基于自动分割技术联合基于体素的形态学观察帕金森病脑灰质结构

目的 探讨基于自动分割技术联合基于体素的形态学(VBM)观察帕金森病(PD)患者全脑灰质异常区域及分布特征的应用价值。方法 基于自动分割技术,应用FIRST工具对29例PD患者(PD组)及30名健康人(对照组)的T1图像皮层下灰质结构精确分割,对比两组各灰质结构体积。并应用VBM方法对两组脑灰质图像进行比较。结果 两组右侧壳核皮层下灰质体积差异有统计学意义(t=10.201,P<0.05)。与对照组比较,PD组脑灰质体积(右侧初级运动皮层,双侧额叶、边缘叶、部分左侧小脑后叶、右侧小脑前叶、右侧小脑后叶、右侧颞叶、顶叶、壳核及左侧枕叶)广泛减少,部分左侧小脑后叶体积增加,两侧半球脑体积缺失不对称(右侧大于左侧)。结论 通过FIRST工具可精确分割并直接计算皮层下灰质结构体积,应用VBM技术可定量分析脑结构形态学异常;二者结合可较全面地表现PD脑灰质体积广泛减少的形态学特点。     

The relationship between whole brain volume and disability in multiple sclerosis: a comparison of normalized gray vs. white matter with misclassification correction

We used SPM99 to obtain normalized whole brain volumes of gray matter, white matter, and total parenchyma in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) (n = 41) and age-/sex-matched normal controls (n = 18). As SPM99's automated gray/white matter volumes were significantly influenced by tissue compartment misclassification due to the effect of MS-related brain lesions, we corrected these automated volumes for misclassification before performing our primary analyses. For MS patients (disease duration = 9.5 +/- 6.3 years; EDSS score = 3.2 +/- 1.8; 25FTW = 6.6 +/- 3.1 s), we also measured lesion load (total T1 hypointense [T1LV] and FLAIR hyperintense lesion volume [FLLV]), central brain atrophy (third ventricular width [TVW] and bicaudate ratio [BCR]), and clinical status (Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] and 25-ft timed walk [25FTW]). Patients with MS had lower gray matter (707 +/- 33 cm(3) [-3.9%], P = 0.003) and total parenchymal volume (1088 +/- 48 cm(3) [-3.8%], P = 0.003), but only a trend for lower white matter volume (381 +/- 25 cm(3) [-3.7%], P = 0.052) relative to normal controls (gray matter: 736 +/- 33 cm(3); total parenchyma: 1132 +/- 49 cm(3); white matter: 396 +/- 26 cm(3)). Gray matter atrophy was related to clinical status (EDSS, 25FTW, and disease duration), lesion load (T1LV and FLLV), and central brain atrophy (TVW and BCR), whereas white matter atrophy was related to only central brain atrophy. These findings suggest that gray matter loss is related to other aspects of brain pathology and has more clinical relevance than white matter atrophy in MS.     

基于体素的形态学方法评价急性脊髓损伤患者脑灰白质体积改变

目的 采用基于体素的形态学（VBM）分析方法探讨急性脊髓损伤（SCI）患者脑灰白质体积改变。方法 对16例急性SCI患者（受伤时间< 30天,SCI组）和20名年龄、性别匹配的正常志愿者（对照组）行脑3D T1W序列扫描,采用VBM分析方法比较2组脑灰白质体积,获得脑灰质体积差异有统计学意义的脑区;测量或计算脑组织体积（BTV）、全脑体积（TIV）、脑灰质体积（GMV）、脑白质体积（WMV）、脑脊液体积（CSFV）和脑灰质分数（GMF）、脑白质分数（WMF）和脑组织分数（BTF）。结果 与对照组相比,SCI组双侧下额叶、岛叶、内侧前额叶及前扣带皮质、小脑后叶灰质体积减小,内囊水平皮质脊髓束体积减小。SCI组与对照组间GMV、WMV、CSFV、BTV、TIV及GMF、WMF、BTF差异均无统计学意义（P均> 0.05）。结论急性SCI导致远隔部位情绪处理相关脑区灰质及皮质脊髓束萎缩,有助于探讨急性SCI对大脑结构产生影响的作用机制。     

Regional gray and white matter volume associated with Stroop interference: evidence from voxel-based morphometry

During Stroop tasks, subjects experience cognitive interference when they resolve interferences such as identifying the ink color of a printed word while ignoring the word's identity. Stroop paradigms are commonly used as an index of attention deficits and a tool for investigating the functions of the frontal lobes and other associated structures. Despite these uses and the vast amount of attention given to Stroop paradigms, the regional gray matter volume/regional white matter volume (rGMV/rWMV) correlates of Stroop interference have not yet been identified at the whole brain level in normal adults. We examined this issue using voxel-based morphometry in right-handed healthy young adults. We found significant negative relationships between the Stroop interference rate and rGMV in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right inferior frontal gyrus, and cerebellum. Furthermore, we found relationships between the Stroop interference rate and rWMV in bilateral anatomical clusters that extended around extensive WM regions in the dorsal part of the frontal lobe. These findings are the first to reveal rGMV/rWMV that underlie the performance of the Stroop task, a widely used psychological paradigm at the whole brain level. Of note, our findings support the notion that ACC contributes to Stroop performance and show the involvement of regions that have been implicated in response inhibition and attention.     

探索高原登山的脑结构改变

目的 探讨一次短暂高原登山引起的脑结构改变.方法 对15名厦门大学学生登山队员[男9名,女6名,19~23岁,平均(21.0±1.1)岁]分别于攀登珠穆朗玛峰前、后进行常规T2W及高分辨率全脑3DT1W结构成像;应用SIENA软件分别对登山前、后高分辨率3DT1W结构像进行全脑灰质、白质分割,计算体积萎缩百分率,并进行统计分析;对全脑进行基于体素的纵向脑萎缩评价,获取显著萎缩脑区.结果 视觉观察,登山前、后所有登山队员常规T2WI均未发现异常,但脑灰质及白质体积均有明显减少,脑灰质萎缩百分率为(2.70±1.43)%,白质萎缩百分率为(1.43±1.36)%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);基于体素的全脑统计分析发现,萎缩脑区包括左侧额叶、胼胝体压部、双侧颞极、双侧枕叶距状沟周围及双侧小脑半球,以优势半球受损明显.结论 高原登山运动可引起脑白质和灰质萎缩,且灰质萎缩更明显.     

缺血性脑白质疏松患者基于体素的脑结构特征研究

目的:用基于体素的形态学分析(VBM)方法,探讨缺血性脑白质疏松(LA)患者大脑灰质体积是否存在异常及其分布特征。方法:LA认知功能障碍患者34例和年龄、性别、受教育程度相匹配的正常老年人23名(对照组)纳入研究。所有被试均进行了认知功能测查和3.0T磁共振影像检查,根据认知量表评分结果将LA组分为LA轻度认知功能障碍(LA-MCI)组和LA血管性痴呆(LA-VD)组。采用VBM对所有被试大脑灰质密度和灰质体积进行基于体素检测和比较,分析LA认知功能障碍患者大脑灰质密度减少区域、分布特征及其临床意义。结果:与对照组相比,LA-VD组左前额叶及黑索回大脑灰质密度减低(P<0.05);LA-MCI组右中央前后回及左顶上回、左尾状核区灰质密度减低(P<0.05);与LA-MCI组比较,LA-MCI组左额中回和右额中回灰质密度减低(P<0.05)。LA认知功能障碍患者执行功能分数与左额中叶灰质体积显著相关(P<0.05)。结论:LA患者存在广泛的大脑灰质萎缩,执行功能下降与其密切相关。     

慢性梗阻性肺部病变患者脑皮质MRI形态学初步研究

目的研究应用基于体素的形态学分析(VBM)方法,观察慢性梗阻性肺部病变(COPD)患者的大脑皮质变化。材料与方法搜集在住院中的COPD患者(患者组)25例和年龄、性别、文化背景等相似的志愿者(对照组)25例进行肺功能、精神状态检查及血气分析。二组均行3D T1WI检查,采用VBM、FSL分析软件(簇体积减少70体素)。应用一般线性模型进行统计学分析,计算两组的全脑灰质总体积,基于体素比较两组全脑灰质各个体素体积的差异。结果COPD患者日常生活活动性、简易精神状态测试、视觉重建及数字记忆测试预测值明显低于正常人。患者额叶的双侧眶回、双侧额下回三角区(Broca区),以及双额内側回、右侧前岛回及深部核团等局部灰质体积较正常对照组减少(P值均0.01)。以统计学t值最大的体素在MNI中的坐标值分析,萎缩最明显的Brodmann脑区主要有47脑区(额上叶皮层)、双侧的13脑区(岛叶皮层)、22脑区(颞上回),及双侧的32脑区(前上扣带回皮层)、24脑区(前下扣带回皮质)。结论COPD患者的多个脑区可出现皮层体积的减少。损伤区域主要涉及前额叶皮质,以及双额内側回、右侧前岛回。与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停、先天性中枢呼气不足综合征以及高海拔居民的脑损伤部位相一致。     

Ventromedial prefrontal volume predicts understanding of others and social network size

Cognitive abilities such as Theory of Mind (ToM), and more generally mentalizing competences, are central to human sociality. Neuroimaging has associated these abilities with specific brain regions including temporo-parietal junction, superior temporal sulcus, frontal pole, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Previous studies have shown both that mentalizing competence, indexed as the ability to correctly understand others' belief states, is associated with social network size and that social group size is correlated with frontal lobe volume across primate species (the social brain hypothesis). Given this, we predicted that both mentalizing competences and the number of social relationships a person can maintain simultaneously will be a function of gray matter volume in these regions associated with conventional Theory of Mind. We used voxel-based morphometry of Magnetic Resonance Images (MRIs) to test this hypothesis in humans. Specifically, we regressed individuals' mentalizing competences and social network sizes against gray matter volume. This revealed that gray matter volume in bilateral posterior frontal pole and left temporoparietal junction and superior temporal sucus varies parametrically with mentalizing competence. Furthermore, gray matter volume in the medial orbitofrontal cortex and the ventral portion of medial frontal gyrus, varied parametrically with both mentalizing competence and social network size, demonstrating a shared neural basis for these very different facets of sociality. These findings provide the first fine-grained anatomical support for the social brain hypothesis. As such, they have important implications for our understanding of the constraints limiting social cognition and social network size in humans, as well as for our understanding of how such abilities evolved across primates.     

抑郁症灰白质表面积性别差异研究

目的探讨重性抑郁症(major depressive disorder,MDD)患者灰白质表面面积改变的性别差异,并分析其与不同性别患者临床特征间的关系。材料与方法前瞻性收集61例MDD患者和匹配的61例健康对照(两组均为男性25例、女性36例)行3D T1WI高分辨率磁共振扫描,用freeSurfer软件进行图像预处理,获得全脑各区域的灰、白质表面面积图像,采用双因素方差分析计算并提取四组间灰、白质表面面积的性别差异脑区,行post-hoc检验进行各组间两两比较,将男女性MDD性别差异脑区与临床资料进行相关分析。结果性别差异主结果显示双侧额上回、颞中回及左侧额中回喙部、枕外侧回灰、白质表面面积均存在差异,且双侧颞上回、左侧中央前回、岛叶、右侧额叶三角部、眶额内侧回、梭状回、顶下小叶白质表面面积及左侧缘上回、右侧额中回喙部、中央前回、颞下回、梭状回、前缘扣带回、枕外侧回、顶下小叶灰质表面面积存在差异(P<0.01,Bonforroni校正)。进一步post-hoc两两比较发现以上脑区女性MDD组灰、白质表面面积均小于男性MDD组(P<0.01,Bonforroni校正)。相关分析显示男性MDD组右侧额中回喙部(r=-0.398,P=0.049)及梭状回(r=-0.440,P=0.028)灰质表面面积与汉密尔顿抑郁量表评分呈负相关,左侧颞中回灰质表面面积与男性MDD病程呈负相关(r=-0.419,P=0.037)。结论MDD患者灰、白质表面面积均存在性别差异,但是差异脑区并不完全重叠,这些差异脑区可能与男女性MDD患者临床表现和发病率的差异有关。     

原发性痛经患者灰质体积改变与临床指标的相关性: 基于体素形态学测量技术

目的  基于体素形态学测量技术探究原发性痛经患者脑灰质体积改变及其与临床量表评分间的相关性。方法  收集符合纳入标准的41例原发性痛经患者和41例健康对照者在月经来潮的第1~3天内进行高分辨率T1结构像扫描,并且填写痛经程度量表、COX痛经症状量表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表。采用SPM8软件在全脑水平比较灰质体积,观察两组灰质体积显著变化的脑区。结果  原发性痛经患者较健康对照脑灰质体积缩小,差异脑区主要包括：左侧眶部额中回、左侧前扣带回、右侧前扣带回（P < 0.001）,未发现灰质体积明显增加的脑区。痛经组和健康组在痛经程度量表、COX痛经症状量表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表评分的差异有统计学意义（P < 0.001）。左侧前扣带回与痛经程度量表、COX痛经症状量表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表评分存在负相关关系。结论  基于体素形态学测量技术可以准确评估原发性痛经患者脑灰质微结构改变,这些灰质体积缩小的脑区主要涉及疼痛传递、处理及情绪调节相关的脑区,其灰质体积的变化在原发性痛经疼痛的发生及持续中可能有着重要作用。     

前庭性偏头痛患者基于体素的脑灰质体积研究

目的 采用基于体素的形态分析法(voxel-based morphological analysis,VBM)分析前庭性偏头痛(vestibular migraine,VM)患者大脑灰质体积改变区域,以期提供临床病理生理方面的新思路.材料与方法 严格按照纳入标准及排除标准,招募了17例VM患者及20例健康对照组.所有受...     

Cortical thickness correlates of pain and temperature sensitivity

It is well established that there is individual variability in pain and temperature sensitivity. Functional brain imaging studies have found that interindividual heat pain variability correlates with brain activity in sensory and pain modulation areas. Thus, it is possible that these individual differences are associated with variability in gray matter thickness of cortical regions involved in thermoreception and pain. To test this, we investigated the relationship between thermal thresholds and cortical thickness in 80 healthy subjects. Subjects underwent a psychophysical session to determine their cool detection (CD), warm detection (WD), cold pain (CP), and heat pain (HP) threshold. A high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging scan was acquired for each subject. We correlated each threshold measure to cortical thickness of regions associated with thermoreception and pain. The mean (± SD) thresholds were 30.7 °C (± 0.8) for CD, 33.8 °C (± 0.7) for WD, 11.7 °C (± 9.7) for CP, and 45.3 °C (± 2.8) for HP. The brain gray matter analysis revealed a strong correlation between greater thermal and pain sensitivity and cortical thickening of the primary somatosensory cortex. Additionally, greater sensitivity to cool stimuli correlated with cortical thickening in the paracentral lobule, and greater WD correlated with cortical thinning in the anterior midcingulate cortex. We also found that greater HP sensitivity correlated with thickening in the posterior midcingulate cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex. These cortical gray matter correlates of thermal and pain sensitivity provide a neural basis for individual differences in thermal sensitivity.     

膝骨性关节炎患者脑结构和功能变化的多模态MRI

目的  联合基于体素的形态学测量（VBM）技术和静息态功能磁共振成像（rs-fMRI）技术探究膝骨性关节炎（KOA）患者静息状态下脑灰质体积、脑神经元活动强度及基于种子点的功能连接强度改变,综合分析KOA相关异常脑网络。方法  前瞻性收集30例KOA患者（KOA组）及30例健康人（HC组）的3D高分辨率T1WI像和rs-fMRI图像,采用VBM、低频振幅、功能连接3种方法分析两组间脑灰质结构和功能数据差异。结果  与HC组相比,KOA组双侧梭状回、右侧颞中回低频振幅值增高,右侧楔前叶、右侧内侧前额叶皮质、左侧额中回低频振幅值减低（体素水平P<0.005,团块水平P<0.05）;右侧楔前叶、右侧顶下小叶、右侧初级视觉皮层、左侧颞中回、左侧中央后回灰质体积减小（体素水平P<0.002,团块水平P<0.05）;以右侧楔前叶为种子点,与右侧颞中回的功能连接增强,与左侧前扣带回、左侧背外侧前额叶皮质的功能连接降低（体素水平P<0.005,团块水平P<0.05）。结论  KOA患者感知皮层系统及联合皮层系统阵营均存在血氧水平依赖信号及灰质微结构的改变且有重叠,主要涉及视觉网络、感觉运动网络、默认状态网络、执行控制网络内及默认状态网络、执行控制网络、突显网络的部分脑区间,这可能提示KOA患者不仅处于慢性疼痛的病理状态,还伴有信息整合、注意力控制、情绪反应、情感解读等功能活动的异常。     

基于体素形态学脑灰质体积改变及静息态比率低频振幅分析首发精神分裂症青年患者

目的 观察首次发病且未经治疗的精神分裂症（SZ）青年患者脑灰质体积及神经元生理活动强度变化。方法 收集首次发病且未经治疗的38例SZ青年患者（SZ组）及40名健康志愿者（对照组）,采用基于体素形态学（VBM）DARTEL法分析全脑灰质体积变化,以静息态比率低频振幅（fALFF）法分析脑神经元生理活动强度变化,提取组间有差异脑区的数据,并分析其与患者临床资料的相关性。结果 与对照组比较,SZ患者左侧额上回、右侧扣带回中部灰质体积缩小,右侧额上回、右侧额中回fALFF降低,双侧前扣带回fALFF增高。SZ患者阳性症状评分与首次发病年龄呈正相关（r=0.34,P=0.03）。结论 首次发病的SZ青年患者存在额叶及扣带回灰质结构与功能异常。     

正常婴儿与隐源性婴儿痉挛症患儿大脑皮层灰质的MR形态学定量分析

目的通过对脑灰质结构进行定量分析,寻找隐源性婴儿痉挛可能的发病部位、探讨发病机制。方法对16例平均年龄6.4个月的隐源性婴儿痉挛患儿和年龄、性别匹配的16例正常婴儿进行脑部高分辨磁共振解剖成像,借助SPM脑成像处理软件对磁共振图像进行解剖分割,用基于体素的形态学对比方法定量检测患儿组和对照组全脑灰质的体积,比较两组间的差异。结果隐源性婴儿痉挛组在左额下回(47区)、右颞上回(22区)、左中央后回(1～2区)、右额中回(9/10区)、右中央前回(6区)、右扣带回(31区),左颞中回(21区)和颞上回(38区)等灰质体积明显减少,与正常婴儿组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.001)。结论隐源性婴儿痉挛患儿额叶和颞叶的灰质体积明显减少,以额叶和颞叶为主的皮层结构异常可能是本组患儿的发病原因。     

Visual processing in patients with macular hole

Macular hole is a specific disease of the central retina that affects central visual acuity and central visual field. The purpose of this study is to investigate the alteration of visual processing in patients with macular hole who had small central scotoma. Six patients with macular hole participated in this study. We used positron emission tomography (PET) to measure task-related changes in regional cerebral blood flow to identify regions of the brain activated during visual stimulation. Three tasks were performed in each eye: control task, checkerboard task, shape-discrimination task. Checkerboard stimuli caused a greater blood flow activation response in normal eyes than in affected eyes at the occipital cortex. The area involved in the macular hole appeared to be 20 mm or more anteriorly from the occipital pole. The Shape-discrimination task in affected eyes activated angular gyrus, inferoparietal lobule, and middle frontal gyrus. Our findings demonstrated greater confidence in Horton's new retinotopic map than in Holmes' retinotopic map in cortical areas involved in macular function. The dorsal pathway of the visual system was activated more than the ventral pathway in patients with macular hole.     

Aging: compensation or maturation?

Neuroimaging studies of healthy aging often reveal differences in neural activation patterns between young and elderly groups for episodic memory tasks, even though there are no differences in behavioral performance. One explanation typically offered is that the elderly compensate for their memory deficiencies through the recruitment of additional prefrontal regions. The present study of healthy aging compared magnetoencephalographic (MEG) time-courses localized to specific cortical regions in two groups of subjects (20-29 years and >or=65 years) during a visual delayed-match-to-sample (DMS) task. MR morphometrics and neuropsychological test results were also examined with the hope of providing insight into the nature of the age-related differences. The behavioral results indicated no differences in performance between young and elderly groups. Although there was a main effect of age on the latency of the initial peak in primary/secondary visual cortex, these longer latencies were not correlated with the performance of elderly on the DMS task. The lateral occipital gyrus (LOG) revealed qualitatively different patterns of activity for the two age groups corroborated by neuropsychological test results. Morphometric results for the young versus elderly groups revealed less white (WM) and gray matter (GM) volumes in the frontal lobes of the elderly. When a group of middle-aged subjects (33-43 years) was included in the morphometric analyses, the middle-aged subjects revealed statistically greater WM volumes in frontal and parietal cortex suggesting immature WM tracts in the young. Perhaps our elderly utilized a different strategy compared to the young due to the different brain maturation levels of these groups.     

Correlation among body height, intelligence, and brain gray matter volume in healthy children

A significant positive correlation between height and intelligence has been demonstrated in children. Additionally, intelligence has been associated with the volume of gray matter in the brains of children. Based on these correlations, we analyzed the correlation among height, full-scale intelligence quotient (IQ) and gray matter volume applying voxel-based morphometry using data from the brain magnetic resonance images of 160 healthy children aged 5-18 years of age. As a result, body height was significantly positively correlated with brain gray matter volume. Additionally, the regional gray matter volume of several regions such as the bilateral prefrontal cortices, temporoparietal region, and cerebellum was significantly positively correlated with body height and that the gray matter volume of several of these regions was also significantly positively correlated with full-scale intelligence quotient (IQ) scores after adjusting for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Our results demonstrate that gray and white matter volume may mediate the correlation between body height and intelligence in healthy children. Additionally, the correlations among gray and white matter volume, height, and intelligence may be at least partially explained by the effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 and growth hormones. Given the importance of the effect of environmental factors, especially nutrition, on height, IQ, and gray matter volume, the present results stress the importance of nutrition during childhood for the healthy maturation of body and brain.     

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Is Associated With Structural Abnormalities in Pain-Related Regions of the Human Brain

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic condition that involves significant hyperalgesia of the affected limb, typically accompanied by localized autonomic abnormalities and frequently by motor dysfunction. Although central brain systems are thought to play a role in the development and maintenance of CRPS, these systems have not been well characterized. In this study, we used structural magnetic resonance imaging to characterize differences in gray matter volume between patients with right upper extremity CRPS and matched controls. Analyses were carried out using a whole brain voxel-based morphometry approach. The CRPS group showed decreased gray matter volume in several pain-affect regions, including the dorsal insula, left orbitofrontal cortex, and several aspects of the cingulate cortex. Greater gray matter volume in CRPS patients was seen in the bilateral dorsal putamen and right hypothalamus. Correlation analyses with self-reported pain were then performed on the CRPS group. Pain duration was associated with decreased gray matter in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Pain intensity was positively correlated with volume in the left posterior hippocampus and left amygdala, and negatively correlated with the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Our findings demonstrate that CRPS is associated with abnormal brain system morphology, particularly pain-related sensory, affect, motor, and autonomic systems.PerspectiveThis paper presents structural changes in the brains of patients with CRPS, helping us differentiate CRPS from other chronic pain syndromes and furthering our understanding of this challenging disease.     

精神分裂症患者大脑灰质结构异常的VBM初步分析

目的评价基于体素的形态学分析法(VBM)分析精神分裂症大脑灰质结构的价值。方法采用GE Signa Twin Speed1.5T超导型MRI成像系统,对9例精神分裂症患者和9例年龄、性别与之相匹配的正常人行全脑扫描,获取16～18层脑结构MRT1图像。数据分析采用以SPM2软件包为基础的全自动VBM技术进行处理。结果与正常对照组比较,精神分裂症患者灰质明显减少区域在双侧前扣带回、前额叶、右侧颞上回(P<0.005),且大脑灰质减少具有不对称性,前额区偏侧化系数(AIs)为 0.19,颞区为-0.50。灰质明显增多的区域在右前额叶与右枕区、左顶下小叶(P<0.005),也具有不对称性,前额区AIs为-0.77,顶叶 1.00,枕区为-0.73。结论精神分裂症患者大脑灰质结构异常。VBM法具有简便、自动化的特点,在精神分裂症脑形态结构研究方面前景广阔。