Gait analysis of foot compensation in symptomatic Hallux Rigidus patients

BackgroundCompensatory motion of foot joints in hallux rigidus (HR) are not fully known. This study aimed to clarify the kinematic compensation within the foot and to detect whether this affects plantar pressure distribution.MethodsGait characteristics were assessed in 16 patients (16 feet) with HR and compared with 15 healthy controls (30 feet) with three-dimensional gait analysis by using the multi-segment Oxford Foot Model, measuring spatio-temporal parameters, joint kinematics and plantar pressure.ResultsHR subjects showed less hallux plantar flexion during midstance and less hallux dorsiflexion during push-off, while increased forefoot supination was detected during push-off. No significant differences in plantar pressure were detected. Step length was significantly smaller in HR subjects, while gait velocity was comparable between groups.ConclusionsHR significantly affects sagittal hallux motion, and the forefoot compensates by an increased supination during push-off. Despite this kinematic compensatory mechanism, no significant differences in plantar loading were detected.     

Use of the modified Stainsby procedure in correcting severe claw toe deformity in the rheumatoid foot: A retrospective review

IntroductionIn claw toe deformity, the plantar plate of the metarsophalangeal joint becomes displaced onto the dorsal aspect of the metatarsal head. The Stainsby procedure replaces the displaced plantar plate to its correct position beneath the metatarsal head.ObjectiveIn this study we assess the efficacy of a modified Stainsby procedure for the treatment of claw toe deformity.MethodsThirteen patients were operated on between 2002 and 2008. Eleven patients (13 feet) were available for review with the average follow-up period being 16 months. Clinical examination was performed and AOFAS forefoot scores were measured.ResultsAll 13 (100%) of the feet operated on had severe or moderate pain preoperatively. None had significant pain at review. Plantar callosities were reduced from 13 (100%) feet preoperatively to 1 (9%) foot postoperatively. The AOFAS forefoot score in the eleven patients improved significantly by 40.7 points from a preoperative mean of 20.1 to a mean of 50.2 at review (p < 0.001). Ten (91%) of the 11 patients were completely satisfied with the procedure, 1 patient was satisfied with some reservations.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the modified Stainsby procedure to be effective in correcting claw toe deformity in the rheumatoid patient. It relieves pain, skin callosities and improves overall forefoot function.     

Investigation of the relationship between the thickness of the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament and plantar fascia in patients with plantar fasciitis

BackgroundAlthough patients with plantar fasciitis show spring ligament laxity, the thickness of the spring ligament in patients with plantar fasciitis remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the morphological characteristics of the spring ligament in patients with plantar fasciitis based on an ultrasound imaging system (US).MethodsThirty feet of 30 patients (painful group) diagnosed with plantar fasciitis at our hospital and thirty feet of 30 healthy volunteers (healthy group) without plantar pain were investigated. The thicknesses of both the spring ligament and plantar fascia were assessed via a US statistical comparison of the spring ligament and plantar fascia thickness between the painful and healthy groups. This was performed using Welch’s t-test, and the significance level was set at p < 0.01. In addition, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the correlation between the spring ligament and plantar fascia thickness in the two groups, and the significance level was set at p < 0.01.ResultsThe spring ligament thickness in the painful group was significantly lower than that in the healthy group (p < 0.001). The thickness of the plantar fascia in the painful group was significantly greater than that in the healthy group (p = 0.03). In addition, the correlation between the spring ligament and plantar fascia thickness was moderately negative (r = −0.42, p = 0.001). The thicker the plantar fascia in the subjects, the thinner was the spring ligament.ConclusionsThe thickness of the spring ligament in patients with plantar fasciitis decreased. The thinning of the spring ligament was negatively correlated with the thickening of the plantar fascia as per the US evaluation. Based on the spring ligament thinning determined via US evaluation, interventions such as insoles from an early stage could prevent the onset of plantar fasciitis.     

Anatomical study of Lapidus arthrodesis using two different plantar plate systems

BackgroundFirst tarsometatarsal arthrodesis (modified Lapidus procedure) constitutes a sufficient treatment for moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity and first ray instability. The plantar plate arthrodesis was shown to provide superior mechanical stability and less postoperative complications than screw fixation or dorsal plating. Nevertheless, the in-brought hardware may cause irritation of the tibialis anterior or peroneus longus tendon requiring explantation of the material in some cases.The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of tendon irritation after plantar first tarsometatarsal joint arthrodesis in a cadaver study.MethodsPlantar plate arthrodesis was performed as in real surgery on twelve pairs of fresh frozen cadaveric feet. Two different plate systems were randomly allocated to each pair of feet. After plate fixation careful dissection of the feet followed to analyze potential tendon irritation and to determine a “safe zone” for plantar plate placement.ResultsA “safe zone” between the insertion sties of tibialis anterior and peroneus longus tendon was found and proven to be sufficiently exposed using a standard medio-plantar approach. Both plates were fixed in this zone without compromising central tendon parts. Peripheral tendon parts were irritated in 42% using Darco Plantar Lapidus Plating System® (Wright Medical, Memphis, TN) and in 8% using the Plantar Lapidus Plate® (Arthrex, Naples, FL). Bending of the anatomically preshaped plates is often necessary to ensure optimal fit on the bone surface.ConclusionsModified Lapidus procedure with plantar plating of the first tarsometatarsal joint can be performed safely without compromising central tendon parts via standard medio-plantar approach.Level of clinical evidence5, Cadaver Study.     

Plantar tactile sensory thresholds in healthy men and women

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine tactile sensory threshold levels on the plantar surface of the feet in healthy subjects as well as assessing if differences existed based on gender or between extremities.MethodForty subjects, 20 men and 20 women, consented to participate in the study. Tactile sensory thresholds were determined over the heel, lateral midfoot, medial midfoot, lateral forefoot, medial forefoot, and hallux on the plantar surface of the foot using Semmes–Weinstein monofilaments. A multiple-step algorithm was used for testing and the subject determined the tactile threshold for a region verbally.ResultsThe results indicate that plantar tactile sensation does not differ between the left and right feet, but differences do exist between men and women in all regions except the hallux. The heel region tactile threshold was found to be significantly higher than all other regions. The mean tactile sensitivity for both the right and left feet was the 3.61 monofilament.ConclusionsThis is one of few investigations that have attempted to assess plantar sensory thresholds in a healthy group of men and women. The findings of this study may prove useful for further investigation into the assessment of the effect of foot orthoses and insoles on the cutaneous tactile sensory system.     

足内侧皮瓣逆行移植术

目的为足前部软组织缺损提供修复方法。方法（1）在50侧足标本上解剖观察足内侧皮瓣的血供来源、动脉分支及终支远侧吻合情况,皮瓣逆行供血及回流的途径;（2）临床设计应用足内侧皮瓣逆行移植修复前足软组织缺损6例（     

Plantar pressure distribution and pain after distal osteotomy for hallux valgus: A prospective study of 22 patients with 12-month follow-up

BackgroundElevated pressure under the central forefoot region is common in hallux valgus and this is often associated with metatarsalgia.ObjectiveTo ascertain whether there was a difference in pain and plantar pressure distribution parameters after correction of the deformity by two distal metatarsal osteotomy techniques.MethodsTwenty-two patients randomly assigned to distal chevron or Lindgren first metatarsal osteotomy were evaluated prospectively with dynamic plantar pressure measurement, quality of life scores and clinical and radiographic measurements. Data were collected pre-operatively, at 6 and 12 months after surgery. Results of the combined operated group were compared with an age-matched control group.ResultsThere were no significant differences in plantar pressure distribution parameters between the two operated groups at any occasion. At 6 months peak pressure was significantly less under the lateral forefoot in the operated feet compared with the non-operated feet and significantly greater under the central forefoot than in the control group and the medial forefoot than under the non-operated feet, although the operated group had normalised after 12 months. The visual analogue scale (VAS) showed significant improvements after both surgical techniques.ConclusionBoth surgical techniques resulted in significant clinical and radiographic improvements and reduced the level of pain, although the foot pressure recordings demonstrated no biomechanical effect.     

Forefoot reconstruction: Effectiveness of Stainsby operation in treating disclocated lesser toes

BackgroundDeformity of the forefoot is a common disabling problem especially in chronic rheumatoid arthritis. The most common deformities are hallux valgus and dorsally dislocated clawed lesser toes.ObjectiveThis paper assesses results of forefoot reconstruction with emphasis on the effectiveness of Stainsby's procedure in treating severely clawed lesser toes with irreducible dislocation at the metatarsophalangeal joint. The purpose of this procedure is to remove the deforming forces causing depression of the metatarsal head, and restore the dorsally displaced plantar plate of the MTP joint and the related part of the plantar fat pad to their correct position beneath the metatarsal head.MethodSeventy-four patients were operated on between 1998 and 2003. Sixty-nine patients (94 feet) were available for review at an average of 32 months (range 10–67) post surgery. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Scores (AOFAS) were measured and footprints were obtained. Patients were asked about overall satisfaction and whether they would recommend the operation to a family member.ResultsEighty-nine of the 94 feet (95%) had severe or moderate pain preoperatively under the dislocated metatarsal head; only 19 (20%) had significant pain at review. Tender plantar callosities were reduced from 76 feet preoperatively (81%) to 31 feet (33%) at review, these were mainly under un-operated metatarsal heads. Footprints showed a normal loading under 63% of operated metatarsal heads. AOFAS scores were increased from a mean of 19 preoperatively to 52 at review. Residual valgus of the big toe of more than 25° persisted in 33 feet (35%). Corrective osteotomy of 44 first metatarsals resulted in significant residual valgus in 16 feet (36%).ConclusionsStainsby operation was effective in relieving pain and skin callosities from under dislocated lesser metatarsal heads, and in reducing shoe problems, but the osteotomy performed by the authors was unreliable in correcting valgus of the big toe.     

Support system of Lisfranc joint complex: An anatomical investigation with an evolutionary perspective

BackgroundThe anatomical arrangement of the Lisfranc joint between the midfoot and forefoot is complex and not just critical for bipedal gait but also for prevention, management, and rehabilitation of injuries in this region.Material and methodsIn forty adult cadaveric lower limbs, the Lisfranc mortise, the ligaments and supports were observed and noted.ResultsThe structural arrangement that accords stability to the joint has osseous, ligamentous, and tendinous components. A bony mortise, which is deep medially, disrupts the linearity of the joint line. An extensive Lisfranc ligament with confluent interosseous and plantar parts was observed. Tibialis posterior, peroneus Longus and Lisfranc ligament exhibit a unique anatomical arrangement that supports the joint inferiorly.ConclusionThe study documents a unique lattice of tendons and ligament offering dynamic support to the joint. Demands of assumption of erect posture and bipedal walking in humans like adduction of the first ray of the foot, maintenance of longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot and ability stiffen midfoot for efficient forefoot take-off are well reflected in the joint structure and supports.     

正常足与外翻足的足底压力研究

目的　对正常足与外翻足的足底压力进行测量。方法　运用自行研制的足底生物力学测试系统对30 名健康人60 足,45 例外翻患者89 足进行了行走时足底压力的测试。结果　重度外翻组31 足和正常组相比,第一跖骨头下压力明显减低( P< 0.001),第二跖骨头下压力明显增加(P< 0 .05),第三、五跖骨头下压力有增高的趋势。结论　正常人前足第一跖骨头下压力最高,并向外侧递减。重度外翻足前足第一跖骨头下压力明显减低,第二跖骨头下压力明显增高     

The influence of medial and lateral placement of orthotic wedges on loading of the plantar aponeurosis.

BACKGROUND: Repetitive trauma and overuse of the plantar aponeurosis are believed to be causal factors of plantar fasciitis. Therefore, it is important to know how an orthosis influences loading of the plantar aponeurosis. The aim of this study was to quantify strain in the plantar aponeurosis in cadaveric feet with the use of various combinations of orthotic wedges. METHODS: An in vitro test that simulated static stance was used to determine the loading characteristics of the plantar aponeurosis. A differential variable reluctance transducer was operatively implanted into the plantar aponeurosis of nine fresh-frozen cadaveric lower limbs. Each specimen was mounted in an electromechanical testing machine that applied an axial load of as much as 900 newtons to the tibia. Eight different combinations of test conditions, in which wedges (each with a 6-degree incline) were or were not positioned under the medial and lateral aspects of the forefoot and hindfoot, were evaluated, with the plantigrade foot used as a neutral control. RESULTS: Each of the test conditions that involved a wedge under the forefoot resulted in strain that was significantly different from that in the neutral control. A wedge under the lateral aspect of the forefoot decreased strain in the plantar aponeurosis, and a wedge under the medial aspect increased strain (p < 0.05). The test conditions that involved a wedge under the hindfoot but not under the forefoot resulted in strains that were not significantly different from those in the neutral control (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A wedge under the lateral aspect of the forefoot transmits loads through the lateral support structures of the foot, locking the calcaneocuboid joint and decreasing strain in the plantar aponeurosis. A wedge under the medial aspect of the forefoot transmits loads through the medial support structures of the foot, which produces a truss-like action that increases strain in the plantar aponeurosis.     

背侧入路联合Weil截骨术治疗第2跖趾关节跖板损伤

目的:评价背侧入路联合Weil截骨治疗第2跖趾关节跖板损伤的临床疗效。方法:自2012年6月至2013年12月,采用背侧入路联合Weil截骨治疗第2跖趾关节跖板损伤患者5例8足,平均年龄52岁。术前症状为第2跖趾关节不稳定伴跖痛症。所有患者得到随访,时间6～12个月。采用AOFAS评分及VAS评分评价疗效。结果:术后所有患者第2跖趾关节恢复稳定及跖痛缓解。所有患者VAS评分低于术前,AOFAS评分高于术前。结论:应用背侧入路联合Weil截骨治疗第2跖趾关节跖板损伤可有效缓解跖底疼痛,稳定跖趾关节,降低术后半脱位率及术后关节僵硬发生率低。     

A cadaveric comparison of two methods for isolated talonavicular arthrodesis: Two-screws versus plate with integrated compression screw

BackgroundThis study compared stiffness between two constructs for talonavicular arthrodesis: a dorsomedial plating system and two partially threaded cannulated cancellous screws. We hypothesized that the plate would exhibit greater stiffness and resistance to deformation during cyclic loading.MethodsThe constructs were implanted in eight matched pairs of cadaveric feet and subjected to axial torsion, cantilever bending in two directions, and cyclic loading to failure.ResultsThe two-screw constructs were significantly stiffer in plantar-dorsal bending (p = .025) and trended towards a higher number of cycles before failure than the plate group (p = .087). No significant differences were observed in internal torsion (p = .620), external torsion (p = .165), or medial-lateral bending (p = .686).ConclusionsThis study provided the first biomechanical assessment of a plating system with an integrated compression screw, which was significantly less stiff than a two-screw construct when loaded from plantar to dorsal.     

第1跖跗关节骨折脱位不同内固定方式对前足足底压力变化的影响

目的 :测量第1跖跗关节骨折脱位3种内固定对前足足底压力的变化,为选择内固定提供实验参考。方法:取8具新鲜足标本,制成第1跖跗关节骨折脱位模型,依次进行3.5 mm全螺纹皮质骨螺钉,1/4管形钢板及加压骑缝钉固定。经加载600 N后,通过F-scan足底压力分析系统,测量前足足底压力的变化。结果:第1跖跗关节骨折脱位后,第1跖骨头下的峰值压力将减小,而第2跖骨头下的峰值压力将增大,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对第1跖跗关节分别采用螺钉、钢板进行固定后,第1、2跖骨头下的峰值压力都将趋于正常状态,而进行骑缝钉固定后,虽然第1、2跖骨头下的峰值压力都有所恢复,但仍与正常状态比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 :当第1跖跗关节骨折脱位后,邻近跖骨头可能存在着"负荷转移"的调节机制以代偿部分足底压力;当第1跖跗关节骨折脱位采用螺钉和钢板内固定治疗后,前足足底压力都可恢复至正常状态,而若采用骑缝钉固定,则前足足底压力仍难以恢复至正常状态。     

Treatment of metatarsalgia based on claw toe deformity through soft tissue release of the metatarsophalangeal joint and resection of the proximal interphalangeal joint: Evaluation based on foot kinematics and plantar pressure distribution

IntroductionThis study investigated the effect of operative claw toe correction with release of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint, repositioning of the plantar fat pad and resection of the proximal interphalangeal joint on foot kinematics, plantar pressure distribution and Foot Function Index (FFI).MethodsProspective experimental study with pretest-posttest design. The plantar pressure, 3D foot kinematics and the FFI of 15 patients with symptomatic claw toes were measured three months before and 12 months after surgery. Mean pressure, peak pressure and pressure time integral per sensor and various foot angles were calculated for the pre- and posttest and compared to a control group (N = 15).ResultsClaw toe patients have increased pressure under the distal part of the metatarsal head and less pressure under the proximal part of the metatarsal heads compared to healthy controls. After surgery, there was a redistribution of pressure, resulting in a significant decrease of pressure under the distal part and an increase under the proximal part of the metatarsal head, providing a more equal plantar pressure distribution. Except for some small areas under the forefoot, heel and toes, there were no significant differences in pressure distribution between the operated feet and controls. Small, but significant differences between the pre- and postoperative condition were found for the lateral arch angle, calcaneus/malleolus supination and tibio-talar flexion. The score on the FFI improved statistically significant.DiscussionThese findings imply that the present operative procedure results in a more equal distribution of the plantar pressure under the forefoot and decrease of pain and offers successful treatment of metatarsalgia based on claw toe deformity.     

Pes cavovarus in Charcot-Marie-Tooth compared to the idiopathic cavovarus foot: A preliminary weightbearing CT analysis

BackgroundPes cavovarus is a foot deformity that can be idiopathic (I-PC) or acquired secondary to other pathology. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common adult cause for acquired pes cavovarus deformity (CMT-PC). The foot morphology of these distinct patient groups has not been previously investigated. The aim of this study was to assess if morphological differences exist between CMT-PC, I-PC and normal feet (controls) using weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT).MethodsA retrospective analysis of WBCT scans performed between May 2013 and June 2017 was undertaken. WBCT scans from 17 CMT-PC, 17 I-PC and 17 healthy normally-aligned control feet (age-, side-, sex- and body mass index-matched) identified from a prospectively collected database, were analysed. Eight 2-dimensional (2D) and three 3-dimensional (3D) measurements were undertaken for each foot and mean values in the three groups were compared using one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni correction.ResultsSignificant differences were observed between CMT-PC or I-PC and controls (p < 0.05). Two-dimensional measurements were similar in CMT-PC and I-PC, except for forefoot arch angle (p = 0.04). 3D measurements (foot and ankle offset, calcaneal offset and hindfoot alignment angle) demonstrated that CMT-PC exhibited more severe hindfoot varus malalignment than I-PC (p = 0.03, 0.04 and 0.02 respectively).ConclusionsCMT-related cavovarus and idiopathic cavovarus feet are morphologically different from healthy feet, and CMT feet exhibit increased forefoot supination and hindfoot malalignment compared to idiopathic forms. The use of novel three-dimensional analysis may help highlight subtle structural differences in patients with similar foot morphology but aetiologically different pathology.Level of evidenceLevel III, retrospective comparative study.     

Percutaneous plantar fasciotomy: An anatomical study about its safety and efficacy

BackgroundPercutaneous plantar fasciotomy is one of the available options for recalcitrant cases of plantar fasciopathy, but there is a mismatch in the clinical results between different author’s experience, possibly due to variability when choosing the exact cutaneous entry point. The purpose of this study is to validate the plantar approach in the surgical treatment of plantar fasciopathy, describing a safe path and cutaneous entry point to perform a percutaneous plantar fasciotomy with a 2 mm incision testing the procedure on cadavers.Methodsa unicentric cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in 12 cadaveric feet to verify the accuracy of the percutaneous fasciotomy entry point. Independent variables analysed were: extent of fasciotomy, entry point location, spur resection, and soft tissues injuries. A double evaluation was performed: an indirect evaluation under fluoroscopic vision, and a direct evaluation after anatomical dissection.ResultsNo cases of plantar cortical lesion on the calcaneus was observed. Satisfactory fasciotomy was performed in 91.7% of the cases. An optimal entry point was noticed in all cases with a mean distance to the tip of tibial malleolus of 22.5 mm (±6.9; 35.1?12.1) and a mean distance to foot midline of 7.8 mm (±1.7; 11.8?5.1). No neurological nor vascular lesions were found. In all the feet, a laceration of the plantar part of flexor digitorum brevis muscle was noted.Conclusionthe plantar approach for percutaneous total plantar fasciotomy is a safe procedure. The current study provides an intraoperative guideline for minimising the possible risks.     

第1跖趾关节融合结合外侧足趾旋转Weil截骨治疗重度跖内收型拇外翻

目的：探讨第1跖趾关节融合结合外侧足趾旋转Weil截骨治疗重度跖内收型拇外翻临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析自2017年3月至2021年8月接受第1跖趾关节融合结合旋转Weil截骨治疗的重度跖内收型拇外翻患者37例（69足）,男8例（11足）,女29例（58足）;年龄67～83(70.03±2.87)岁;左侧3例,右侧2例,双侧32例。分别于术前、术后6周及末次随访时,采用疼痛视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）进行疼痛缓解程度评价。术前及末次随访时采用美国骨科足踝外科学会（American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgery,AOFAS）前足评分对患足功能进行评价。并测量手术前及末次随访时拇外翻角（hallux valgus angle,HVA）,第1、2跖间角（intermetatarsal angle,IMA）的变化情况。结果：37例（69足）患者获得随访,时间12～48 (22.8±0.6)个月。术后7～10(8.00±1.21)周第1跖趾关节处达到骨愈合,无延迟愈合及不愈合发生。术前HVA (44.30±2.84)°与...     

Plantar pressure and sole thickness of the forefoot

BACKGROUND: Based on earlier observations that the forefoot bears the highest plantar pressure at its center, the existence of a functional distal transverse arch in normal feet was denied, and plantar pressure was defined as merely the outcome of loading, surface area, and soft tissue. Although plantar pressure drives the changes in the foot, neither the position nor the behavior of the metatarsals during loading can be derived from plantar pressure alone. In light of this, our goal was to describe the changes in thickness in the sole and the corresponding plantar pressure during loading of the foot. METHODS: We used CT to image the foot of 10 subjects in four postures that were chosen to imitate four phases in the walking cycle. Before imaging we also recorded the plantar pressure with a pressure measuring insole on which the subjects were standing. From the data, the minimal thickness of the sole and the corresponding plantar pressure were derived. RESULTS: With the exception of the sesamoids, the thickness of the sole under the bones of the forefoot increased from lateral to medial. This persisted in all postures. Our pressure readings matched previously reported distributions. CONCLUSIONS: Depending on the point of view concerning the sesamoids, the bony prominences were placed in a geometrical arch; but they did not form a functional arch. The soft tissue underneath the heads kept the metatarsals in place; the soft-tissue thickness reflected the principle of adequate cushioning.     

Plantar pressures and relative lesser metatarsal lengths in older people with and without forefoot pain

Forefoot pain is a common problem in older people. We determined whether plantar pressures during gait and the relative lengths of the lesser metatarsals differ between older people with and without plantar forefoot pain. Dynamic plantar pressure assessment during walking was undertaken using the Tekscan MatScan® system in 118 community‐dwelling older people (44 males and 74 females), mean age 74 (standard deviation = 5.9) years, 43 (36%) of whom reported current or previous plantar forefoot pain. The relative lengths of metatarsals 1–5 were determined from weightbearing X‐rays. Participants with current or previous plantar forefoot pain exhibited significantly (p = 0.032) greater peak plantar pressure under metatarsal heads 3–5 (1.93 ± 0.41 kg/cm² vs. 1.74 ± 0.48 kg/cm²). However, no differences were found in relative metatarsal lengths between the groups. These findings indicate that older people with forefoot pain generate higher peak plantar pressures under the lateral metatarsal heads when walking, but do not exhibit relatively longer lesser metatarsals. Other factors may be responsible for the observed pressure increase, such as reduced range of motion of the metatarsophalangeal joints and increased stiffness of plantar soft tissues. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 427–433, 2013