Bone mineral density in children with familial Mediterranean fever

The aim of this study was to evaluate bone mineral content (BMC), serum and urinary bone turnover parameters in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), an autosomal recessive disease characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammation of serous membranes. Demographic characteristics and MEFV mutations were defined in 48 children diagnosed with FMF (23 F, 25 M; median age 7.0 years (3.0–10.0)). We evaluated the blood counts, acute-phase proteins and serum and urinary bone turnover parameters during attack-free periods. The BMC and BA (bone area) of vertebrae L1–L4 were measured by DEXA. Thirty-eight age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched healthy children constituted the control group. Mean L1–L4 BMC in Group I (patients with two mutations) and II (patients with no or single mutations) were 15.49±5.99 g and 15.68±4.89 g, respectively, both significantly lower than the mean L1–L4 BMC of control patients, which was 19.59±6.7 g (p<0.05). Mean L1–L4 BMD in Group I, Group II and the control group were 0.466±0.066 g/cm², 0.487±0.085 g/cm² and 0.513±0.079 g/cm², respectively. Mean z-scores in Group I, Group II and the control group were –1.87±0.74, -1.55±0.92 and –1.39±0.84, respectively. Mean L1–L4 BMD and z-score of Group I were lower than in the control group (p<0.05). ESR and SAA (serum amyloid A) levels were higher in Group I patients: 28.3±14.5 mm/h and 350±62 mg/l in Group I; and 20.5±11.7 mm/h and 190±68 mg/l in Group II, respectively. In conclusion, FMF patients had lower BMC, BMD and z-scores than a control group. We suggest that decreased BMD, BMC and z-score in FMF patients may be secondary to subclinical inflammation.Abbreviations BA Bone area - BMC Bone mineral content - BMD Bone mineral density - bsALP Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase - BMI Body mass index - DEXA Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry - DGGE Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis - DPD/Cre Deoxypyridinoline/creatinine - FMF Familial Mediterranean fever - SAA Serum amyloid A     

Bone mineral density and its determinants in diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study

Aims/hypothesis We assessed the effects of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on bone density and metabolism.Materials and methods We analysed bone mineral density (BMD) measured at the hip, spine and forearm using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in 34 patients with type 1 and 194 patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients were from the community-based Fremantle Diabetes Study, and findings for them were compared with those from normal age- and sex-matched control subjects from the local community. Biochemical and hormonal markers of bone metabolism were measured in a subset of 70 patients.Results After adjusting for age and BMI, there was a lower BMD at total hip (p<0.001) and femoral neck (p=0.012) in type 1 men vs control subjects, but type 1 women and matched controls had similar BMD at each site. There was a higher BMD at total hip (p=0.006), femoral neck (p=0.026) and forearm (p<0.001) in type 2 women vs control subjects, but diabetes status was not associated with BMD in type 2 men after adjustment for age and BMI. Serum oestradiol, BMI, C-terminal telopeptide of collagen type 1 and male sex were consistently and independently associated with BMD at forearm, hip and femoral neck and explained 61, 55 and 50% of the total variance in BMD, respectively, at these sites. Spine BMD was independently associated with BMI and ln(oestradiol).Conclusions/interpretation Men with type 1 diabetes may be at increased risk of osteoporosis, while type 2 women appear to be protected even after adjusting for BMI. Low serum oestradiol concentrations may predispose to diabetes-associated osteoporosis regardless of sex.     

胰岛素、胰岛素原对胰岛素抵抗状态下HepG2细胞PAI-1分泌的影响

目的研究胰岛素、胰岛素原对胰岛素抵抗状态下ＨｅｐＧ２细胞ＰＡＩ１分泌的影响。方法选择在合成ＰＡＩ１方面与肝细胞相似的ＨｅｐＧ２细胞，以高浓度胰岛素诱导胰岛素抵抗后，分别用生理浓度的胰岛素、胰岛素原刺激２４小时，以观察胰岛素抵抗状态下ＰＡＩ１活性的变化。结果基础状态下胰岛素抵抗ＨｅｐＧ２细胞与非胰岛素抵抗ＨｅｐＧ２细胞相比，ＰＡＩ１活性差异不明显；胰岛素、胰岛素原刺激后，胰岛素抵抗ＨｅｐＧ２细胞ＰＡＩ１活性明显高于非胰岛素抵抗ＨｅｐＧ２细胞。当培液中同时加入１０－４Ｍ二甲双胍后，胰岛素、胰岛素原介导的ＰＡＩ１过量分泌得到明显抑制。结论在胰岛素抵抗状态下，胰岛素、胰岛素原刺激后ＨｅｐＧ２细胞ＰＡＩ１活性明显增加，而二甲双胍可明显抑制此现象。     

绝经后妇女腰椎和髋部骨密度变化的临床研究及意义

目的研究绝经后妇女骨密度（ＢＭＤ）变化情况及与骨质疏松的关系。方法用双能Ｘ线骨密度测量仪（ＤＥＸＡ）检测１４４名绝经后妇女腰椎和髋部的ＢＭＤ。结果妇女绝经后骨矿物含量随增龄逐渐下降，髋部各区域的骨丢失高于腰椎，以Ｗａｒｄ三角最明显，其顺序为Ｗａｒｄ三角＞股骨颈＞股骨粗隆＞腰椎２～４（Ｌ２～Ｌ４）。绝经年限与腰椎和髋部的ＢＭＤ呈明显负相关，在绝经１０年内呈线性下降，以后下降相对缓慢。结论妇女绝经后松质骨骨量丢失明显，在临床检测中，髋部骨密度的测量对妇女绝经后骨质疏松早期诊断及预防骨折有重要意义。     

The role of quantitative ultrasound in predicting osteoporosis defined by dual X-ray absorptiometry

The aim of this study was to establish whether quantitative ultrasound (QUS) parameters could identify patients classified as osteoporotic and osteopenic on the basis of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). One hundred and twenty-three patients (39 male, 84 female) with osteoporosis and suspected of having osteoporosis were included in this study. Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS) were measured and bone mineral densities (BMD) of the lumbar spine and left hip was measured by DEXA. Subjects were classified into three groups (normal, osteopenic and osteoporotic) on the basis of BMD T-scores measured by DEXA. QUS parameters of the osteoporotic group were significantly lower than those of osteopenic and normal groups; there was no difference in QUS parameters between the normal and osteopenic groups. Correlations of both right and left SOS and BUA with the spine and femoral neck BMD were moderate (r = 0.343-0.539, P < 0.001). There was also reasonable correlation between DEXA and QUS T-scores (r = 0.364-0.510, P < 0.001). QUS had a sensitivity of 21% and a specificity of 95% for diagnosing osteoporosis. We concluded that, although DEXA and QUS parameters were significantly correlated, QUS parameters can not predict osteopenia as defined by DEXA, and sensitivities and specificities of QUS parameters were not sufficiently high for QUS to be used as an alternative to DEXA.     

Association of bone mineral density and body mass index in a cohort of Pakistanis: Relation to gender,menopause and ethnicity

Aim of the work

To assess association of body mass index (BMI) with bone mineral density (BMD) in a sample of Pakistanis and explore their relation with age, gender, menopausal status and ethnicity.

骨质疏松症的诊断

骨质疏松症是一种骨重建异常的代谢性骨病,不仅骨量丢失,且骨质结构改变,骨质量下降。骨折是骨质疏松症的严重并发症。双能X线骨密度仪测量脊柱前后位L1~L4和髋部股骨颈、大粗隆、全髋骨密度为骨质疏松症诊断的“金标准”,T值<-2.5个标准差诊断为骨质疏松症;常规拍摄腰椎、股骨上端和跟骨等X线照片,观察骨密度和结构改变;并参考骨转换标记物测定和有关临床症状综合判断。骨质量评估技术的应用将对更全面地诊断骨质疏松症起到明显推动作用。     

中国多中心健康人群标准化骨密度正常参考值分析

目的 了解中国一般人群标准化骨密度正常参考值。方法 采用Lunar、Norland和Hologic三种不同厂家及型号的双能X线骨密度仪对中国五地区一般人群分层多阶段整群抽样调查3521人进行骨密度测量，所得结果均进行了标准化处理。结果 确定了我国一般人群不同性别，年龄别腰椎和股骨近端的标准化的骨密度正常参考值和标准化骨峰值。结论 从而得出骨质疏松症诊断和治疗的标准化骨密度参考值。为进一步骨质疏松纵向流行病学研究打下基础。     

Discrepancy in bone mineral densities at different skeletal sites in hip osteoarthritis patients

Abstract

Objective. Increased femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) in a hip with osteoarthritis (OA) has been previously reported, however, it is possible that increased BMD at sites other than the hip joint is influenced by the disease process of OA. Therefore, we measured BMD at locations different from the hip joint and determined whether higher BMD was also observed at these different skeletal sites in hip OA patients.

Methods. We measured BMD in 68 women (average age 61.0 years) scheduled to undergo total hip arthroplasty for end-stage OA and 100 healthy women (average age 60.9 years) as age-matched controls. BMD at the lumbar spine, radius, and calcaneus was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Moreover, we measured speed of sound (SOS), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), and stiffness index of the calcaneus by quantitative ultrasonography (QUS).

Results. BMD obtained by DXA at the lumbar spine and radius was significantly higher in hip OA patients than in controls. However, at the calcaneus, no significant differences were observed between the groups in BMD obtained by DXA. SOS, BUA, and stiffness index obtained by QUS were significantly lower in the OA group than in controls.

Conclusion. Higher BMDs of the spine and radius suggest that the incidence of osteoporosis is inversely associated with the incidence of OA. However, it remains unclear whether lack of difference in BMD and lower SOS, BUA, and stiffness index of the calcaneus in the OA group was secondary to the effect walking disturbance resulting from hip pain. Our data suggest that hip OA patients have higher BMD than healthy women, and that inactivity or immobilization caused by hip OA may reduce BMD in the lower limb.     

Calcaneus bone mineral density in Japanese women with rheumatoid arthritis

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among bone mineral densities (BMD) in the calcaneus and leg activity of daily living (L-ADL) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.Methods We measured and compared calcaneus BMD using single X-ray absorptiometry and lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD using dual X-ray absorptiometry in 158 Japanese female outpatients with RA and 358 normal controls (NC).Results Regardless of whether the women were premenopausal or postmenopausal, calcaneus and femoral neck BMDs in the RA group were significantly lower than in the NC group. Calcaneus BMD correlated with the modified health assessment questionnaire, L-ADL score, and 10-m walking time, regardless of whether the patients were premenopausal or postmenopausal (P<0.01).Conclusions We conclude that calcaneus BMD reflects the L-ADL of RA patients very well and allows us to perform the same level of BMD evaluation as that with current BMD measurement methods.     

非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病患者骨密度变化及其主要相关因素分析

目的 研究ＮＩＤＤＭ患者骨密度的变化规律和临床特点。方法 使用双能Ｘ线吸收仪（ＤＥＸＡ）测定４８例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者腰２￣４椎体正侧位和髋关节部位的骨密度,并与同性别３０￣３５岁对比,研究其骨密度的变化规律和临床特点。结果 ４８例中有２５例合并有骨质疏松,女性患者的骨密度下降程度明显高于男性患者;两组患者的髋关节部位骨密度下降程度均明显高于腰椎部位。结论 骨密度值与糖尿病病程、     

Bone mineral density in children with cirrhosis

Background Despite the clinical importance of osteoporosis in individuals with cirrhosis, little is known about it, especially in children. We evaluated the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of children with cirrhosis. Methods Forty children with cirrhosis (mean age, 10.4 ± 3.9 years) were involved. BMD and BMC were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at lumbar vertebrae 1–4, and the results were compared with those of 62 healthy age- and sex-matched children. Results The mean lumbar spine BMD of patients with cirrhosis was 0.482 ± 0.107 g/cm² and that of the controls was 0.687 ± 0.172 g/cm² (P < 0.0001). The mean lumbar spine BMC of patients with cirrhosis was 20.008 ± 8.409 g and that of controls was 32.859 ± 14.665 g (P < 0.0001). After the confounding variables (weight, height, and pubertal stage) were controlled for, the difference in BMD and BMC values between patients with cirrhosis and healthy controls was significant (0.535 ± 0.061 g/cm² vs 0.653 ± 0.048 g/cm², and 24.515 ± 5.052 g vs 29.952 ± 3.971 g, respectively). Conclusions Because of the significant difference in BMD and BMC values between our patients with cirrhosis and healthy controls, patients with cirrhosis should be evaluated for osteopenia.     

Bone mineral density and bone turnover in patients with psoriatic arthritis

Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease, and conflicting data have been published about osteoporosis and bone turnover markers in patients with psoriatic arthritis. The aim of this study was to assess bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers in psoriatic patients with and without peripheral arthritis and to investigate the relationship between clinical parameters and markers of bone turnover. Forty-seven patients (24 women, 23 men) with psoriasis were included to the study. Demographic data and clinical characteristics were recorded. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were assessed as disease activity parameters. BMD was determined for lumbar spine and total hip by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Serum Ca, P, alkalen phosphatase (ALP), and serum type I collagen cross-linked C telopeptide (CTX) were measured as bone turnover markers in all patients. The patients were divided into two groups according to their peripheral arthritis status. The clinical and laboratory variables, as well as bone mass status of the groups, were compared with each other. Eighteen patients had peripheral arthritis. All the female patients were premenopausal. None of the patients had radiologically assessed axial involvement. There was no significant difference between the BMD levels of psoriatic patients with and without arthropathy. One patient (5%) had osteoporosis, and nine (50%) patients had osteopenia in arthritic group, while eight (27.5%) patients had osteopenia in patients without arthritis. Serum CTX, ALP, Ca, and P levels were not significantly different in arthritic than in non-arthritic patients (p > 0.05). In patients with psoriatic arthritis, the duration of arthritis was negatively correlated with BMD values of lumbar spine and total femur and serum CTX levels, suggesting an association of increased demineralization with the duration of joint disease. In conclusion, psoriatic patients with peripheral arthritis with longer duration of joint disease may be at a risk for osteoporosis, which can require preventative treatment efforts.     

Bone mineral density and disorders of mineral metabolism in chronic liver disease

AIM： To estimate the prevalence and identify the risk factors for metabolic bone disease in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS： The study was performed on 72 Indian patients with cirrhosis （63 male, 9 female; aged 〈 50 years）. Etiology of cirrhosis was alcoholism （n = 37）, hepatitis B （n = 25） and hepatitis C （n = 10）. Twenty-three patients belonged to Child class A, while 39 were in class B and 10 in class C. Secondary causes for metabolic bone disease and osteoporosis were ruled out. Sunlight exposure, physical activity and dietary constituents were calculated. Complete metabolic profiles were derived, and bone mineral density （BMD） was measured using dual energy X ray absorptiometry. Low BMD was defined as a Z score below -2. RESULTS： Low BMD was found in 68% of patients. Lumbar spine was the most frequently and severely affected site. Risk factors for low BMD included low physical activity, decreased sunlight exposure, and low lean body mass. Calcium intake was adequate, with unfavorable calcium： protein ratio and calcium： phosphorus ratio. Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent （92%）. There was a high incidence of hypogonadism （41%）. Serum estradiol level was elevated significantly in patients with normal BMD. Insulin-like growth factor （IGF） 1 and IGF binding protein 3 levels were below the age-related normal range in both groups. IGF-1 was significantly lower in patients with low BMD. Serum osteocalcin level was low （68%） and urinary deoxypyridinoline to creatinine ratio was high （79%）, which demonstrated low bone formation with high resorption. CONCLUSION： Patients with cirrhosis have low BMD. Contributory factors are reduced physical activity, low lean body mass, vitamin D deficiency and hypogonadism and low IGF-1 level.     

Measurement of periarticular bone mineral density in the hands of patients with early inflammatory arthritis using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

Hand bone densitometry is more sensitive than standard radiology in the measurement of disease-related bone damage in early arthritis. Most studies employing dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) have evaluated the whole hand. The aim of this study was to evaluate a method that quantified bone density in regions of interest that were confined to the juxta-articular areas of metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints. Patients with inflammatory arthritis affecting the hands were selected for study. Postero-anterior (PA) scans of selected juxta-articular sub-regions were acquired using a Hologic 4500 Elite bone densitometer and forearm software. Each hand was scanned three times in immediate succession with repositioning between scans. The six selected sub-regions included the periarticular regions of the second, third, and fourth MCP and PIP joints. Sub-regions of different dimensions (4 and 5 mm proximal and distal to the joint space) were assessed at each joint. Coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated for bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of each selected sub-region. Eighty four individual hand joints in seven patients were evaluated three times. Precision values ranged between 0.89% and 2.37% for BMD and between 1.38 and 3.26 for BMC measurements. BMD measurements of MCP joints were more precise than PIP joints. BMD measurements of 10-mm sub-regions were more precise than 8-mm sub-regions. The precision value for the net average BMD measurement of the six sub-regions evaluated was 0.78% for 8-mm sub-regions and 0.73% for 10-mm sub-regions. Net average BMC measurements had CV values of 1.11% and 1.08%, respectively. DXA can be used to reliably measure periarticular BMD and BMC of small joints in the hands in patients with early inflammatory arthritis. Precision values for quantifying juxta-articular bone approximated BMD measurements of the spine.     

老年男性骨质疏松症患者骨密度和生化指标的变化

目的：了解老年男性骨质疏松症患者骨密度和骨代谢生化指标变化的特点。方法：对30例老年男性骨质疏松症患者进行腰椎（L2－4）骨密度（BMD）、骨矿含量（BMC）、血和尿骨代谢生化指标的测定,并与对照组进行比较。结果：骨质疏松（OP）组的BMD和BMC均显著小于对照组,分别比对照组下降21．6％和25％;OP组骨形成指标血清碱性磷酸酸（ALP）和C端骨钙素（BGP）明显高于对照组,分别上升25．4％和222％;骨吸收指标尿羟脯氨酸与肌酐的比值（HOP／Cr)和Ⅰ型胶原N－末端肽与肌酐的比值（INTX／Cr)明显高于对照组,分别上升22．6％和223％。OP组血清T水平明显低于对照组,两组血清25－羟维生素D3（25－OH－D3）均在正常低限或低于正常水平。结论：腰椎（L2－4）BMD和BMC是诊断男性骨质疏松症的主要依据;老年男性骨质疏松症患者一部分人属于骨代谢高转换型;雄激素对老年男性骨量的维持起重要作用;老年男性维生素D缺乏质疏松症发生的重要基础。     

定量CT测量髋关节骨密度的重复性与DXA测量的一致性

目的 探讨定量CT（QCT）髋关节骨密度（BMD）测量重复性及与双能X线骨密度测定仪（DXA）测量的一致性.方法 随机抽取28名（男10例,女18例）老年受试者（男性＞60岁,女性＞50岁）,并分别采用QCT与DXA测量髋关节骨密度.收集左侧髋关节QCT扫描CT原始数据,分别由3名操作者各测量1次,其中1名操作者在不同时间重复测量3次,用于评价QCT髋关节骨密度结果的重复性.比较QCT和DXA测量左侧髋关节骨密度结果.结果 3名不同操作者或同一操作者不同时间采用QCT测量28名受试者左侧髋关节的骨密度值之间具有很好的相关性（ICC：0.93～0.98,P＜0.01）,全髋骨密度值之间差异无统计学意义.DXA与QCT测量的股骨颈和全髋骨密度结果之间具有显著相关性（r=0.88,0.89,P＜0.01）,DXA测量的骨密度值较QCT相对应骨密度值大10.5%和9.7%（t=7.53,9.68,P＜0.01）.上述骨密度值系统误差可被校正.结论采用QCT测量髋关节BMD具有较好的重复性,其BMD值与DXA所测BMD结果具有相关性.QCT髋关节（CTXA）骨密度测量可用于骨质疏松症的诊断和疗效随访,具有临床应用前景.     

2型糖尿病患者骨密度变化及相关危险因素分析

目的研究2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者骨密度（BMD）变化情况。方法测定336例T2DM患者BMD,采用不同诊断标准,统计骨质疏松症（0P）检出率;对比OP组与非OP组生化指标差异并进行相关性分析。结果以低于峰值BMD2．5s及2．0s为诊断标准,OP检出率分别为8．90％和17．26％。BMD与年龄负相关（P〈0．01）,与BMI正相关（P〈0．05）,与女性绝经年数负相关（P〈0．01）。40-49岁组BMD与DM病程相关（P〈0．05）。结论年龄越大、BMI越低,绝经年数越长,越易发生骨质疏松。T-Score≤-2．0SD诊断OP可能适合本地区T2DM患者,但需进一步积累资料证实。     

雌性大鼠全身骨密度与腰椎骨密度的一致性研究

目的　研究雌性大鼠同一个体的整体骨密度 (BMD)与在体和离体腰椎BMD的一致性 ,探讨大鼠在体腰椎与离体腰椎面积定位的异同对不同腰椎BMD的可能影响。方法　用扇形束双能X线吸收仪测量 4 4只雌性SD大鼠的全身BMD、骨矿含量 (BMC) ,同时测量大鼠在体第 3至 6腰椎 (L3～ 6)和各腰椎 (L3～ 6)的BMD、BMC和腰椎面积 ;并相应测量配对的离体腰椎 (L3～ 6)和各腰椎(L3～ 6)的BMD、BMC和腰椎面积。结果　雌性大鼠整体BMD与在体、离体L3～ 6和各腰椎 (L3～ 6)的BMD均为正相关 (r=0 .6 7～ 0 .85 ,P <0 .0 0 1)。配对在体与离体 (L3～ 6)的BMD和BMC均为正相关(r =0 .5 6～ 0 .85 ,P <0 .0 0 1)。除配对L5的腰椎面积未相关 (r =0 .2 1,P >0 .0 5 )外 ,其它配对L3 、L4、L6面积成正相关 (r=0 .35～ 0 .4 9,P <0 .0 5 )。比较L3～ 6的BMD ,得L6椎体的BMD大于L5、L4和L3 。结论　雌性大鼠的整体BMD与在体和离体腰椎的BMD具有较好的一致性。     

溃疡性结肠炎患者骨密度变化及其相关因素的研究

目的探讨溃疡性结肠炎（UC）患者骨密度（BMD）变化及其与血清中钙、磷、镁、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、白蛋白（ALB）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）的相关性。方法用定量CT（QCT）对入选的96例UC患者和100名健康人（对照组）进行BMD测定和相关实验室指标的检测。结果UC组50岁以上者BMD明显低于相应年龄对照组（P〈0.05）;重度UC患者血钙、磷、镁较对照组明显下降（P〈0.05）;BMD与VEGF（r=-0.425,P〈0.05）、TNF-α（r=-0.642,P〈0.05）、IL-6（r=-0.465,P〈0.05）呈负相关。结论UC患者可引起BMD降低而发生骨质疏松,与血钙、磷、镁、白蛋白等营养物质代谢紊乱、年龄、炎性细胞因子等密切有关。