发展ID论,建立具有信息时代特征的进化理论

美国布什总统和教育大臣的支持表明P Johnson的“楔进策略”取得成功,智能设计运动将进入一个新的阶段。应当对ID运动的发展进行新一轮的“设计”,不破不立。如果说前一阶段运动主要任务是论述进化的主要机理不是什么,那么新阶段的任务将是说明它是什么。为此,首先要把生物进化现象放到整个宇宙进化的全过程中考察,在物理进化、化学进化、生物进化、文化进化的逻辑链条中发现共性和个性。其次,要把生物进化论放到人类文明进步的大背景中考察,在工业社会向信息社会过渡、物质科学范式向信息科学范式的转型中,认识ID理论的必然性和发展趋势。实现了哲学和方法学的转变(从物质哲学向信息哲学、从还原论向涌现论、从构成论向生成论),具有信息时代特征的进化理论就能建立起来。最后指出,给ID论戴上“中国造”的伪科学帽子并不科学。     

马丁·加德纳的《西方伪科学种种》

世界上的事情都是相对的,有科学,便有伪科学。所谓伪科学,是那些冒着现代科学名义的现代迷信。尤其是在与人们健康密切相关的医学领域,伪科学疗法更是层出不穷。比如说今天,就有那么多的“专治疑难杂症”、“包治癌症”……等等的街头名医,凡是现代医学尚未完全攻克的医学难题,几乎都有街头名医声称“包治”。而且可悲的是,总有些人不去相信科学,而去上当受骗。在这种情况下,读一读知识出版社1984年翻译出版的《西方伪科学种种》,相信会给你一些启迪。 《西方伪科学种种》是《科学的美国人》杂志的高级编辑马丁·加德纳在1952年编著的,原书名为     

厚道的力量

契诃夫说：有教养不是吃饭不洒汤，而是别人洒汤的时候别去看他。 有一个相似的美国俗语说：不犯过错不是稀奇事，稀奇的是别人犯错的时候别去讥笑他。 “别去看他”和“别去讥笑他”是一种做人的风范，在中国叫做“厚道”。     

厚道

契诃夫说:有教养不是吃饭不洒汤,是别人洒汤的时候别去看他。有一个相似的美国俗语说:犯过错不是稀奇事,稀奇的是别人犯错的时候,别去讥笑他。“别去看他”和“别去讥笑他”是一种做人风范,在中国叫作“厚道”。厚道不是方法,虽然可以当方法训练自己。它是人的本性。厚道之于人,是在什么也没做之中做了很大的事情,契诃夫称之为“教养”。     

中医何必谈“科学”

中西医争论的焦点是中医是否是科学.取消中医一方认为中医是伪科学,列数其斑斑"恶行";坚持中医一方认为中医是科学的,罗列其种种功用.但在强大的西医攻势面前,中医不免露怯,极力想证明自己是科学的.本人对中医和西医都七窍通了六窍,凭自己的经验也无法说到底哪一种更好,但一直有个问题我搞不明白,那就是中医为什么非要成为科学?不是科学就不是中医了吗?     

养生中的伪科学

当今社会，人们普遍讲科学，并用科学的理论来指导自己的生活和养生。不过，有些人在不知不觉中又陷入了一种新的迷信，这就是对“伪科学”的迷信。     

当心伪科学

所谓伪科学,是相对于科学而言的,它的最大危害便是打着“科学”的幌子,扯虎皮作大旗。比起那些“跳神拜佛,胡乱作法”的愚昧迷信来,危害更大,更严重。这几年,伪科学的确是大出风头,不得不让人刮目相看,甚至有许多人顶礼膜拜。一会儿是“水变油”的发明震动神州大地,一会儿是气功遥感预测卫星着地的神奇;一会儿是“永动机”的难题被彻底攻克。至于在医药卫生领域,伪科学的招数更是层出不穷。像什么“外气治疗百病”;     

生男生女 与射精快慢不相干

奥巴马当选美国总统,许多人感觉到的是美国社会变得更宽容,种族歧视少了,只要有才,出身平凡、有非洲裔黑人血统的人同样能得到选民的支持,这也的确说明“美国是一个一切皆有可能的地方。”可我在酒桌上还听到这样的玩笑调侃说：“又是一位早泄的美国总统。”说这话的原因是在一些人中间流传着这样一种不科学的说法——“早泄的生女儿”,奥巴马全家照片显示他有两个女儿,     

人应当有点游戏之心

里根总统遭刺客狙击后,却对风风火火跑来的南希夫人说:“因为我躲的不灵巧,被子弹打中了呀！”临动手术时,他对医师说:“你大概是支持共和党的吧?”他的话多幽默,好像他经历的不是杀身之祸,面对的不是生死攸关,而却像是在游戏。在美国那种剑拔弩张的社会里,为了避免人与人之间的关系过分紧张,人们学会了幽默和语言的游戏。     

美国人这样献血

两年前,我刚到旧金山的时候,我的同事兰顿带我熟悉公司情况。在大楼门口,突然有人叫他的名字,原来是停在楼外的采血车里的一位女士在叫他,看来他们已经很熟悉了。兰顿对我说:“我马上回来。”然后就往采血车走。我叫住他问道:“你要去献血?你怎么不做什么准备?谁照顾你?你多少天后再来上班?”他笑着说:“第一,我任何时候都可以献血;第二,我不需要照顾;第三,我马上回来。”他看我仍然站在那里,安慰我说:“这不是什么大事,别担心。”美国早已全部实行无偿献血,献血完全是自愿和义务的。一个人献血所得到的“报酬”仅仅是几块点心和一杯果汁。(…     

A simple guide to chaos and complexity

The concepts of complexity and chaos are being invoked with increasing frequency in the health sciences literature. However, the concepts underpinning these concepts are foreign to many health scientists and there is some looseness in how they have been translated from their origins in mathematics and physics, which is leading to confusion and error in their application. Nonetheless, used carefully, "complexity science" has the potential to invigorate many areas of health science and may lead to important practical outcomes; but if it is to do so, we need the discipline that comes from a proper and responsible usage of its concepts. Hopefully, this glossary will go some way towards achieving that objective.     

智能设计理论在批评、打击和压制中成长

从科学范式的负面影响着手,说明ID运动的发展必然是一个艰难的过程。它在批评、打击、压制中成长壮大,至今已经在科学界、教育界、哲学界、政界得到较为普遍的支持。作者试图说明,在信息时代,更新一个半世纪以来物质科学及其哲学观念孕育的进化理论,是历史的必然。     

Young People with Intellectual Disability Talking About Sexuality Education and Information

When young people with intellectual disability (ID) begin to explore their sexuality they face a number of challenges accessing information and support. Unlike most of their non-disabled peers, young people with ID face the challenge of developing their sexuality and relationships within a narrow and regulated social and private life. For young men with ID their sexuality is often pathologised and for young women there is a focus on hygiene, self-protection, and pregnancy. For both young men and young women, their education is dominated by a biological focus and taught as ‘rules’. Mainstream sexuality education curriculum has progressed to a more holistic approach. This holistic approach is missing from programs experienced by young people with ID. In this study we spoke to young people with ID about their experiences and opinions of the effectiveness of sexuality education. Gender-specific focus groups were conducted with 14 young men and 11 young women with ID attending transition programs in Australia. Qualitative data were analysed using a constant comparative method informed by Grounded Theory and highlighted three issues: (1) the young people knew facts and rules but not the ‘how to’ of relationships and sex (2) access to information was limited and mediated by risk averse informants (3) the young people were full of unanswered questions - they wanted to know more and do more.     

Fractal-feature distance analysis of contrast-detail phantom image and meaning of pseudo fractal dimension and complexity

The purposes of our studies are to examine whether or not fractal-feature distance deduced from virtual volume method can simulate observer performance indices and to investigate the physical meaning of pseudo fractal dimension and complexity. Contrast-detail (C-D) phantom radiographs were obtained at various mAs values (0.5-4.0 mAs) and 140 kVp with a computed radiography system, and the reference image was acquired at 13 mAs. For all C-D images, fractal analysis was conducted using the virtual volume method that was devised with a fractional Brownian motion model. The fractal-feature distances between the considered and reference images were calculated using pseudo fractal dimension and complexity. Further, we have performed the C-D analysis in which ten radiologists participated, and compared the fractal-feature distances with the image quality figures (IQF). To clarify the physical meaning of the pseudo fractal dimension and complexity, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and standard deviation (SD) of images noise were calculated for each mAs and compared with the pseudo fractal dimension and complexity, respectively. A strong linear correlation was found between the fractal-feature distance and IQF. The pseudo fractal dimensions became large as CNR increased. Further, a linear correlation was found between the exponential complexity and image noise SD.     

Homelessness—‘It will crumble men’: The views of staff and service users about facilitating the identification and support of people with an intellectual disability in homeless services

People with an intellectual disability (ID) face significant health inequalities and barriers to accessing appropriate support, which are made worse if the person is also homeless. An important barrier is that services may not recognise that the person has ID. This qualitative study explored the views of staff members and service users about the identification and support needs of homeless people with ID and the role of an ID screening questionnaire as a way to help improve service provision. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 16 staff members and 8 service users from homeless services in the South East of Scotland between March 2017 and 2018. Thematic analysis identified four themes: ‘not diagnosed or declared’, which explored the barriers to support due to the person's ID not being identified by others or disclosed by the person; ‘It will crumble men’, which reported on the additional challenges faced by homeless people with ID; ‘disabling environment’ which identified the ways in which organisations can make support difficult for people with ID to access; and ‘It's not against them, it's to help them’ which explored the benefits and issues associated with screening for ID in homeless services. The results identified the complex support needs likely to be experienced by many homeless people with ID and suggested a number of implications for practice. First, the screening tool was seen as having a number of benefits, if used where there is a process to provide the person with further specialist assessment and support. Second, staff members identified a need for training in relation to identifying and supporting this group of people. Third, the screening tool was seen as a way to help provide information about the prevalence and needs of people with ID, in order to inform and shape policy, service development, and delivery.     

The Incredible Case of the Shrinking Penis: A Koro-Like Syndrome in an Person with Intellectually Disability

The rare syndrome of Koro is presented in a case of an individual with intellectual disability (ID) and fixated pedophilia. No prior cases of Koro-like symptoms have been reported in an ID population. The Koro-like symptom of a disappearing penis developed when a male with fixated Pedophilia tried to explore and limit his deviant arousal. He reported that a baby, inside his head, forced his compliance to engage in infant/child-like activities with the threat that it would shrink his penis if he did not comply. This experience was finally managed by focusing on him engaging in his “new me” behavior of being an assertive leader which contributed to a rapid restabilization. The dynamics of the Koro-like symptom could be understood as a tactic used by an internalized imaginary companion, which embodied the entrenched deviant arousal, to resisted modification.     

Faut-il mettre un interne en infectiologie transversale ? L’expérience au centre hospitalier régional et universitaire de Lille

Infectious diseases specialist consultants are usually senior physicians. At the Lille University Hospital, it was decided to associate an infectious disease (ID) resident to this remote infectious disease activity to improve his training in this field. He visited the emergency department daily, participated in weekly multidisciplinary meetings with medical staff, and was in first line to answer the phone which is the usual means for hospital doctors to ask specific questions. It was a very instructive experience for an ID resident because of the diversity of clinical cases in other departments and he often had to refer to medical literature. However, being a remote consultant could be difficult for an ID resident. He might be less well considered than a senior physician by the other specialists. To conclude, a remote infectious disease consultant can be an ID resident if he is experienced and supervised by a senior physician.     

A new approach to the design of information systems for foodservice management in health care facilities

An organizational framework for integrating foodservice data into an information system for management decision making is presented. The framework involves the application to foodservice of principles developed by the disciplines of managerial economics and accounting, mathematics, computer science, and information systems. The first step is to conceptualize a foodservice system from an input-output perspective, in which inputs are units of resources available to managers and outputs are servings of menu items. Next, methods of full cost accounting, from the management accounting literature, are suggested as a mechanism for developing and assigning costs of using resources within a foodservice operation. Then matrix multiplication is used to illustrate types of information that matrix data structures could make available for management planning and control when combined with a conversational mode of computer programming.