骨髓基质细胞对共培养条件下的脊髓源性神经干细胞分化为胆碱能神经元的诱导

目的：研究骨髓基质细胞对共培养条件下脊髓源性神经干细胞分化为胆碱能神经元的情况。方法：从孕龄13 d的胚胎大鼠脊髓组织中分离神经干细胞,采用含EGF及bFGF的无血清限定性培养基培养,并通过与骨髓基质细胞进行共培养,观察脊髓源神经干细胞向胆碱能神经元分化的情况,用细胞免疫荧光染色鉴定分化结果。结果：从胚胎脊髓中分离得到大量的神经干细胞,通过限定性培养基培养可获得干细胞球,与骨髓基质细胞共培养可被诱导分化,用细胞免疫荧光染色鉴定,可见有胆碱能神经元生成。结论：胚胎大鼠脊髓源神经干细胞在添加EGF与bFGF的限定性培养基中可以增殖并保持稳定的性状,在与骨髓基质细胞共培养时,可以被诱导分化为胆碱能神经元。     

可注射藻酸盐支架与人骨髓基质干细胞的体外复合培养*☆

背景：目前可注射组织工程骨的研究主要限于动物实验,若人骨髓基质干细胞与藻酸盐生物相容性良好,可注射组织工程骨将是极具前途的临床治疗手段。 目的：体外观察人骨髓基质干细胞与可注射支架藻酸钙凝胶的生物相容性。 方法：实验组将第2代人骨髓基质干细胞与藻酸钙凝胶复合培养,对照组单纯接种骨髓基质干细胞。倒置相差显微镜、扫描电镜观察各组细胞形态及增殖情况,MTT法半定量检测细胞增殖情况。 结果与结论：倒置显微镜下见实验组细胞生长良好,与对照组无明显差异。扫描电镜见骨髓基质干细胞在藻酸钙表面贴附、增殖良好,第6天时细胞已跨越微孔表面或向孔内生长。MTT法显示与对照组相比,实验组细胞增殖能力不受影响。结果初步表明藻酸钙与人骨髓基质干细胞体外生物相容性较好。      

Nucleostemin is a marker of proliferating stromal stem cells in adult human bone marrow

The identification of stem cell-specific proteins and the elucidation of their novel regulatory pathways may help in the development of protocols for control of their self-renewal and differentiation for cell-based therapies. Nucleostemin is a recently discovered nucleolar protein predominantly associated with proliferating rat neural and embryonic stem cells, and some human cancer cell lines. A comprehensive study of nucleostemin in human adult bone marrow stem cells is lacking. The aim of the study was to determine if nucleostemin is synthesized by adult bone marrow stem cells and to analyze its expression during their expansion and differentiation. Using a multipotential adherent population of stem cells, nucleostemin was localized to the nucleoli and occurred in 43.3% of the cells. There was a high level of expression of nucleostemin mRNA in bone marrow stem cells and this remained unchanged over time during cell expansion in culture. When bone marrow stem cells were stimulated to proliferate by fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, nucleostemin expression increased in a dose-dependent manner. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of nucleostemin abolished the proliferative effect of FGF-2. When bone marrow stem cells were differentiated into chondrocytes, adipocytes, or osteocytes, nucleostemin expression was 70%-90% lower than in the undifferentiated cells retained in monolayer culture. We conclude that nucleostemin is a marker of undifferentiated human adult bone marrow stem cells and that it is involved in the regulation of proliferation of these cells.     

大鼠成体骨髓干细胞在肾小管上皮细胞再生中的作用

目的：观察肾小管上皮细胞的更新、再生有无来源于骨髓干细胞。方法:建立性别不匹配大鼠间的骨髓移植和肾脏移植模型，通过激光切割技术，将肾小管上皮细胞切割下来，提取其基因组DNA，用针对大鼠Y染色体上性别决定基因（Sry基因）的引物进行PCR反应，以观察提取的DNA中有无Sry基因。结果:据PCR反应结果，在2种模型所取标本的肾小管上皮细胞中，大部分可见Sry基因的存在。结论:骨髓干细胞可能是肾小管上皮细胞再生的一个来源。     

体外心肌细胞共培养诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞的分化

目的 探讨体外心肌细胞间接接触共培养诱导骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)向心肌样细胞分化的效果,以寻找最佳的诱导条件。 方法 2~3周龄SD大鼠24只和新生1~3d SD大鼠96只。分别通过全骨髓贴壁筛选法和差速贴壁法获取BMSCs和心肌细胞（CMs）。根据诱导条件不同分成3组：A组：5-氮杂胞苷（5-Aza-CR）诱导组,取采用10μmol/L 5-Aza-CR避光诱导24h;B组：共培养CMs诱导组,实验开始时,CMs和BMSCs分开培养,待各自贴壁后进行共培养;C组：5-Aza-CR+共培养CMs诱导组,CMs接种于Transwell小室上层,下层接种5-Aza-CR诱导的BMSCs。在相差显微镜下连续观察各组BMSCs的形态变化,诱导至第2、4周时收集细胞。应用免疫组织化学法和免疫荧光方法检测诱导后的BMSCs α-横纹肌肌动蛋白（α-actin）和心肌肌钙蛋白T（cTnT）的表达情况。 结果 1.细胞形态的变化： B组细胞有聚集生长趋势,C组脱落或降解的细胞明显少于A组,但部分细胞内有脂肪空泡形成。2.免疫组织化学和免疫荧光检测结果均显示,诱导2周时,A、B、C组cTnT均呈阴性或低表达,α-actin均呈弱表达;诱导4周时各组cTnT和α-actin均呈阳性表达。A组cTnT阳性表达率和α-actin阳性表达率分别为（20.22±2.30）%和（28.05±2.45）%、B组为（21.18±1.30）%和（29.06±1.86）%、C组为（26.28±2.89）%和（33.91±2.18）%,且C组与A、B组比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）,但A组与B组组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。 结论 体外心肌细胞间接接触共培养可以诱导BMSCs向心肌样细胞分化,和5-Aza-CR共同诱导可提高诱导率。     

脂肪基质干细胞和骨髓基质干细胞的体外分化能力

背景：脂肪基质干细胞和骨髓基质干细胞具有很多相似的生物学特性。 目的：比较脂肪基质干细胞和骨髓基质干细胞与受损PC12细胞分别共培养后定向分化能力的差异。 方法：分别分离培养脂肪组织来源和骨髓组织来源的基质干细胞,取第5代细胞进行实验,2种细胞分别与正常或受损PC12细胞培养上清液共培养,或仅单独培养。 结果与结论：脂肪基质干细胞和骨髓基质干细胞均表达较高水平的CD44和CD29,而后者表达的CD45、CD56在前者几乎未检测到。单独培养的2种细胞均表达较高水平的Nanog、Oct4、Sox2,不表达神经元特异性烯醇酶。其中经受损PC12细胞干预的2种细胞Nanog、Oct4、Sox2表达水平显著降低,而脂肪基质干细胞中神经元特异性烯醇酶阳性细胞数更多,提示受损PC12细胞对于脂肪基质干细胞可能具有更强的诱导分化作用。     

Endometrial stromal cells regulate epithelial cell growth in vitro: a new co-culture model

The regulation of epithelial cell function and morphogenesis by the paracrine effectors from the mesenchyme or stroma has been well established using in-vivo studies. A more complete understanding of these relationships has been delayed due, in part, to a lack of appropriate co-culture models. In this study, we describe a co-culture model which demonstrates that normal paracrine relationships can be reconstituted in vitro and that human endometrial stromal cells regulate both growth and differentiation of primary human endometrial epithelial cells. Interesting differences in the proliferation of stromal and epithelial cells were noted in response to the basement membrane extract, Matrigel((R)). Exposure of stromal cells to Matrigel((R)) enhanced the paracrine capacity of these cells in vitro. When epithelial cells were co-cultured in contact with stromal cells embedded in Matrigel((R)), epithelial cell growth was inhibited by 65-80% compared to controls. Stromal cells in contact with Matrigel((R)) also regulated epithelial cell differentiation, as shown by induction of glycodelin expression. These co-culture studies show great promise as a method to investigate the cellular interactions between endometrial stromal and epithelial cells and their environment and to understand the molecular basis for the regulation of normal growth and differentiation of cells within complex tissues such as the endometrium.     

骨髓基质细胞-成骨细胞复合培养体系的建立

背景：在骨修复和重建过程中,成骨细胞和骨髓基质细胞是主要功能细胞,二者存在着密切的功能联系。 目的：通过骨髓基质细胞-成骨细胞共育体系的建立,观察共育体系中两种细胞之间的功能影响及生物学特点。 方法：原代分离人骨髓基质细胞和人成骨细胞,将2种细胞置于Transwell共育环境中共同培养,建立人骨髓基质细胞-成骨细胞共育体系。分别采用MTT、丫啶橙染色、碱性磷酸酶活性检测等方法初步评价共育体系中两种细胞增殖、凋亡及功能改变情况。 结果与结论：在复合培养体系中,骨髓基质细胞-成骨细胞共育体系能够促进成骨细胞的增殖与碱性磷酸酶的活性,同时抑制骨髓基质细胞的凋亡,促进骨髓基质细胞的趋化聚集。结果提示在复合培养体系中, 骨髓基质细胞能够加速成骨细胞的增殖及成骨活性,另外成骨细胞也可减少骨髓基质细胞的凋亡,并加强其成骨性分化的作用。两者之间具有较为紧密的影响和功能联系。     

Modulation of the migration and differentiation potential of adult bone marrow stromal stem cells by nitric oxide

Nitric oxide (NO) is a diffusible free radical, which serves as a pluripotent intracellular messenger in numerous cell systems. NO has been demonstrated to regulate actin dependent cellular functions and functions as a putative inductive agent in directing stem cells differentiation. In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenous NO on the kinetics of movement and morphological changes in adult bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in a wound healing model of cellular migration. Cellular migration and morphological changes were determined by measurement of changes in the area and fractal dimension of BMSCs monolayer as a function of time in the presence of an NO donor (S-Nitroso-N-Acetyl-D,l-Penicillamine, SNAP) compared to untreated BMSCs. Response of the BMSCs’ actin cytoskeleton and desmin to NO was assessed by determining changes in their integrated optical density (IOD) and fractal dimension at 24 h and 7 days. NO suppressed BMSCs’ migration accompanied by a reduction in cell size, with maintenance of their stellate to polygonal morphology. In response to NO, the actin cytoskeleton expressed an increase in randomness but maintained a constant amount of F-actin relative to the cell size. The presence of NO also induced an increase in randomly organized cytoplasmic desmin. These data suggest that NO has an apparent inductive effect on adult BMSCs and is capable of initiating phenotypic change at the gross cellular, cytoskeletal and molecular levels. It is apparent, however, that additional factors or conditions are required to further drive the differentiation of adult BMSCs into specific phenotypes, such as cardiomyocytes.     

Generation of neuroprogenitor-like cells from adult mammalian bone marrow stromal cells in vitro

Recently, it has been proposed that bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have a broader capacity for differentiation than previously contemplated. In vitro studies have indicated that BMSCs may have the capacity to differentiate into neuroectodermal-like cells in response to various growth conditions, including those commonly used to maintain and differentiate cultures of primary neural stem cells (NSCs). Interpreting the wealth of data on this subject has been difficult because of variation in the starting cell population and the differences between the methods used to induce their differentiation. Here we evaluate how cultures of expanded BMSCs with a consistent immunophenotype respond to a variety of growth conditions and induction agents and review their ability to form neural-like derivatives. In addition, we report on some modifications to previously published techniques for the generation of neural-like cells from BMSCs in vitro.     

The regeneration of transected sciatic nerves of adult rats using chitosan nerve conduits seeded with bone marrow stromal cell-derived Schwann cells

Autologous nerve grafts have been the 'gold standard' for treatment of peripheral nerve defects that exceed the critical gap length. To address issues of limited availability of donor nerves and donor site morbidity, we have fabricated chitosan conduits and seeded them with bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC)-derived Schwann cells as an alternative. The derived Schwann cells used were checked for fate commitment. The conduits were tested for efficacy in bridging the critical gap length of 12 mm in sciatic nerves of adult rats. By three months post-operation, mid-shank circumference, nerve conduction velocity, average regenerated myelin area, and myelinated axon count, in nerves bridged with BMSC-derived Schwann cells were similar to those treated with sciatic nerve-derived Schwann cells (p > 0.05) but significantly higher than those bridged with PBS-filled conduits (p < 0.05). Evidence is thus provided in support of the use of chitosan conduits seeded with BMSC-derived Schwann cells to treat critical defects in peripheral nerves. This provides the basis to pursue BMSC as an autologous source of Schwann cells for transplantation therapy in larger animal species.     

联合培养体系中对骨髓间充质干细胞Bmi-1表达的影响**☆

背景：血管内皮细胞能够促进骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨方向转变,并为干细胞的生长增殖提供营养支持。 目的：观察人脐静脉血管内皮细胞在联合培养体系中对人骨髓间充质干细胞的形态、生长、细胞分化及其Bmi-1基因表达的影响。 方法：在建立细胞联合培养体系基础上,设立单纯骨髓间充质干细胞培养组、骨髓间充质干细胞与脐静脉血管内皮细胞联合培养组,分别于第4,6,8,10天在相差显微镜下观察形态变化、细胞计数绘制生长曲线并采用实时荧光定量PCR检测单独培养的人骨髓间充质干细胞组及联合培养组中人骨髓间充质干细胞的Bmi-1基因表达情况。 结果与结论：在各时间点与单纯骨髓间充质干细胞培养组相比较,联合培养组中干细胞的形态呈多样化,后期部分细胞之间出现了连接,成骨分化明显。联合培养组的细胞数量以及Bmi-1表达量各时间点均显著高于单纯骨髓间充质干细胞培养组。联合培养相容性良好。提示脐静脉内皮细胞对体外联合培养体系中骨髓间充质干细胞具有促进增殖的作用;能促进骨髓间充质干细胞Bmi-1基因的表达,对细胞衰老和增殖能力有显著影响。     

骨髓间质细胞中组织定向干细胞的鉴定

目的:验证骨髓中存在组织定向干细胞(TCSCs),为心血管组织工程提供理想的种子细胞来源。方法:采用SDF-1α梯度趋化从骨髓中分离CXCR4阳性细胞,免疫细胞化学法检测CXCR4与PDGFR-β表达,流式细胞仪检测PDGFR-β阳性细胞,从而确定平滑肌祖细胞(SMPCs)的比例;从骨髓分离培养内皮祖细胞(EPCs),免疫细胞化学和流式细胞仪检测FLK-1、CD34、CXCR4与vWF的表达情况。结果:SDF-1α趋化分离出的细胞几乎都为CXCR4阳性,其中4·67%的细胞呈PDGFR-β阳性;EPCs形态圆形或近三角形贴壁生长,原代细胞CXCR4、VEGFR-2、CD34明显阳性,传代细胞vWF阳性。结论:在骨髓基质细胞中存在SMPCs和EPCs等TCSCs。     

骨髓基质干细胞与癫痫细胞凋亡的相关性

BACKGROUND:There is a close relationship between epilepsy and apoptosis. The appearance of epilepsy can lead to the loss of neurons in the hippocampus, triggering a series of programmed cell death. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of bone marrow stromal stem cell transplantation on apoptosis in epilepsy. METHODS:After modeled to be of epilepsy 45, Sprague-Dawley model rats were randomly divided into three groups, followed by given no intervention (moldel group), normal saline (normal saline group) or bone marrow stromal stem cell transplantation (transplantation group). At 1, 2 and 4 weeks after modeling, the number of Bax-positive cells, Bcl-2-positive cells and Bax/Bcl-2 were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The number of Bax-positive cells, Bcl-2-positive cells and Bax/Bcl-2 presented no obvious changes in the normal saline group at different time points. However, the number of Bax-positive cells and Bax/Bcl-2 in the transplantation group was significantly decreased, while the number of Bcl-2-positive cells significantly increased compared with the other two groups at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after modeling (P < 0.05). Moreover, the above indicators varied significantly in the transplantation group at different time points after modeling (P < 0.05). These results show that bone marrow stromal stem cell transplantation can affect the apoptosis and effectively reduce the apoptosis in rats with epilepsy by up-regulating the number of Bax-positive cells and down-regulating the number of Bcl-2-positive cells.     

Hematopoietic differentiation of embryoid bodies derived from the human embryonic stem cell line SNUhES3 in co-culture with human bone marrow stromal cells

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells can be induced to differentiate into hematopoietic precursor cells via two methods: the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs) and co-culture with mouse bone marrow (BM) stromal cells. In this study, the above two methods have been combined by co-culture of human ES-cell-derived EBs with human BM stromal cells. The efficacy of this method was compared with that using EB formation alone. The undifferentiated human ES cell line SNUhES3 was allowed to form EBs for two days, then EBs were induced to differentiate in the presence of a different serum concentration (EB and EB/high FBS group), or co- cultured with human BM stromal cells (EB/BM co-culture group). Flow cytometry and hematopoietic colony-forming assays were used to assess hematopoietic differentiation in the three groups. While no significant increase of CD34+/CD45- or CD34+/CD38- cells was noted in the three groups on days 3 and 5, the percentage of CD34+/CD45- cells and CD34+/ CD38- cells was significantly higher in the EB/BM co-culture group than in the EB and EB/high FBS groups on day 10. The number of colony-forming cells (CFCs) was increased in the EB/BM co-culture group on days 7 and 10, implying a possible role for human BM stromal cells in supporting hematopoietic differentiation from human ES cell-derived EBs. These results demonstrate that co-culture of human ES-cell-derived EBs with human BM stromal cells might lead to more efficient hematopoietic differentiation from human ES cells cultured alone. Further study is warranted to evaluate the underlying mechanism.     

Long-term hematopoietic stem cells require stromal cell-derived factor-1 for colonizing bone marrow during ontogeny

The physiological role of SDF-1 on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) remains elusive. We show that colonization of bone marrow by HSCs in addition to myeloid cells is severely impaired in SDF-1(-/-) embryos by a long-term repopulation assay. Colonization of spleen by HSCs was also affected, but to a lesser extent. Enforced expression of SDF-1 under the control of vascular-specific Tie-2 regulatory sequences could completely rescue the reduction of HSCs but not myeloid cells in SDF-1(-/-) bone marrow. SDF-1 was detected in the vicinity of the vascular endothelial cells in fetal bone marrow. SDF-1 plays a critical role in colonization of bone marrow by HSCs and myeloid cells during ontogeny, and the mechanisms by which SDF-1 functions are distinct between HSCs and myeloid cells.     

Bone marrow stem cells repopulate thyroid in X-ray regeneration in mice

The aim of this study was to clarify the regeneration mechanisms of thyroid in post-irradiated C57Bl/6 mice chimeric with transgenic green fluorescent protein (GFP) positive C57Bl/6 mice after 5 and 7.5 Gy X-ray exposures with the aid of morphological and immunocytochemical research of GFP-positive cell distribution. Cryostat slides of larynxes with thyroid glands were fixed by mixture of cold methanol and ethanol, cell nuclei were stained with propidium iodide. After immunocytochemical staining the slides of larynx with thyroid gland were investigated by means of confocal LSM 5 PASCAL microscope. True GFP nature of green signals in tissue slides was confirmed via additional treatment by anti-GFP antibody and Texas Red labeled second antibody. Separate GFP-positive cells were observed in the walls of follicles and between follicles of chimeric mice 9–10 months after X-ray exposure. GFP signal was viewed as cytoplasmic droplets and within the colloid of follicles. The share of GFP-positive follicles reached 6.1 ± 1.8%. There was also co-localization of GFP signals and positive staining for thyroglobulin by monoclonal antibody. As many as 20.8 ± 1.8% among all propidium iodide positive blood cells and 52.3 ± 8.3% among propidium iodide positive bone marrow cells were at the same time GFP-positive. In conclusion, the results show that the bone marrow stem cells participate in the thyroid gland regeneration after 5 Gy X-ray exposure.     

Fate of bone marrow stromal cells in a syngenic model of bone formation

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have been demonstrated to induce bone formation when associated to osteoconductive biomaterials and implanted in vivo. Nevertheless, their role in bone reconstruction is not fully understood and rare studies have been conducted to follow their destiny after implantation in syngenic models. The aim of the present work was to use sensitive and quantitative methods to track donor and recipient cells after implantation of BMSCs in a syngenic model of ectopic bone formation. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the Sex determining Region Y (Sry) gene and in situ hybridization of the Y chromosome in parallel to histological analysis, we have quantified within the implants the survival of the donor cells and the colonization by the recipient cells. The putative migration of the BMSCs in peripheral organs was also analyzed. We show here that grafted cells do not survive more than 3 weeks after implantation and might migrate in peripheral lymphoid organs. These cells are responsible for the attraction of host cells within the implants, leading to the centripetal colonization of the biomaterial by new bone.