改良双环法乳房悬吊术

目的 介绍改良双环法行乳房悬吊术的方法和经验。方法 采用传统的双环法乳房悬吊术切口，在皮肤与乳腺的腺体表面之间行广泛剥离后。在乳腺的下半象限正中将腺体垂直切开，将形成的两部分乳腺复合组织瓣向内上及外上方向旋转后互相交叉重叠缝合固定成形。并将乳晕内外环的真皮行荷包缝合。术后将乳房塑形包扎。结果 采用本方法矫治轻、中度乳房下垂者共8例16侧。术后乳房外形美观持久，乳头、乳晕感觉良好，效果满意。结论 本手术方法简便易行．组织损伤小．瘢痕不明显．是矫治轻、中度乳房下垂的一种比较理想的方法。     

乳晕切口法解剖型假体隆乳术治疗轻度乳房下垂

目的探讨应用解剖型假体(又称泪滴型假体)隆乳术矫正轻度乳房下垂的可行性及临床效果。方法术前依据原乳房三维形态,测量胸乳距、乳房基底宽度、乳头至乳房下皱襞距离等数据,以确定所需采用的假体类型、容量及下垂乳房下皱襞距离,选用乳晕切口对36例轻度乳房下垂者应用麦格410解剖型假体行隆乳术。结果全部隆乳者术后乳房挺拔,下垂基本得到矫正,受术者均表满意。结论应用解剖型假体的隆乳术是目前矫正有增大乳房容积愿望的轻度乳房下垂者的最佳选择之一。     

Periareolar Breast Reduction

A personal approach to periareolar breast reduction is presented. The circular demarcation of periareolar skin must be limited to twice the demarcated areolar diameter (2 × 4 = 8 cm). A cylindrical resection of volume is removed, as in Strömbeck’s technique, from below the areola to the aponeurosis of the pectoral muscle. Through this space, two to four “keel-like” parenchymal pieces are removed to reduce the breast at the cardinal points. The breast cone is assembled by suturing the raw areas from bottom to top, hyperprojecting it. A “round-block” suture around the areola is made, and the procedure is concluded with skin suture. Indications, limitations, and possibilities for use of the technique are analyzed, and the equation is summarized as follows: residual ptosis versus long scars inside the limits and indications of more or less 300 g of removed volume and small or medium breast ptosis. Only after the first 10 cases was the limit of the technique determined. Therefore, these results were not homogeneous. The results were satisfactory and regular for 68 of the 78 patients subjected to surgery and follow-up evaluation.     

改良双环法乳房下垂矫正术

目的:介绍改良双环法行乳房悬吊术的方法和经验。方法:采用传统的双环法环乳晕切口,切除双环间表皮,在皮肤与上半乳腺的腺体表面之间剥离,去除上半腺体后松弛的浅筋膜深层,上提腺体至正常位置并固定于深筋膜,同时进行腺体的适当折叠塑形或置入乳房假体增加丰满程度。结果:共行轻、中度下垂28例(4例为单侧下垂),其中悬吊加假体隆乳9例;腺体瓣交叉缝合悬吊塑形19例。术后乳房外形改善满意,乳头、乳晕感觉良好,效果持久。结论:本手术方法安全易行,组织损伤小,瘢痕不明显,是矫治轻、中度乳房下垂的一种比较理想的方法。     

Combined transaxillary and periareolar approach for polyurethane coated mammary implants

Summary Utilization of two short incisions, one in the axilla and one periareolar, facilitates the introduction and positioning of the polyurethane coated implants. The creation of a tunnel between the two incisions, and opened at both ends, enables the prosthesis to be pushed from above through the axilla and to be pulled by the plastic sleeve from below the areola. The periareolar incision also helps with the precise positioning of the prosthesis. This approach has been utilized for subglandular placement. Healing of the short incisions has been satisfactory.     

Combined transaxillary and periareolar approach for polyurethane coated mammary implants

Utilization of two short incisions, one in the axilla and one periareolar, facilitates the introduction and positioning of the polyurethane coated implants. The creation of a tunnel between the two incisions, and opened at both ends, enables the prosthesis to be pushed from above through the axilla and to be pulled by the plastic sleeve from below the areola. The periareolar incision also helps with the precise positioning of the prosthesis. This approach has been utilized for subglandular placement. Healing of the short incisions has been satisfactory.     

Periareolar techniques for mammary reduction and elevation

Between June 1990 and June 1992 we carried out 56 breast operations: 18 reductions, 32 mastopexies, and 6 implant changes. The surgical techniques used in all cases basically consisted of three phases: the periareolar incision, the creation of the superior pedicle with two medial and lateral flaps, and the anchoring, crossed by both flaps in order to hold up the mammary gland. The diameter of the doughnut of skin that we had to deepidermize varied between 5 and 15 cm, thus raising the nipple-areola complex by as much as 10 cm. The volume of tissue removed from the hypertrophic breast ranged from 70 to 520 g. In 24 of the 32 mastopexies, the use of a silicone implant was necessary in order to provide greater volume, texture, and better mammary contour. In these cases the size of the prostheses varied between 120 and 300 cc. All patients completed the postop followup in the normal way. Only three patients suffered a slight dehiscence of the periareolar suture, which was solved within a few days of the operation by means of a Friedreich. The periareolar cutaneous pleats and the hardness of the breast gradually disappeared, as predicted, within a period of 3–4 months; afterward the breast looked perfectly natural.     

Experience and technical refinements in the “donut” mastopexy with augmentation mammaplasty

Minor ptosis and pseudoptosis of the breast may be corrected by a donut mastopexy. This technique offers the opportunity to reach a good aesthetic result with minimal scarring. A prosthesis is inserted at the time of the mastopexy and the skin is reduced in an elliptical way to achieve a good balance between the breast volume and the skin envelope.     

腺体外侧蒂皮肤双环切口乳房塑形悬吊术

目的探讨腺体外侧蒂皮肤双环切口乳房塑形悬吊术,在矫正乳房下垂中的应用。方法自2003年以来,应用外侧蒂双环切口乳房塑形悬吊术,矫正乳房下垂患者30例,“楔”型切除乳房下极部分腺体组织,腺体瓣相对旋转缝合固定于胸肌筋膜,保留部分腺体于内上方皮瓣,乳房上极悬吊至第2、3肋软骨膜。结果术后随访患者1~3个月,均获得满意效果。结论外侧蒂双环切口乳房塑形悬吊术,可以有效地塑形悬吊乳房,术后切口隐蔽,乳房上极饱满,是矫正乳房下垂的一种理想选择。     

The Importance of the Areolar Smooth Muscle in Augmentation Mastoplasty

Publications about breast implant surgery using the periareolar incision and those about mastoplasty do not mention the areolar smooth muscle. The purpose of this article is to present the importance that suturing the areolar smooth muscle may have in the prognosis of intra-areolar incisions in breast surgery and in the areola shape changes when it contracts after surgery. Presented at the XVIIth IberoLatinamerican Congress, Quito, Ecuador, May 2008.     

Versatility of the 360° Periareolar Approach for the Treatment of Mammary Pathology

In 2001, the authors published the 360° periareolar approach as a new method for breast augmentation in patients with small nipple–areolar complex diameters. This approach provides an adequate surgical field with an excellent view of the surgical pocket, allowing placement of the implant without damage to either the device or the skin margins. Since its implementation, results have been highly satisfactory, encouraging the authors to expand its indication to other mammary pathologies such as tubular breasts, benign breast tumors, and gynecomastia, conditions for which this method also has proved to be useful.     

三平面法隆乳术在乳房萎缩伴下垂矫正术中的应用

目的 探讨应用胸大肌后放置假体,并于胸大肌中央部位切开,形成假体表面胸肌-腺体-胸肌三平面覆盖的方法,矫正乳房萎缩伴下垂的效果.方法 选择环乳晕切口,进行乳房上象限腺体表面分离及真皮帽折叠固定.再由乳腺外下象限边缘进入乳房后间隙,于新的乳头、乳晕水平将胸大肌横行及纵行部分离断,将假体植入胸大肌后.于术前及术后对乳房各解剖径线进行标准化测量.结果 2011年6 ～12月,应用上述方法行乳房上提联合隆乳手术14例,患者术后乳房上极形态、乳房凸度及乳头、乳晕位置均得到了明显改善,且无严重并发症发生.术后随访6～12个月,乳房形态良好.结论 三平面法能够在不离断胸大肌起点及止点的情况下,保证假体在乳头、乳晕水平良好的凸度,避免了乳房下垂联合隆乳手术时易发生的双泡畸形或阶梯现象,且损伤较小.     

Liponecrotic cysts after augmentation mammaplasty with fat injections

A 26-year-old woman underwent breast augmentation with fat injections from trochanteric liposuction. After one year firm lumps developed in both breasts. Surgical treatment included excising the cysts through an inframammary approach. Volume replacement consisted of a silicone gel prosthesis inserted through an axillary retropectoral approach. In a second stage, a supra-areolar dermopexy was done to centralize the nipple-areola complex.     

乳晕双环切口乳腺病变切除同期行乳房悬吊术

探讨乳腺病变切除同期行乳房悬吊的方法及意义。方法：以乳头为中心在乳晕缘及其外周作双环切口，去除双环间表皮，在外环切口以外乳房范围内作广泛的皮下分离；切除病变组织，分层缝合乳腺组织并作适当塑形，以7号丝线缝合乳房上部悬吊于第二肋骨骨膜，外环切口荷包缝合缩小后与内环切口间断缝合。结果：共为41例(81只乳房)患有乳腺增生症、乳腺纤维瘤、乳腺导管内乳头状瘤、乳腺导管扩张症等合并有乳房松垂者施行此类手术，所有病例术后乳房外形满意，切口瘢痕不明显。结论：乳晕双环切口切除乳腺病变组织及同期行松垂乳房悬吊术是一种设计合理、易于掌握、无明显瘢痕、外形满意的手术方式，值得推广应用。     

The devil's incision mammoplasty

Combination of an oblique ellipse with a halfmoon incision around the lower half of the areola is presented by the author to treat breast hypotrophy and moderate ptosis without resorting to implant of foreign material. The crescent combined with an oblique ellipse forms a little devil's figure. A deepidermized dermafat flap, with blood supply coming from the areolar area, increases the apparent volume of the breast. This technique is best used in cases of moderate ptosis in which no change in the position of the nipple is necessary. When there is hypertrophy, excess mammary tissue can be removed simultaneously with the cutaneous ellipse.     

A new technique of internal suture mastopexy for mild to moderate breast ptosis

BACKGROUND:

Current mastopexy techniques rely on incisions on the breast to correct ptosis. Trading a ptotic breast for a visibly scarred breast can be a difficult choice.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS:

A technique of internal suture mastopexy that consists of plicating sutures placed in the superficial fascia of the breast from the deep surface is presented. The procedure leaves no scar on the breast and may be safer than other techniques when combining mastopexy with augmentation.

RESULTS:

The senior author has performed this procedure on over 120 patients, with a mean follow-up of two years. Patients and the surgeon have expressed satisfaction with the procedure.

CONCLUSION:

Based on this experience with over 120 patients, the authors believe that internal suture mastopexy is an effective alternative in selected patients.     

乳腺组织瓣联合真皮帽悬吊术矫正轻中度乳房下垂

目的 探讨乳腺组织瓣旋转联合真皮帽悬吊的垂乳上提技术矫正轻中度乳房下垂的临床效果.方法 根据乳房下垂程度设计形成真皮帽后,分离乳房皮肤和腺体,于乳腺外上方行部分腺体切除或直接纵行切开腺体,并同时形成外侧腺体瓣,掀起腺体瓣向内侧旋转固定,缩小乳房基底,再行真皮帽上提固定和乳房塑形.结果 2006年3月至2010年3月,于临床应用46例,术后效果满意,其中2例出现单侧血肿,无其他严重并发症.对40例患者随访6个月至4年,乳房外形满意,无继发下垂、乳房扁平、乳头乳晕感觉障碍等并发症.结论 乳腺组织瓣旋转联合真皮帽悬吊垂乳上提术可商塑造饱满、坚挺的乳房,术后瘢痕不明显,远期效果满意.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of glandular flap combined with dermal flap suspension for correction of mild and moderate breast ptosis. Methods The dermal flap was formed according to the breast ptosis and dissection was performed between the skin and gland. The superior-lateral gland was partially resected or cutted vertically only to form the lateral glandular flap. Then the glandular flap was rotated medially and fixed to shrink the glandular base area. Then the breast was up-positioned and fixed with dermal flap to remodel the breast shape. Results From Mar. 2006 to Mar. 2010, 46 cases were treated with satisfactory result. There was no severe complication, except for 2 cases of unilateral hematoma. 40 cases were followed up for 6 months to 4 years with good breast shape. No secondary ptosis,breast flatten and NAC sensation disorder was happened. Conclusions Glandular flap combined with dermal flap suspension is a good method for mild and moderate breast ptosis with reliable long-term results.The breasts have busty appearance and good projection with inconspicious scar.     

Radial Plication in Concentric Mastopexy

Concentric mastopexy presents many challenges to the plastic surgeon, especially when breast augmentation is part of the treatment plan. Radial plication is a reproducible and accurate technique for elevating the nipple–areolar complex and shaping the breast mound. Patient selection is important to the success of the radial plication procedure and concentric mastopexy in general. Although most surgeons agree that patients with smaller degrees of nipple ptosis and smaller breasts have better results than patients with greater degrees of nipple ptosis and larger breasts, there has never been an algorithm for patient selection. Regnault’s classification of breast ptosis addresses the degree of nipple ptosis, but no consideration is given to breast volume. Radial placation proved to be a valuable tool in the treatment of 87 patients undergoing concentric mastopexy in the author’s practice over the past 30 months. An algorithm addressing degrees of breast ptosis and breast volume is provided. The plastic surgeon can anticipate gratifying results if the algorithm provided is incorporated into his or her patient selection for concentric mastopexy. The concentric mastopexy technique is similar to the tailor tack procedure for standard mastopexy, allowing the plastic surgeon to mold and shape the breast before making a critical incision.     

Augmentation Mastopexy with Implant and Autologous Tissue for Correction of Moderate/Severe Ptosis

Purpose: Breast augmentation combined with mastopexy is associated with a significantly higher complication rate than augmentation alone. The combination of mastopexy and breast implants has revealed a moderate recurrence of breast ptosis in many patients particularly with use of medium to large implants. Ptosis is the “bottoming out” of the breast tissue with loss of the desired roundness, due to the ptosis of the breast implant and the mammary tissue. In this study, we hypothesize the need for careful planning and careful preoperative surgical execution to minimize this complication. Patients and Methods: Between January 2007 and July 2011, augmentation mastopexy with implant and autologous tissue (“double implant”) was performed for 25 patients with grade III mammary ptosis. All patients underwent inverted-T mastopexy with supramuscular moderately cohesive gel breast implant using an inferior-based flap of de-epitelialized dermoglandular tissue and a superior-based nipple-areola complex pedicle. Results: An inferior-based flap of deepithelialized dermoglandular tissue was used to stabilize the implant and is projection. Breast lifting was performed through a strong anchorage to fascia and to muscle of second intercostal space, improving the profile of the breast. Results were analyzed, no breast ptosis recurrence was noted at 30-month follow-up. Conclusions: Our technique presents the challenge of determining the amount of excess skin to be removed after implantation to create symmetry and provide for skin tightening without compromising tissue vascularization.