Ⅱ期原位皮瓣尿道成型治疗阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂26例体会

目的 探讨Ⅱ期原位皮瓣尿道成型术治疗阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂的临床疗效,提高先天性尿道下裂患者的手术治疗水平。方法 将2011年1月至2016年1月收治的26例阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂患者采取Ⅰ期阴茎伸直,包皮行阴茎腹侧皮瓣转移,6个月后行Ⅱ期原位皮瓣尿道成型术治疗尿道下裂。结果 26例患者中2例出现尿道狭窄,经规律尿道扩张后排尿症状改善;1例出现吻合口尿瘘,6个月后修补成功;所有病例均随访2~3年,排尿通畅,疗效满意。结论 原位皮瓣尿道成形,保证了成形尿道血供,降低了吻合口张力,具有损伤小,术后水肿轻,尿瘘、尿道狭窄发生率较低等优点,可有效提高手术疗效。     

口腔黏膜管及阴囊皮瓣分期修复成年人严重型尿道下裂

目的 总结口腔黏膜卷管游离移植及阴囊皮瓣修复成年人严重型尿道下裂的疗效.方法 应用口腔黏膜卷管游离移植预制远段尿道,二期进行吻接,同时应用以阴囊动脉为蒂的阴囊中隔皮瓣或阴囊筋膜皮瓣修复创面,皮瓣最宽3 cm,最长6.5 cm.结果 2002年1月至2007年12月,治疗成年人严重型尿道下裂患者76例,除4例并发感染、2例出现阴囊皮瓣远端血运障碍而形成尿漏,术后2～4周内自行愈合外,其余患者均一期愈合.结论 应用口腔黏膜卷管游离移植预制远段尿道,二期尿道吻接、应用阴囊皮瓣修复阴茎创面,是治疗成年人严重型尿道下裂的较好方法.     

阴囊前动、静脉血管蒂阴囊岛状皮瓣修复尿道下裂

目的 为尿道下裂的二次修复提供一种新的可靠的手术方法。方法 自１９９６年以来，我们设计了阴囊前动、静脉为血管蒂的阴囊岛状皮瓣，用于尿道下裂的修复。结果 用于７例，均获成功。结论 以阴囊前动、静脉为血管蒂的阴囊岛状皮瓣血运可靠、带有感觉、有潜在的生长能力，是治疗失败或困难型尿道下裂再次修复的一种较好的手术方法。     

阴囊纵隔皮瓣与阴囊中厚皮片对合移植Ⅰ期修复重型尿道下裂

目的探索一种可行的安全可靠的手术方法修复尿道,矫正重型尿道下裂畸形。方法对于严重型尿道下裂而阴囊发育正常的患者,运用阴囊纵隔岛状皮瓣同时对合取舍自阴囊的中厚皮片移植,Ⅰ期修复尿道治疗尿道下裂畸形。结果共计15例,术后随访1年,包括阴茎近端和阴茎阴囊及阴囊型尿道下裂,Ⅰ期完成治疗,治疗效果良好,没有尿道狭窄和尿瘘等并发症发生,手术后的尿道外口正位于阴茎头中央,阴茎矫直,无偏曲,排尿尿线直,尿道镜检查再造尿道内壁平整光滑。结论利用阴囊纵隔瓣对合阴囊中厚皮片Ⅰ期成形尿道,完成严重型尿道下裂的修复,效果可靠,操作简单,对合技术同时综合了皮片和皮瓣再造尿道的优点,并且能充分保证矫正阴茎下弯畸形,取得再造阴茎外观和功能上的满意疗效,是一种较理想的治疗手段。     

阴囊纵隔皮瓣一期修复尿道下裂体会

目的:探讨一次性修复尿道下裂的手术疗效。方法：利用阴囊纵隔皮瓣再造尿道,一次性修复尿道下裂。结果：我们对28例4岁－16岁的儿童应用此手术方法,先先天性尿道下裂一期修复术,除有一例发生尿瘘、二期修复外,其余均获成功。其中对21例进行了3个月－12个月的随访,未见并发症发生。结论：用阴囊纵隔皮瓣一次性修复悄道下裂,为重建尿道提供了可靠的血供保证,减少了并发症的发生,达到了一定的美学效果。去除了病人因身体缺陷而承受的心理负担。     

Combined buccal mucosa graft and local flap for urethral reconstruction in various forms of hyposapdias

PURPOSE: Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital deformities in the male urogenital system. Although there are more than 250 techniques for treating hypospadias, it is often difficult to repair severe hypospadias using conventional methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We combined a buccal mucosa graft with a local onlay flap for urethral reconstruction in cases of severe hypospadias or a failed previous operation. A total of 162 patients with hypospadias (glandular 11, penile 40, penoscrotal 49, scrotal 34 and perineal 28) were treated between July 2000 and November 2003. For patients whose urethral meatus was perineal 2 treatment steps were taken. First, we used the aforementioned method to construct the penile urethra, and then we constructed the scrotal and perineal urethra with a local flap. RESULTS: Of the 134 nonperineal cases 127 were managed successfully in 1 stage, and 26 of 28 perineal cases were managed successfully in 2 stages. Most patients had a satisfactory penile appearance. A urethral fistula resulted in 8 cases, of which 4 closed spontaneously within 1 month postoperatively. Meatal stenosis occurred in 1 case. CONCLUSIONS: This technique is simple, safe and reliable, especially in cases of failed previous operation or for salvage hypospadias repair with deficient local tissue.     

改良阴囊纵隔皮瓣一期修复尿道下裂(附16例报告)

目的：探讨应用改良阴囊纵隔皮瓣一期修复尿道下裂的可行性。方法：对16例尿道下裂患者采用改良阴囊纵隔皮瓣一期修复术。结果：除1例并发尿瘘外，余15例均获痊愈，尿道无狭窄，阴茎阴囊角正常，阴茎伸展自如。结论：改良阴囊纵隔皮瓣血运良好，一期治疗尿道下裂疗效确切，操作简单。     

带蒂阴茎、阴囊纵隔联合皮瓣正位尿道开口Ⅰ期尿道下裂成形术

目的 :探讨带蒂阴茎、阴囊纵隔联合皮瓣正位尿道开口Ⅰ期尿道下裂成形术的临床应用。　方法 :对 14 9例不同类型尿道下裂病人分别行带蒂阴茎、阴囊纵隔联合皮瓣正位尿道开口Ⅰ期成形术 ,并改进了引流形式。　结果 :一次排尿成功 12 2例 ,出现漏尿、包皮水肿 2 7例 ,其中尿道皮肤瘘 3例。　结论 :该手术方式适用于严重阴茎头型、阴茎型、轻度阴囊型的尿道下裂。该术式操作简单 ,易于掌握 ,但应注意术后感染的预防及引流管的护理     

重复应用阴囊纵隔皮瓣修复首次手术失败的尿道下裂

目的探讨首次手术失败后的尿道下裂再修复方法. 方法 1998年10月～2002年10月,再次采用阴囊纵隔皮瓣再造形成尿道,修复首次手术失败的阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂8例,患儿年龄4～8岁. 结果 8例术后皮瓣全部成活,再造的尿道宽大、通畅.随访6～12个月,阴茎形态及排尿状况良好,无并发症发生. 结论阴囊纵隔皮瓣是修复首次手术失败后尿道下裂的一种可行术式,手术方法简便易行,值得推广应用.     

尿道口蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣一期修复尿道下裂(附18例报告)

目的：探讨应用尿道口蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣一期修复尿道下裂的可行性,方法：对18例尿道下裂患者采用尿道口蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣一期修复,结果：除1例并发尿瘘外,余17例均获痊愈,尿道无狭窄,阴茎阴囊角正常,阴茎伸展自如。结论：尿道口蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣血运良好。一期治疗尿道下裂疗效确切,操作简单。     

冻干脱细胞膀胱黏膜下基质在尿道下裂修复中的临床应用

目的在动物实验的基础上,将异体脱细胞膀胱黏膜下基质用于修复阴茎型尿道下裂患者,以初步了解其临床疗效。方法我们采用反复冻融—酶法获得了同种异体人脱细胞膀胱黏膜下基质,于2004年将其试用于3例尿道下裂患者的治疗。结果一期手术2例,尿线粗、直,无尿瘘,无散射;术后1年随访,阴茎无下弯,无尿痛、尿瘘,尿线粗,尿流测定仪及尿道镜检查未见异常。二期手术1例,远端尿道未见狭窄及闭锁。结论同种异体脱细胞膀胱黏膜下基质是一种有前途的较为理想的尿道组织修复替代材料,远期效果还有待继续进行严密仔细的观察。     

Modified vascularized pedicled scrotal flap for complex hypospadias.

Surgical correction of complex hypospadias defects is a problem. A 1-stage technique using a scrotal septum pedicled skin flap was used in 7 patients with inadequate preputial skin and scarred ventral penile skin unsuitable for satisfactory repair. The results were satisfactory in 5 patients. Distal urethral stricture developed in the remaining 2 patients and 1 of them had a subcoronal urethrocutaneous fistula. Minor hair growth was noted in 1 patient. The pedicled scrotal septum flap is recommended in selected cases of complex hypospadias, particularly when other methods fail.     

联合应用包皮与阴囊独立皮瓣一期修复尿道下裂的探讨

目的：探讨阴囊及会阴型尿道下裂患者一期修复重建尿道的新术式。方法：联合应用包 阴囊两独立带蒂皮瓣施行尿道重建术一期修复阴囊及会阴型尿道下裂患者１３例。结果：１１例获得成功。２例术后出现尿瘘,其中１例经尿道扩张治疗。３周后尿瘘愈合,另１例行二期尿道成形术后尿瘘痊愈。结论：联合应用包皮与阴囊两独立皮瓣重建尿道的优势明显,更我的集中了目前治疗阴囊及会阴型尿道下裂众多术式的优点。获得满意疗效。     

The use of scrotal septal neurovascular pedicle island skin flap in one-stage repair of hypospadias

A scrotal septum neurovascular pedicle skin flap was successfully used in one-stage repair of hypospadias in 30 patients with encouraging results. The hairless median scrotal skin flap, with the scrotal septum attached, rich in neurovascular plexus and with the flap tip continuous with the external urethral orifice, is ideal material for creating a new penile urethra without interference to its blood supply. Operative technique and clinical analysis are detailed.     

治疗先天性尿道下裂术式的比较

目的和方法：对 １８７ 例先天性尿道下裂的病人，其中阴茎型尿道下裂７６ 例（４０．６４％ ），阴茎阴囊型 １０２ 例（５４．５５％ ），会阴型９ 例（４．８１％ ）。用四种尿道下裂矫正术进行治疗。　结果：治疗结果表明，１１０ 例膀胱粘膜尿道成形术有很高的成功率，一次手术成功者１０５ 例（９５．５％ ）。同时发现膀胱粘膜极易成活，瘢痕挛缩引起的尿道狭窄少见，组织结构更符合生理解剖的要求。　结论：作者对长段尿道缺损中采用皮管与粘膜管结合法或采用粘膜补片法均取得良好的效果，从而拓宽了膀胱粘膜的应用范围。     

隧道法加阴囊旋转皮瓣修复尿道下裂

目的 探讨尿道下裂手术方法。方法 1992年-2000年对42例尿道下裂在一期术后的基础上,采用阴茎皮下隧道法,膀胱粘膜及阴囊正中皮瓣尿道成形,阴囊旋转皮瓣覆盖切口的手术,正位修复尿道下裂,结果 42例中1例术后7天发生尿瘘,3个月后再次采用阴囊旋转皮瓣修复后治愈,其余均手术成功,成功率为97.6%,无尿道狭窄等并发症发生。结论 隧道法加阴囊旋转皮瓣修复尿道下裂的手术方法成功率高,并发症少,值得临床推广使用。     

Treatment of severe scrotal hypospadias with onlay-type urethroplasty using mouth mucosa

Failure in repairing severe hypospadias complicated with fistula and cutaneous retraction is often associated with lack of subcutaneous tissue and skin providing protection to the neourethra. We report the results of treatment in 6 patients with scrotal hypospadias with severe deviation and scarce dorsal prepuce. A neourethra was created by the onlay technique applying an oral mucosa graft and preserving in all cases the dorsal preputial skin for the island cutaneous flap. All patients had hypospadias without previous repairs excepting one of them, who had had one first time hypospadias repair in other hospital. Patients age ranged between 2 years and 3 months, and 4 years (mean: 2 years and 9 months). In all cases, hypospadias was scrotal type with severe deviation and scarce dorsal prepuce. All patients had prior hormone stimulation with dehydrotestosterone 3%. Surgical repair was performed in one-stage. Urethroplasty included preservation of the urethral plate, oral mucosa graft to provide ventral coverage, and island cutaneous flap with the dorsal preputial skin. In all cases, the chord was dissected behind the urethral plate. In 3 patients a dorsal Nesbit plication was necessary to obtain a complete straighten penis. Results in all 6 cases were satisfactory. Only one patient had a small leakage at the previous neomeatus. The other five patients are asymptomatic. Follow-up ranges from 6 months to 2 years. We conclude that urethroplasty in association with a well vascularized island flap of dorsal preputial skin decrease the incidence of fistulae. In patients with severe hypospadias with scarce dorsal prepuce urethroplasty should be completed with oral mucosa grafts preserving dorsal preputial skin for the ventral cutaneous plasty.     

Tubularized longitudinal island flap of the mucosa and skin on the dorsum of the penis in the treatment of hypospadias: experience from 176 cases

OBJECTIVE: To report the result of the treatment of hypospadias using tubularized longitudinal island flap of the mucosa and skin on the dorsum of the penis. METHODS: Between January 1995 and December 2003, 176 patients were operated on using this technique. Among them, 124 patients had penile hypospadias, 35 had the penoscrotal form, four had the scrotal form and three patients had the perineal form. After removing the whole chordee, a longitudinal pedicle island flap of mucosa and skin was created. The flap was transposed to the ventral side of the penis by the buttonhole manoeuvre, and anastomosed to the meatus. The flap was tubularized creating a neourethra. RESULTS: The length of urethral defect varied from 1.5 to 10 cm (mean, 3.5 cm). The single longitudinal flap was used in 171 patients. The combination of a longitudinal flap and a local flap was used in five patients. Fistulae occurred in 13 patients (7.4%). Torsion of the penile axis did not occur in any patient. All children voided with a single straight urinary stream, and had a normal appearance of the meatus. CONCLUSION: The technique has a low fistula occurrence rate and a good cosmetic result.     

Two‐stage repair with buccal mucosa for severe and complicated hypospadias in adults

Objectives: To report the outcomes of two‐stage repair for adult hypospadias using a buccal mucosa graft as a tube. Methods: A total of 57 adult patients who underwent surgery for severe urethral defect at our institution from January 2002 to March 2010 were included in this analysis. The urethroplasty procedure included penile urethra reconstruction with the buccal mucosa graft used as a tube in the first stage, anastomosis of the unobstructed urethra in the second stage and a scrotal fascio‐cutaneous flap transferred to resurface the reconstructed urethra for waterproofing. Results: No complications occurred after the first stage, whereas postoperative infections occurred in six cases and distal necrosis of the scrotal flap occurred in two cases after the second stage. All eight of these patients had the complication of urethrocutaneous fistula, which healed after 2–4 weeks by cleaning and changing dressings in six patients. Twelve patients complained of straining at voiding in the early postoperative period. However, nine of these patients had an obvious increase in maximum flow rate without any intervention 3 months after the operation. Follow up ranged from 6 to 62 months (mean 28 months) in 46 patients. Most of the patients presented terminal meatus, no chordee, no urethral stricture and normal voiding. The majority of patients achieved excellent cosmetic and functional results. Conclusions: A buccal mucosa graft as a tube is a reliable and durable method of two‐stage repair for severe and complicated hypospadias in adults. The use of scrotal flaps seems to contribute to a good vascularized waterproof cover.     

Split onlay skin flap for the salvage hypospadias repair

PURPOSE: Following failed hypospadias repair absence of the penile foreskin, a shortage of ventral skin and residual chordee may all contribute to poor long-term results. We describe a technique called the split onlay skin (SOS) flap that has improved our surgical outcomes in boys requiring salvage hypospadias repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The SOS flap uses a transverse island of penile shaft skin that is mobilized on its vascular pedicle and rotated into position to the ventrum of the penis at the site of the urethral defect. The flap is transected transversely, and half of the flap is used as an onlay to repair the urethra and the other half is used for additional skin coverage where needed on the penile shaft. We treated 11 boys 30 to 124 months old (mean age 60.3 months) who had a mean of 2 previous failed hypospadias repairs. All 11 boys presented with complex combinations of urethrocutaneous fistulas, stricture or urethral diverticula. RESULTS: Of the 11 patients 6 (54.5%) had development of postoperative fistulas. Five of these fistulas were surgically closed with no further complications. One penoscrotal fistula closed spontaneously after 7 months. Mild chordee from contraction of the flap and a urethral diverticulum developed in 1 boy. At a mean followup of 24.5 months all patients, including those who underwent closure of the secondary fistula, were voiding well with excellent appearance. CONCLUSIONS: In cases where little local tissue is present the SOS flap procedure is an excellent way to transfer healthy dorsal tissue to the ventrum for an onlay salvage urethroplasty while providing additional coverage of the urethral defect and a tension-free skin closure. Despite the high fistula rate we encountered following the initial SOS procedure, we endorse this technique because the transferred dartos provides additional tissue, which facilitates subsequent fistula repair. These boys can achieve a successful cosmetic result without incorporation of scrotal tissue or a free graft, which we believe leads to more predictable results.