胸腺细胞对胸腺上皮细胞分泌IL—6的促进作用

为分析胸腺细胞对胸腺基质细胞功能的调节作用，将胸腺细胞与小鼠胸腺上皮细胞系（ＭＴＥＣ１）共育，分析胸腺细胞对ＭＴＥＣ１分泌ＩＬ－６的影响。结果表明，胸腺细胞能明显促进ＭＴＥＣ１分泌ＩＬ－６，其促进程度与两种细胞的数量及共育时间有关。胸腺细胞（４×１０＾６／孔）与ＭＴＥＣ１（１×１０＾５／孔）共育４８小时，ＭＴＥＣ１分泌ＩＬ－６达高峰。去除胸腺细胞后９６小时，ＭＴＥＣ１分泌ＩＬ－６的量仍比单独培养的     

ICAM-1抗体诱导小鼠胸腺上皮细胞分泌IL-6

目的研究胸腺细胞和ＩＣＡＭ－１抗体对胸腺上皮细胞分泌ＩＬ－６的作用。方法用促ＩＬ－６依赖株增殖法检测ＩＬ－６活性，用原位杂交法检测ＩＬ－６ｍＲＮＡ的表达。结果不同的胸腺细胞亚群均能促进ＭＴＥＣ１分泌ＩＬ－６，而且作用无明显差异。ＩＣＡＭ－１抗体能够促进ＭＴＥＣ１分泌ＩＬ－６，其促进作用呈剂量依赖关系。放线菌酮预处理ＭＴＥＣ１以后，ＩＣＡＭ－１抗体和胸腺细胞均不再能促进ＭＴＥＣ１分泌ＩＬ－６。原位杂交证实，经胸腺细胞和ＩＣＡＭ－１抗体活化后，ＭＴＥＣ１表达ＩＬ－６ｍＲＮＡ明显增多，并且表达ＩＬ－６ｍＲＮＡ的ＭＴＥＣ１数量也增多。提示胸腺细胞和ＩＣＡＭ－１抗体能促进ＭＴＥＣ１合成新的蛋白和ｍＲ－ＮＡ。结论胸腺微环境内，胸腺细胞可以通过粘附分子与胸腺上皮细胞相互作用，并可促进胸腺上皮细胞分泌ＩＬ－６。     

163体外培养的人胸原上皮细胞与胸腺细胞的相互作用

人胸腺上皮细胞（ＴＥＣ）的体外培养和传代。使研究人ＴＥＣ的特性和功能成为可能。人ＴＥＣ体外培养成功的关键是抑制成纤维细胞的生长。体外培养的ＴＥＣ除表达角蛋外，还表达ＨＬＡ－Ｉ类抗原，ＬＦＡ－３，ＩＣＡＭ－１和ＣＤ４０等表面抗原；可分泌ＩＬ－１，ＩＬ－６，ＩＬ－８，ＧＭ＿ＣＳＦ，Ｇ＿ＣＳＦ和Ｍ＿ＣＳＦ等多种细胞因子和胸腺素；静息的胸腺细胞与ＴＥＣ的结合由ＣＤ２／ＬＦＡ－３介导，激活的胸腺细胞与ＴＥＣ     

胸腺细胞对胸腺上皮细胞分泌干扰素的促进作用

目的分析胸腺细胞对胸腺上皮细胞分泌干扰素的影响。方法用胸腺细胞和胸腺基质细胞混合培养模型，测定ＩＦＮ活性并进行类型鉴别。结果胸腺细胞可以促进小鼠胸腺上皮细胞系（ＭＴＥＣ１）产生Ⅰ型ＩＦＮ，胸腺细胞和胸腺基质细胞以４０１的比例培养时，促进作用最强。ＭＴＥＣ１细胞经抗ＩＣＡＭ－１抗体作用后，分泌Ⅰ型ＩＦＮ增多。用放线菌酮预处理ＭＴＥＣ１细胞后，胸腺细胞和抗ＩＣＡＭ－１抗体则不再影响ＭＴＥＣ１细胞产生ＩＦＮ。结论胸腺细胞与基质细胞的相互作用，可由粘附分子ＩＣＡＭ－１／ＬＦＡ－１介导。胸腺细胞能促进ＭＴＥＣ１细胞合成ＩＦＮ。     

胸腺细胞对胸腺基质细胞生长及功能的调节

目的研究胸腺细胞对不同亚群胸腺基质细胞生长及功能的调节作用。方法胸腺基质细胞增殖以３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入法测定，ＩＬ－７活性以促ＩＬ－７依赖株法检测，其ｍＲＮＡ表达以ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ法检测。结果胸腺细胞与ＭＴＳＣ４细胞分别以８０∶１，４０∶１或２０∶１的比例共育时，能明显抑制ＭＴＳＣ４细胞的增殖，而培养上清中ＩＬ－７活性无明显改变；当两种细胞的比例为１０∶１或５∶１时，则对ＭＴＳＣ４细胞的增殖无任何影响，而培养上清中的ＩＬ－７活性明显升高。ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ证实，与胸腺细胞共育的ＭＴＥＣ１和ＭＴＳＣ４细胞，ＩＬ－７ｍＲＮＡ水平明显提高。结论胸腺细胞能促进ＭＴＥＣ１和ＭＴＳＣ４细胞分泌ＩＬ－７，对不同亚群基质细胞的生长和功能有不同调节作用     

小鼠胸腺上皮细胞株MTECB与胸腺细胞结合的形态学观察

用本室建立的小鼠胸腺上皮细胞株ＭＴＥＣＢ，分别在１．无钙镁Ｈａｎｋ液中（４℃）；２．无钙镁Ｈａｎｋ液中（３７℃）；３．含钙镁Ｈａｎｋ液中（４℃）下；４．含钙镁Ｈａｎｋ液中（３７℃）与胸腺细胞共育（基质细胞：胸腺细胞＝１：１０），光镜和扫描电镜下观察它们之间的结合特点。发现在各种实验条件下，９０％的ＭＴＥＣＢ能与胸腺细胞结合，这种结合从形态上分为两种形式，其一为胸腺细胞均匀结合于ＭＴＥＣＢ周围，呈花     

MTEC 1分泌的趋化因子引起特定亚群胸腺细胞的定向迁移

分析胸腺髓质上皮样细胞系ＭＴＥＣ１分泌的化学趋化因子对胸腺细胞亚群的趋化作用。方法以抗体加补体杀伤结合免疫磁珠及ｐａｎｎｉｎｇ法，将小鼠胸腺细胞分离纯化，获得ＣＤ４＋ＣＤ８＋（ＤＰ），ＣＤ４－ＣＤ８－（ＤＮ），ＣＤ４＋ＣＤ８－（ＣＤ４ＳＰ）及ＣＤ４－ＣＤ８＋（ＣＤ８ＳＰ）四亚群细胞，用Ｂｏｙｄｅｎ小室分析ＭＴＥＣ１┐ＳＮ对四群胸腺细胞的趋化作用。结果ＭＴＥＣ１┐ＳＮ对ＤＰ及ＣＤ４ＳＰ胸腺细胞有趋化活性（ＣＩ＝６．６±１．０及６．１±１．８）；对ＣＤ８ＳＰ细胞有中度趋化活性（ＣＩ＝３．２±１．０）；对ＤＮ趋化活性微弱（ＣＩ＝１．３±０．６）。化学趋化因子ＭＣＰ┐１纯品对ＣＤ４ＳＰ胸腺细胞显示强趋化活性（ＣＩ＝５．６），对ＤＮ胸腺细胞则无可测出趋化活性。结论ＭＴＥＣ１分泌的化学趋化因子对ＤＰ，ＣＤ４ＳＰ及ＣＤ８ＳＰ胸腺细胞有显著趋化作用，对ＤＮ胸腺细胞几乎无趋化作用。提示此类化学趋化因子有趋使胸腺发育中后期阶段的细胞向胸腺髓质区迁移和定位的作用。     

两种小鼠胸腺基质细胞对胸腺细胞凋亡的不同作用

采用两种体外建系的小鼠胸腺基质细胞（ＴＳＣ）系，即上皮样ＴＳＣ（ＭＴＥＣ１）和树突状ＴＳＣ（ＭＴＳＣ４），观察其对胸腺细胞凋亡的影响。小鼠胸腺细胞在体外培养过程中，可自发地出现细胞凋亡的特征，表现为ＤＮＡ呈梯度断裂片段，细胞经ＦＡＣＳ分析出现亚二倍体ＤＮＡ波峰，以及Ｆｅｕｌｇｅｎ′ｓ染色镜检所见的ＤＮＡ凝聚和断裂。胸腺细胞在与ＴＳＣ共育后，在ＭＴＥＣ１组可见其凋亡过程受到抑制和存活率的增加；在ＭＴＳＣ４组，仅在共育１２至１８小时时，见到胸腺细胞凋亡加强，而其存活率不受影响。结果提示在胸腺细胞发育过程中，其阴性选择作用的主要机制之一的ＰＣＤ过程受不同来源的胸腺基质细胞的调节。     

体外培养的人胸腺上皮细胞与胸腺细胞的相互作用

人胸腺上皮细胞（ＴＥｃ）的体外培养和传代，使研究人ＴＥｃ的特性和功能成为可能。人ＴＥｃ体外培养成功的关键是抑制成纤维细胞的生长。体外培养的人ＴＥｃ除表达角蛋白外，还表达ＨＬＡ－Ｉ类抗原、ＬＦＡ－３，ＩＣＡＭ－１和ＣＤ４０等表面抗原；可分泌ＩＬ－１，ＩＬ－６，ＩＬ－８，ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ，Ｇ－ＣＳＦ和Ｍ－ＣＳＦ等多种细胞因子和胸腺素；静息的胸腺细胞与ＴＥＳ的结合由ＣＤ２／ＬＦＡ－３介导，激活的胸腺细胞与ＴＥＣ的结合由ＣＤ２／ＬＦＡ－３和ＬＦＡ－１／ＩＣＡＭ－１共同介导；ＴＥＣ对成熟的胸腺细胞有辅助增殖的作用，对不成熟的胸腺细胞有直接激活作用：胸腺细胞可通过直接作用和分泌细胞因子的间接作用来调节ＴＥＣ的细胞因子分泌和表面抗原表达。     

胸腺细胞对胸腺上皮细胞增殖的影响

为了分析胸腺细胞在胸腺上皮细胞发育中的作用，本文作者在体外分析了胸腺细胞对小鼠胸腺上皮细胞系（ＭＴＥＣ１）增殖的作用。结果表明，不同的胸腺细胞亚群以及胸腺细胞裂解液均能促进ＭＴＥＣ１增殖，考的松耐受性胸腺细胞和ＣＤ３－４－８－细胞具有同样的促进ＭＴＥＣ１增殖的作用，其促进程度与两种细胞的数量有关，胸腺细胞和ＭＴＥＣ１为２０１或４０１时，其促进作用最强。胸腺细胞裂解液在高浓度（１２稀释）时，能促进ＭＴＥＣ１增殖，在低浓度时则不影响ＭＴＥＣ１的增殖。本实验提示，胸腺细胞可以通过细胞－细胞相互作用以及分泌细胞因子影响ＭＴＥＣ１的增殖。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.