over time.     

Stereological assessment of the blood‐air barrier and the surfactant system after mesenchymal stem cell pretreatment in a porcine non‐heart‐beating donor model for lung transplantation

More frequent utilization of non‐heart‐beating donor (NHBD) organs for lung transplantation has the potential to relieve the shortage of donor organs. In particular with respect to uncontrolled NHBD, concerns exist regarding the risk of ischaemia/reperfusion (IR) injury‐related graft damage or dysfunction. Due to their immunomodulating and tissue‐remodelling properties, bone‐marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been suspected of playing a beneficial role regarding short‐ and long‐term survival and function of the allograft. Thus, MSC administration might represent a promising pretreatment strategy for NHBD organs. To study the initial effects of warm ischaemia and MSC application, a large animal lung transplantation model was generated, and the structural organ composition of the transplanted lungs was analysed stereologically with particular respect to the blood–gas barrier and the surfactant system. In this study, porcine lungs (n = 5/group) were analysed. Group 1 was the sham‐operated control group. In pigs of groups 2–4, cardiac arrest was induced, followed by a period of 3 h of ventilated ischaemia at room temperature. In groups 3 and 4, 50 × 10⁶ MSCs were administered intravascularly via the pulmonary artery and endobronchially, respectively, during the last 10 min of ischaemia. The left lungs were transplanted, followed by a reperfusion period of 4 h. Then, lungs were perfusion‐fixed and processed for light and electron microscopy. Samples were analysed stereologically for IR injury‐related structural parameters, including volume densities and absolute volumes of parenchyma components, alveolar septum components, intra‐alveolar oedema, and the intracellular and intra‐alveolar surfactant pool. Additionally, the volume‐weighted mean volume of lamellar bodies (lbs) and their profile size distribution were determined. Three hours of ventilated warm ischaemia was tolerated without eliciting histological or ultrastructural signs of IR injury, as revealed by qualitative and quantitative assessment. However, warm ischaemia influenced the surfactant system. The volume‐weighted mean volume of lbs was reduced significantly (P = 0.024) in groups subjected to ischaemia (group medians of groups 2–4: 0.180–0.373 μm³) compared with the sham control group (median 0.814 μm³). This was due to a lower number of large lb profiles (size classes 5–15). In contrast, the intra‐alveolar surfactant system was not altered significantly. No significant differences were encountered comparing ischaemia alone (group 2) or ischaemia plus application of MSCs (groups 3 and 4) in this short‐term model.