真皮间充质干细胞的分离培养及其NOV基因的表达

目的：分离培养大鼠真皮来源成体多能干细胞并研究其NOV基因表达。方法：分离培养新生大鼠真皮间充质干细胞，采用形态学观察及免疫组化法进行鉴定。用脂质体法将构建的NOV基因真核表达载体转染入大鼠真皮多能干细胞中，在荧光倒置显微镜下观察转染产物，RT—PCR法检测转染细胞中NOV基因表达。结果：新生大鼠真皮间充质干细胞86％处于G0／G1期，多向诱导后可分化为神经细胞及中胚层来源细胞。NOV重组质粒体外转染大鼠真皮多能干细胞后，转染细胞中检测到NOV基因。结论：大鼠真皮组织中存在着成体多能干细胞，具有多胚系分化潜能。该细胞可作为NOV基因表达的细胞载体。     

全骨髓法分离培养骨髓间充质干细胞及向神经样细胞分化的研究

目的目前尚缺乏标准的骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）的分离方法,实验通过全骨髓培养法分离纯化骨髓间充质干细胞,并诱导分化为神经样细胞,以寻找一种简便、实用的分离方法。方法取大鼠骨髓,全骨髓培养法结合差速贴壁法分离纯化大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,传代扩增。倒置相差显微镜下观察骨髓间充质干细胞形态及生物学特点,免疫组化染色鉴定细胞。用MTT法间接测定不同代数细胞活力。诱导分化,先用碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）预诱导24h,然后加入丁羟基茴香醚诱导（BHA）和二甲基亚砜（DMSO）诱导。观察诱导过程中细胞的形态变化,并用免疫组化染色法鉴定细胞。结果全骨髓培养法成功分离培养BMSCs,免疫荧光染色示CD90、CD71、CD106表达阳性,CD45阴性。MTT法检测细胞活力示2、4、6代细胞于酶标仪490nm波长处吸光度值均高于第8、10代细胞。细胞经诱导后,细胞呈神经样细胞形态,并且神经元特异性表面标志β微管蛋白（β-Ⅲ-Tubulin）、巢蛋白（Nestin）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）表达阳性。结论采用全骨髓培养法可获得较纯化的骨髓间充质干细胞,其在适宜的诱导分化条件下可诱导分化为神经样细胞。     

脐带全层源间充质干细胞分离培养及向成软骨细胞分化的实验研究

目的从人脐带全层中分离培养间充质干细胞(MSCs),并进行成软骨诱导分化,为组织工程软骨和软骨损伤后修复提供种子细胞。方法采用胶原酶消化法从脐带全层中分离培养间充质干细胞,显微镜下观察细胞形态,细胞计数法绘制细胞生长曲线,采用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期及细胞表型,采用微团细胞培养在软骨诱导液中向软骨细胞分化,阿尔辛蓝及甲苯胺蓝染色检测细胞分化情况,RT-PCR法检测诱导后细胞表达聚集蛋白聚糖(ACAN)基因情况。结果人脐带全层来源的MSCs呈成纤维样形态漩涡状贴壁生长,细胞高表达HLA-I类分子、CD73、CD90、CD166及CD105,不表达CD34、CD45、CD14、CD31、CD80、CD86及HLA-DR。细胞诱导分化21d后,阿尔辛兰及甲苯胺蓝染色阳性;RT-PCR检测诱导后的细胞表达ACAN,而对照组无表达。结论人脐带全层为成体MSCs提供一种新而方便的来源,人脐带间充质干细胞(hucMSCs)体外培养能够向软骨细胞分化。     

重组腺病毒介导noggin诱导骨髓问充质干细胞向神经细胞分化

目的 探讨体外分离、培养大鼠间充质干细胞(MSCs)的方法 ,采用重组腺病毒介导的noggin基因体外诱导方法 ,观察MSCs向神经细胞的定向分化效应.方法 原代培养MSCs 24h开始贴壁,呈梭形,集落样生长,纯化后,采用含noggin基因的重组腺病毒(pAdEasy-1-noggin)感染原代培养的MSCs,诱导骨髓MSCs分化为神经细胞.用鉴定神经特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、神经元核抗原(NeuN)、神经丝蛋白(NF-200)和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的免疫细胞化学方法 对诱导后的细胞进行鉴定.结果 倒置显微镜下观察可见,MSCs经重组腺病毒感染后48h,细胞向神经细胞分化,胞体呈锥形、多角形,由胞体伸出较长的轴突样和树突样突起,且有分支.免疫组织化学鉴定显示,诱导后的细胞能特异性表达NSE、NeuN和NF-200,而GFAP表达阴性.结论 利用密度梯度离心法结合贴壁法可以获得比较纯的MSCs;noggin基因重组腺病毒载体可成功诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化.     

成体小鼠脊髓实质神经干细胞的分离培养及其多能性的鉴定

目的从成年小鼠脊髓实质中分离培养并鉴定成体神经干细胞。方法采用无血清培养基及单细胞克隆技术，从成年小鼠脊髓实质中分离培养获得大量具备单细胞克隆能力的细胞，经免疫荧光染色证实单克隆细胞表达Nestin抗原并在分化后表达各种特异性的神经细胞抗原。结果从成年小鼠脊髓实质中分离培养获得的具备连续克隆能力的细胞可表达神经干细胞的Nestin抗原，并且分化后表达神经元及胶质细胞的特异性抗原。结论成功地从成年小鼠的脊髓实质中分离出具备增殖分化能力的成体神经干细胞，为进一步利用其进行脊髓损伤治疗的研究提供了实验基础。     

NOV在真皮来源大鼠间充质干细胞中的表达及活性检测

目的：检测肾母细胞瘤过度表达（NOV）基因在真皮来源大鼠间充质干细胞（DMSCs）中的表达及活性。方法：NOV基因重组质粒转染DMSCs，在荧光倒置显微镜下观察转染产物，RT—PCR法检测转染细胞中NOV基因表达。收集NOV基因修饰DMSCs的条件培养液（简称NOV—CM），作用于对照组DMSCs及转染了NOV基因的DMSCs（简称NOV—DMSCs），检测NOV基因及其分泌蛋白在DMSCs分化中的活性作用。结果：NOV重组质粒体外转染入大鼠真皮多能干细胞后，转染细胞中检测到NOV基因。免疫荧光检测结果显示，NOV基因修饰及NOV—CM培养DMSCs时，DMSCs向神经元方向分化的比例增高，且细胞突起较长。结论：NOV基因可在DMSCs中稳定表达，可能具有促进DMSCs向神经元分化的作用。     

人转化生长因子β_2基因转染诱导脂肪间充质干细胞向软骨细胞定向分化的实验研究

目的:探讨脂肪间充质干细胞作为软骨组织工程的种子细胞和基因增强的组织工程的可行性。方法:取3周龄Lewis大鼠的腹股沟脂肪垫,消化法获得脂肪间充质干细胞,通过脂质体介导,将hTGFβ2基因转染到体外培养的脂肪间充质干细胞中,采用免疫组织化学染色、RT-PCR和Western blotting的方法检测目的基因与软骨特异性蛋白——Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白多糖表达的情况。结果:从成体大鼠脂肪组织中培养出脂肪间充质干细胞,体外培养呈成纤维细胞样,能大量稳定增殖传代。原代脂肪间充质干细胞能自发分化为脂肪细胞,传代细胞在胰岛素和地塞米松的作用下生成脂滴向脂肪细胞分化;hTGFβ2基因转入脂肪间充质干细胞能获得瞬时及稳定表达,并促使Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白多糖合成。结论:从脂肪组织中可获得具有多分化潜能的间充质干细胞,并能在体外稳定增殖传代,可自发或经诱导后分化为脂肪细胞;pcDNA3.1(+)/hTGFβ2真核表达载体成功转染脂肪间充质干细胞,诱导其向软骨细胞分化。     

兔骨髓间充质干细胞获取与特性的实验研究

目的：完善兔骨髓间充质干细胞（Mesenchymal stem cells，MSCs）体外扩增培养体系并观测其特性。方法：兔骨髓经密度梯度离心获得单核细胞后贴壁培养，光镜、透射电镜观察所获细胞形态，流式细胞术检测细胞周期，体外诱导MSCs向成骨细胞、成脂肪细胞分化并鉴定。结果：原代及传代MSCs为漩涡状贴壁生长的长梭形成纤维细胞样细胞，传代细胞具有类似的生长规律；透射电镜示所获细胞具有较强的自我更新能力；细胞周期分析显示87％以上细胞处于G0／G1期；MSCs经体外诱导可向成骨细胞、成脂肪细胞分化。结论：利用密度梯度离心联合贴壁培养法可分离、纯化MSCs，所获细胞具备成体干细胞特性，于体外可大量扩增，做为种子细胞和载体细胞满足实验需要。     

共培养系统下骨髓间充质干细胞分化为颌下腺腺泡细胞的实验研究

目的 研究使用共培养系统将骨髓间充质于细胞分化为有分泌功能的颌下腺腺泡细胞的可行性.方法 分离成年SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞于体外培养、纯化和鉴定,同时分离新生SD大鼠的颌下腺细胞于体外培养、纯化和鉴定,取颌下腺腺泡细胞第二代和间充质干细胞第一代置于共培养系统诱导干细胞定向分化.使用免疫细胞化学法分析骨髓间充质干细胞是否表达淀粉酶抗体.结果 纯化后的颌下腺腺泡细胞呈铺路石样形态,原代至第5代培养基及细胞内均可检测到淀粉酶表达;体外培养的骨髓间充质干细胞呈梭形,呈束状、漩涡状排列,可成功诱导成脂肪细胞,油红-O染色显示含有脂滴;共培养后的骨髓间充质干细胞表达淀粉酶抗体,约30%的骨髓间充质干细胞在共培养1周后转化为腺泡细胞,约50%的骨髓间充质干细胞在共培养2周后转化为腺泡细胞.结论 成功构建大鼠颌下腺腺泡细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞的体外培养体系,并证明大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞具有转化为腺泡细胞的能力,因此骨髓间充质干细胞将有望应用于涎腺组织工程.     

成人骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清对人脐血间充质干细胞体外培养及扩增的支持作用

目的：研究人骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清对人脐带血（HUCB）中所含有间充质干细胞（MSCs）的影响。方法：取脐带血，肝素抗凝，Percoll淋巴细胞分离液分离出单个核细胞，低糖DMEM培养获得贴壁细胞层。与人骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清共孵育。流式细胞仪检测表面抗原。结果：脐带血的单个核细胞与人骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清共孵育经体外培养贴壁后出现形似纤维状细胞形态并表达与MSCs相关的抗原（CD13，CD44，CD71，CD166）。但不表达造血细胞抗原（CD34，CD45），这与源于骨髓的MSCs一致。结论：人脐血间充质干细胞与骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清共孵育，对脐血间充质干细胞体外分离培养及扩增有支持作用。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.