葡萄籽提取物的质量评价

概述了葡萄籽提取物常规品质的各项指标,着重阐述了国内外对葡萄籽提取物中各成分指标的概念及其相应的含量测定方法。     

335 葡萄籽多酚的研究概况

葡萄籽多酚以原花青素为主成分,作为抗氧化剂受到关注.就其化学结构、药理活性、应用等方面进行综述.     

HPLC测定葡萄籽提取物中原花青素B2的含量

目的:测定不同来源的葡萄籽提取物中原花青素B2的含量。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,ZORBAX SB-C18柱,流动相为乙腈-2%冰醋酸,梯度洗脱,检测波长280nm。结果:原花青素B2在1~30μg/mL范围内,线性关系良好。平均加样回收率为99.29%(n=5),RSD=1.64%。结论:该方法简便、准备、重复性好,可用于测定原花青素B2的含量。     

葡萄籽多酚的研究概况

葡萄籽多酚以原花青素为主成分，作为抗氧化剂受到关注。就其化学结构、药理活性、应用等方面进行综述。     

葡萄籽提取物原花青素药理作用研究进展

综述了葡萄籽提取物原花青素的抗脂质过氧化和清除自由基作用,其具有保护心血管、抗肿瘤、抗衰老等的药理作用,是一种很有开发价值的天然植物药.     

葡萄籽提取物原花青素诱导乳腺癌 MCF-7 细胞脱落凋亡

目的 检测葡萄籽提取物原花青素诱导乳腺癌MCF-7细胞脱落凋亡的作用。方法 采用DNA ladder检测及软琼脂集落形成试验方法，观察乳腺癌MCF-7细胞对脱落凋亡的敏感性以及原花青素诱导其脱落凋亡的作用。结果 MCF-7细胞具有抗脱落凋亡的特性，而0．1mmol／L原花青素即可引起悬浮培养的MCF-7细胞凋亡。表现为细胞染色质DNA断裂及软琼脂集落形成受阻。结论 原花青素可诱导乳腺癌MCF-7细胞脱落凋亡。     

葡萄籽提取物中低分子量多酚成分的测定和相关的抗自由基活性

作看用HPLC法测定了希腊地产或从外国引种的共9种葡萄的籽的乙酸乙酯提取物中低分子量多酚的含量，它们是樯酸(GA)、儿茶素(CT)、表儿茶素(ECT)、表樯儿茶素(EGC)、表儿茶素桔酸酯(ECG)、表樯儿茶素桔酸酯(EGCG)和原花青素二聚物B1、B2，并进行体外自由基清除活性的试验。     

葡萄籽原花青素的药理学研究进展

原花青素是一类广泛存在于植物界的多酚化合物的总称,其中以葡萄籽的含量最为丰富。研究表明,葡萄籽原花青素具有清除自由基、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗辐射等药理作用,对多个系统的疾病具有一定的治疗作用。作为一种天然抗氧化剂,葡萄籽原花青素符合现代人们对高效、低毒药物的需求,具有广阔的开发前景。本文就葡萄籽原花青素在心血管系统疾病、癌症、男性生殖系统疾病、眼科疾病等方面的研究进展进行综述,并讨论了其与抗氧化和清除自由基能力相关的作用机制,为葡萄籽原花青素的进一步开发和利用提供参考。     

微波法提取葡萄籽中原花青素的工艺研究

目的采用微波提取技术从葡萄籽中提取原花青素。方法考察微波提取工艺中5个影响收率的因素:提取温度、微波输出功率、溶剂体积分数、微波加热时间、固液比例。结果最佳生产工艺条件:使用80%乙醇,在微波输出功率600W,温度80℃条件下,持续加热3min,固液比例为1∶8。原花青素收率可达到22.73%。结论本研究建立了适合于工业化生产的微波提取葡萄籽中原花青素的工艺条件。     

大孔树脂对葡萄籽原花青素的吸附研究

原花青素是植物多酚类天然抗氧化剂,由不同数量的单体黄烷-3-醇缩合而成,具有广泛的生化和药理活性,在医药、保健品、化妆品及食品等领域的应用前景极为广阔,存在于葡萄、蓝莓、银杏等多种植物的种皮中[1]。目前,葡萄籽是公认的提取原花青素的较好来源。葡萄籽提取物中含有很多杂质,需进一步纯化才能提高原花青素的纯度,常用的纯化方法有溶剂萃取、膜过滤及色谱法。其中,以大孔吸附树脂为固定相的吸附色谱日益引起广泛关注。大     

Oral intake of proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds improves chloasma

Chloasma (melasma), an acquired hypermelanosis, is often recalcitrant to various treatments and an amenable, as well as safe, pigment-reducing modality is needed. We investigated that the reducing effect of proanthocyanidin, a powerful antioxidant, on chloasma in a one-year open design study. Proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract (GSE) was orally administered to 12 Japanese woman candidates with chloasma for 6 months between August 2001 and January 2002 and to 11 of these 12 for 5 months between March and July 2002. Clinical observation, L* value (lightening) and melanin index, and size (length and width) measurements of chloasma were performed throughout the study period. The first 6 months of GSE intake improved or slightly improved chloasma in 10 of the 12 women (83%, p < 0.01) and following 5 months of intake improved or slightly improved chloasma in 6 of the 11 candidates (54%, p < 0.01). L* values also increased after GSE intake (57.8 +/- 2.5 at the start vs 59.3 +/- 2.3 at 6 months and 58.7 +/- 2.5 at the end of study). Melanin-index significantly decreased after 6 months of the intake (0.025 +/- 0.005 at the start vs 0.019 +/- 0.004 at 6 months) (p < 0.01), and also decreased at the end of study (0.021 +/- 0.005) (p < 0.05). GSE is effective in reducing the hyperpigmentation of women with chloasma. The beneficial effects of GSE was maximally achieved after 6 months and these was no further improvement after this period. The latter GSE intake for 5 months may prevent chloasma from becoming worse prior to the summer season. GSE is safe and useful for improving chloasma.     

Grape seed extract prevents azathioprine toxicity in rats

Azathioprine (Aza) is an important drug commonly used in the therapy of autoimmune system disorders. It induces hepatotoxicity and hazard effects that restrict its use. The effects of administration of grape seed extract and folic acid on Aza toxicity by gavage (simultaneously) daily for 4 weeks were studied by determining the changes in some hematological parameters and liver histology. The glutathione level (GSH) and lipid peroxidation content as malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver tissue were measured. The repeated intake of Aza (25 mg/kg body weight) induced anemia characterized by decreased erythrocyte and leukocyte counts and reticulocyte and hematocrit percentages, while the prothrombin time was significantly increased. Moreover, Aza caused a significant decrease in phagocytic activity and lymphocyte percentage. Aza induced hepatic damage as indicated by pronounced changes in the histological structure, a significant increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and MDA content in the liver tissue. Meanwhile, the GSH activity was significantly decreased. Co‐treatment with grape seed extract and Aza minimized the previously mentioned hazard effects of Aza and significantly protected the hepatic tissue by ameliorating the antioxidant activity. Folic acid administration, simultaneously, with Aza only improved the anemia. It may be concluded that grape seed extract is a useful herbal remedy, especially for controlling oxidative damages and is considered as a potent protective agent against Aza hepatotoxicity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Grape seed extract treatment reduces hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

This study was designed to determine the possible protective effect of grape seed extract (GSE), a widely used antioxidant dietary supplement, on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Wistar albino rats were subjected to 45 min of hepatic ischemia, followed by a 60 min reperfusion period. GSE was administered in a dose of 50 mg/kg/day orally for 15 days before I/R injury and repeated before the reperfusion period. Liver samples were taken for histological examination or determination of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were determined to assess liver functions. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta) were also assayed in serum samples for the evaluation of generalized tissue damage. Ischemia/reperfusion caused a significant decrease in hepatic GSH, and significant increases in MDA level, and MPO activity. Serum AST and ALT levels, as well as LDH activity and plasma TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels were also elevated in the I/R group. Treatment with GSE reversed all these biochemical parameters as well as histological alterations induced by I/R. In conclusion, GSE reduced I/R-induced organ injury through its ability to balance the oxidant-antioxidant status, to inhibit neutrophil infiltration and to regulate the release of inflammatory mediators.     

Effects of grape seed extract and its ethylacetate/ethanol fraction on blood glucose levels in a model of type 2 diabetes

The present study observed the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) and its ethylacetate (E) and ethylacetate/ethanol (EE) fractions on blood glucose levels in C57BL/KsJ‐lepr^db/lepr^db (db/db) mice at 4–12 weeks of age. In the GSE‐ and EE fraction‐treated db/db group, the blood glucose concentration began to be lower than that in the vehicle‐treated db/db group at 6 weeks after treatment, while the blood glucose concentration in the E fraction‐treated db/db group was similar to that in the vehicle‐treated db/db group. The glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level in the vehicle‐treated db/db groups was 9.3%, whereas HbA1c levels in the GSE‐ and EE fraction‐treated db/db group decreased significantly to 5.7% and 6.1%, respectively, at 8 weeks after treatment. However, administration of GSE and its EE fraction did not show any significant effects on body weights and food consumption in db/db mice. These results suggest that GSE and its EE fraction have a potential to decrease the blood glucose and HbA1c level, which is applicable to good healthy foods for reducing blood glucose levels. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Grape seed extract enhances neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus in C57BL/6 mice

The effects of grape seed extract (GSE), a major source of phenolic compounds, were examined on cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation and integration into granule cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of middle‐aged (12 month‐old) mice using Ki67, doublecortin (DCX) immunohistochemistry and 5′‐bromo‐2‐deoxyguanosine (BrdU)/calbindin D‐28k (CB) double immunofluorescence study, respectively. GSE (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) was administered orally for 28 days, and the animals were treated with 50 mg/kg BrdU intraperitoneally on the day of first GSE treatment. In the vehicle‐treated group, Ki67 and DCX immunoreactivity was detected in the subgranular zone of the DG (SZDG). GSE treatment dose‐dependently increased the number of Ki67 and DCX immunoreactive cells, particularly the number of DCX immunoreactive neuroblasts with well‐developed (tertiary) dendrites. GSE also dose‐dependently increased DCX protein levels. In addition, GSE treatment increased significantly the number of BrdU/CB double labeled granule cells. These results suggest that GSE significantly increases cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation and integration into granule cells in the DG, and the consumption of GSE enhances the plasticity of hippocampus in middle‐aged mice. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effects of grape seed extract on glycemic control,serum lipoproteins,inflammation, and body weight: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to analyze the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins, inflammation and body weight. Two independent authors systematically searched online databases including EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception until May 30, 2019. Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool was applied to assess the methodological quality of included trials. The heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed using Cochrane's Q test and I‐square (I²) statistic. Data were pooled using a random‐effects model and weighted mean difference (WMD) was considered as the overall effect size. Fifty trials were included in this meta‐analysis. Pooling effect sizes from studies demonstrated a significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (WMD): ?2.01; 95% confidence interval (CI): ?3.14, ?0.86), total cholesterol (TC; WMD: ?6.03; 95% CI: ?9.71, ?2.35), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (WMD: ?4.97; 95% CI: ?8.37, ?1.57), triglycerides (WMD: ?6.55; 95% CI: ?9.28, ?3.83), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (WMD: ?0.81; 95% CI: ?1.25, ?0.38) following GSE therapy. Grape seed did not influence HbA1c, HDL cholesterol levels, and anthropometric measurements. This meta‐analysis demonstrated that GSE intake significantly reduced FPG, TC, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and CRP levels.     

银杏叶及葡萄籽提取物体外抑制蛋白糖化终末产物生成作用的研究

 目的 应用体外蛋白糖化反应系统,确定银杏叶及葡萄籽提取物抑制蛋白糖化终末产物生成的作用。方法 对照组将葡萄糖与牛血清白蛋白分别在STUOX；条件下共同孵育，实验组则加入不同剂量的银杏叶及葡萄籽提取物或氨基胍。利用荧光分光光度计对不同温度和时间培养条件下的样品测定，根据荧光强度确定蛋白糖化终末产物的生成量。结果 在本体外系统中，蛋白糖化终末产物的生成与孵育温度及时间呈正相关。银杏叶提取物及葡萄籽提取物在1.0~2.0 g.L_-1剂量范围内均可有效抑制蛋白糖化终末产物的生成，当药物浓度达2.0 g·L_-1时其抑制作用相当于同剂量的氨基胍。结论 具有明确 抗氧化作用的银杏叶提取物及葡萄籽提取物在体外可有效抑制蛋白糖化终末产物的生成。     

Grape seed extract Vitis vinifera protects against radiation‐induced oxidative damage and metabolic disorders in rats

Whole body exposure to ionizing radiation induces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in different tissues provoking oxidative damage, organ dysfunction and metabolic disturbances. The present study was designed to determine the possible protective effect of grape seed extract (GSE), rich in proanthocyanidins against γ‐radiation‐induced oxidative stress in heart and pancreas tissues associated with serum metabolic disturbances. Irradiated rats were whole body exposed to 5 Gy γ‐radiation. GSE‐treated irradiated rats received 100 mg GSE/kg/day, by gavage, for 14 days before irradiation. The animals were killed on days 1, 14 and 28 after irradiation. Significant decreases of SOD, CAT and GSH‐Px activities associated with significant increases of TBARS levels were recorded in both tissues after irradiation. GSE administration pre‐irradiation significantly attenuated the radiation‐induced oxidative stress in heart tissues which was substantiated by a significant amelioration of serum LDH, CPK and AST activities. GSE treatment also attenuated the oxidative stress in pancreas tissues which was associated with a significant improvement in radiation‐induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that GSE would protect the heart and pancreas tissues from oxidative damage induced by ionizing irradiation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

维药洋葱子质量标准研究

目的:建立维药洋葱子的质量控制标准。方法:于不同产地采集10批洋葱子样品,对其原植物进行鉴定,对其性状进行鉴别;对其粉末进行显微鉴别;以β-谷甾醇为对照品对洋葱子药材进行薄层色谱鉴别;按照《中国药典》2010年版(一部)附录测定10批洋葱子药材的杂质、水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、过氧化值、浸出物;按照《中国药典》2010年版(一部)附录测定10批洋葱子药材的脂肪油含量。结果:对洋葱子药材的来源、性状进行了描述,对粉末显微进行了鉴别;以环己烷-乙醚-乙酸乙酯(20:5.5:2.5)为展开剂,对洋葱子中β-谷甾醇进行薄层色谱鉴别;检查项中暂定洋葱子药材杂质不得过1.4%,水分不得过10.0%,总灰分不得过12.0%,酸不溶性灰分不得过6.50%,过氧化值不得超过0.13;浸出物不得少于10.00%;根据脂肪油测定结果暂定本品脂肪油含量不得少于9.0%。结论:所制定洋葱子药材的质量控制标准可用于评价洋葱子药材的质量。