早产极低出生体重儿的病因和防治探讨

目的探讨早产极低出生体重儿发生的病因和防治。方法分析1993-2004年我院住院早产极低体重儿109 例临床资料。结果早产极低体重儿发生的主要原因为妊娠高血压综合征、双胎妊娠、胎膜早破,孕母疾病。早产极低出生体重儿的主要种并症依次为硬肿症、出生时窒息、感染性疾病、肺透明膜病、呼吸暂停、早产儿贫血、先天畸形等。109 例早产极低体重儿的死亡率为23．85％,胎龄≤30w组高,与胎龄>30w织相比有统计学差异P<0．05)。早产极低体重儿死因构成以肺透明膜病居首,窒息和畸形居次。结论加强围产期保健、及时治疗高危妊娠,防治早产、肺透明膜病和窒息,客观认真地评判Apgar评分和有效复苏是优生优育的重要环节。     

新生儿窒息产科因素分析与预防性护理

目的 探讨新生儿窒息的产科因素,提出有效的预防措施,降低新生儿死亡率和远期致残率,提高产科质量.方法 对2004年10月1日至2008年9月30 日在本院出生的263例窒息儿的相关因素进行回顾性分析.结果 脐带因素占首位(29.66%),胎位异常次子之(17.49%),自然分娩最安全(4.48%),臀位牵引最危险(51.61%).结论 做好围产期保健,提高产前检查质量,及时发现高危儿.严密观察产程,选择最佳的分娩方式.熟练掌握复苏技术,提高产科质量.     

169例新生儿窒息产科原因分析

目的总结分析产科新生儿窒息的原因,制定相关防治措施,降低窒息的发生。方法回顾分析我院2001年至2003年新生儿窒息病例169例,比较产科相关因素对新生儿窒息的影响。结果新生儿窒息原因中,羊水粪染占40.8%,脐带因素占30.1%,头位难产占14.7%,活跃晚期及第二产程延长分别占4.7%、5.9%,低体重儿占3.5%。分娩方式,阴道手术产占49.7%,剖宫产术占32.6%,顺产占17.7%。结论羊水粪染、脐带异常、头位难产、产程延长、阴道手术助产是导致新生儿窒息的主要原因。加强围产期保健,提高产科临床诊断的准确性和助产技术,是降低新生儿窒息的关键。     

影响极低出生体重儿预后的相关临床因素分析

目的探讨极低出生体重儿围产期及临床影响预后的因素。方法分析234例极低出生体重儿的一般情况、母孕期情况及新生儿临床特点。结果造成极低出生体重儿的主要原因有妊娠并发症（32．5％）、羊膜早破（26．2％）、多胎妊娠（14．9％）、原因不明（12．9％）。呼吸暂停、高胆红素血症、贫血、感染及呼吸窘迫综合征是常见并发症。全组治愈率70．9％，死亡率21．8％。死亡主要原因是颅内出血、感染、呼吸窘迫综合征及肺出血等。结论加强孕期保健及新生儿生命体征的监护，尽早发现并发症并妥善处理，将有助于改善极低出生体重儿的预后。     

162例低体重儿的临床分析及预防

分析162例低体重儿,结果显示:低体重儿的畸形率、新生儿窒息率、发病率、死亡率均较一般新生儿高。它可发生于任何胎龄。与孕前人流、孕时合并其他疾病、胎盘脐带因素、遗传、内分泌等有密切关系。是围产期死亡的主要原因之一。预防低体重儿的出生,是优生的有力措施。同时重视已出生的低体重儿的营养和护理,使其预后良好。     

天津市200例低体重儿病因分析

本文分析了200例低出生体重儿,其中早产儿102例,占51%,.小于胎龄儿98例,占49%.发生低出生体重的原因常见为母亲因素占54.5%,胎儿因素占28%,子宫及胎盘附属物因素占17.5%.新生儿的体重是胎儿发育的综合指标,应积极采取预防措施.     

足月低体重儿及其预后的探讨

足月低体重儿及其预后的探讨兰州军区乌鲁木齐总医院妇产科（８３００００）邢玲玲，张力为足月低体重儿指胎龄≥３７孕周，新生儿出生体重＜２５００ｇ者，低体重儿易发生胎儿宫内窘迫，新生儿窒息及围产儿死亡，甚至远期神经系统的后遗症；其围产儿死亡率也较正常体重儿...     

32例极低体重儿的护理体会

近年随着医疗水平的不断提高及围产期健康教育的普及深入,现极低体重儿的出生有所下降,但仍存在一定的比率.极低体重儿是指出生1h体重在1500g以下的活产新生儿.由于各器官发育未成熟,功能低下,对外界适应能力弱,易发生并发症,因此护理人员必须有高度的责任感.三分治疗,七分护理对极低体重儿的存活起着重要作用.现就我院近一年收治的32例极低体重儿的护理体会报告如下:     

试管婴儿(IVF-ET)新生儿期情况分析

目的前瞻性对体外授精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)技术受孕出生的新生儿进行评估,探讨实施IVF-ET技术出生新生儿的安全性.方法从自2000年10月～2004年12月在本院接受IVF-ET治疗后受孕181例孕妇进行前瞻性追踪观察,将其分娩的新生儿254个作为观察组,本院产科自然妊娠分娩的新生儿1205个作为对照组,对两组单胎和总体新生儿胎龄、出生体重、Apgar评分、高胆红素血症、新生儿窒息、新生儿死亡及新生儿畸形发病率的进行观察比较.结果单胎新生儿的出生体重、Apgar评分、新生儿死亡率及新生儿畸形率与对照组无差异性(P＞0.05);单胎新生儿窒息率观察组低于对照组,两组比较有显著差异性(P＜0.05).两组总体比较新生儿畸形、新生儿窒息率、新生儿死亡率无差异性(P＞0.05),而新生儿低体重出生率、高胆红素血症、住院治疗时间,观察组明显高于对照组,两组比较有极显著差异性(P＜0.01);而Apgar评分观察组低于对照组两者比较有差异性(P＜0.05).结论 IVF-ET技术不增加新生儿畸形和围产期死亡率;多胎是IVF-ET技术主要并发症,是早产和低体重出生儿、高胆红素血症、新生儿窒息等新生儿不良结局的主要原因.     

212例极低出生体重儿的管理

我院1996～2000年住院极低体重儿212例,占同期新生儿住院总数2156例的9.83％。为降低体重儿的病死率,提高治疗和护理管理措施进行探讨。 临床资料 一般资料 212例中男110例,女102例。平均胎龄26周,平均出生体重1236g,小于1000g22例,1000～1500g190例,最低出生体重800g。212例极低体重儿死亡54例,死亡率为     

Neonatal intensive care and premature birth – maternal perceptions and coping

Summary Premature birth and neonatal intensive care are distressing events for mothers requiring active coping. 42 consecutive mothers of infants treated on a NICU were interviewed prospectively during the first week postpartally, after 4–6 weeks and after 5–6 months with a semistructured interview. The mothers had a high rate of previous psychosocial stressors, medical complications and past perinatal losses. The groups with infants under (VLBW) and over 1,500 g were compared. In the first postpartal week, the VLBW mothers showed a significantly higher degree of distress, fears concerning death and handicaps of the child and negative or ambivalent feelings at first contact than mothers with newborns over 1,500 g. In the next weeks, most mothers were able to cope well with social and professional support and the differences between the two groups were no longer significant. Still, fears concerning their child continued at high rates and disturbing memories occurred often, so that at least subgroups do require more intense help during the early stages of adaptation postpartally. One of the subgroups at risk are the VLBW mothers.     

Differences in mortality and morbidity according to gestational ages and birth weights in infants with trisomy 18

The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of gestational age and birth weight on outcomes of the infants. Medical records of 36 infants with trisomy 18 admitted to Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital from 1991 to 2012 were reviewed retrospectively. We compared clinical characteristics between term infants (n = 15) and preterm infants (n = 21). There were one very‐low‐birth‐weight (VLBW) term infant (5%) and 12 VLBW preterm infants (80%). Although there were no significant differences in clinical characteristics and provided management between the two groups, none of the preterm infants achieved survival to discharge. On the other hand, 6 of 21 term infants (29%) achieved survival to discharge (P < 0.05). Similar results were obtained for comparisons between the VLBW infants and non‐VLBW infants. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that shorter gestational age had a more negative impact than lower birth weight to survival to discharge in infants with trisomy 18. In both preterm and term groups, the infants who died before 30 days commonly died of respiratory failure or apnea. Whereas, the infants who survived more than 30 days mostly died of heart failure. © 2015 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Polymorphisms of genes involved in innate immunity: association with preterm delivery

An altered inflammatory activity due to functionally relevant polymorphisms of the innate immune system may influence pathways leading to labour and, therefore, impact on the frequency of preterm birth. We examined five polymorphisms of the innate immune system in a large cohort of preterm very-low-birth-weight (VLBW, n = 909) and term-born infants (n = 491) and their mothers (n = 747). The primary outcome was preterm versus term birth. Frequencies of polymorphisms in mothers of term-born infants versus mothers of VLBW infants and term infants versus preterm VLBW infants (singletons) are given. Homozygous CD14-159T: 18.5 versus 21.8% (mothers) and 19.6 versus 21.2% (infants). Homozygous interleukin IL-6-174G: 28.8 versus 38% (P = 0.018, mothers) and 30 versus 32.7% (infants). Homozygous or heterozygous nuclear oligomerization domain NOD2-3020insC: 6.9 versus 6.1% (mothers) and 5.7 versus 5.1% (infants). Heterozygous or homozygous toll-like-receptor TLR2-Arg753Gln: 6.9 versus 6.1% (mothers) and 5.7 versus 5.1% (infants). Homozygous or heterozygous TLR4-896G: 8.1 versus 11.5% (mothers) and 11.6 versus 10.5% (infants). Although the homozygous maternal IL-6-174G genotype was found to be independently associated with preterm delivery in multivariate regression analysis, the incidence of intrauterine infection was not significantly increased in mothers of preterm VLBW-infants, carrying this or other polymorphisms of the innate immune system. The overall influence of the investigated polymorphisms on the development of preterm delivery seems moderate, since only the maternal IL6-174G genotype was associated with preterm birth and none of the polymorphisms were associated with intrauterine infection as the cause of preterm birth.     

Low birth weight,very low birth weight rates and gestational age-specific birth weight distribution of korean newborn infants

To obtain the low birth weight (LBW) rate, the very low birth weight (VLBW) rate, and gestational age (GA)-specific birth weight distribution based on a large population in Korea, we collected and analyzed the birth data of 108,486 live births with GA greater than 23 weeks for 1 yr from 1 January to 31 December 2001, from 75 hospitals and clinics located in Korea. These data included birth weight, GA, gender of the infants, delivery type, maternal age, and the presence of multiple pregnancy. The mean birth weight and GA of a crude population are 3,188 +/-518 g and 38.7+/-2.1 weeks, respectively. The LBW and the VLBW rates are 7.2% and 1.4%, respectively. The preterm birth rate (less than 37 completed weeks of gestation) is 8.4% and the very preterm birth rate (less than 32 completed weeks of gestation) is 0.7%. The mean birth weights for female infants, multiple births, and births delivered by cesarean section were lower than those for male, singletons, and births delivered vaginally. The risk of delivering LBW or VLBW infant was higher for the teenagers and the older women (aged 35 yr and more). We have also obtained the percentile distribution of GA-specific birth weight in infants over 23 weeks of gestation.     

Parenting stress in mothers of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) and full-term infants: a function of infant behavioral characteristics and child-rearing attitudes

OBJECTIVE: To examine the moderating effects of child-rearing attitudes on the relation between parenting stress and infant behavioral characteristics for mothers of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) and full-term infants. METHODS: Fifty-six 9-month-old infants (23 VLBW and 33 full-term) and their mothers were the participants. Mothers completed measures of parenting stress, child-rearing attitudes, infant temperament, and infant behavioral problems. RESULTS: The VLBW infants had a higher frequency of behavioral problems, and their mothers reported more child health concerns than the mothers of the full-term infants. Regression analyses showed that the relation between parenting stress and infant distress was moderated at medium and high levels of parental strictness for only the VLBW infants. CONCLUSIONS: The amount of stress the mothers of the VLBW infants experienced was a result of the congruence between their infant's behavioral characteristics and their own child-rearing attitudes.     

Characteristics of perinatal women seeking treatment for marijuana abuse in a community-based clinic

In the US, marijuana continues to be the most frequently used illicit drug among women of childbearing age, including pregnant and postpartum women. Given the critical window for treatment during the perinatal period, more information is needed about the characteristics of women who abuse marijuana and about their unique needs with the goal of improving clinical services and outcomes for both women and their infants. Objectives: To (1) identify a profile of perinatal women seeking treatment for primarily marijuana abuse and (2) report birth outcomes in a subset of pregnant women with marijuana abuse. Methods: This retrospective clinical chart review study examined 67 adult perinatal women patients (54 % ethnic minority) who attended an inner-city, hospital-affiliated outpatient program specializing in substance abuse treatment for women. Of all pregnant women, 26 % reported positive urine screens during the first trimester, 41 % during the second trimester, and 27 % during the third trimester. While the subset of pregnant women was small, exploratory results suggest that infants whose mothers continued to use marijuana during their pregnancies were born at a lower gestational age than mothers who abstained; t(29)?=?2.04, p <0.05. Conclusion: Identifying potential barriers to treatment could help improve retention in community-based treatment programs during pregnancy and the postpartum period.     

Effect of the interval between pregnancies on perinatal outcomes

BACKGROUND: A short interval between pregnancies has been associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Whether that association is due to confounding by other risk factors, such as maternal age, socioeconomic status, and reproductive history, is unknown. METHODS: We evaluated the interpregnancy interval in relation to low birth weight, preterm birth, and small size for gestational age by analyzing data from the birth certificates of 173,205 singleton infants born alive to multiparous mothers in Utah from 1989 to 1996. RESULTS: Infants conceived 18 to 23 months after a previous live birth had the lowest risks of adverse perinatal outcomes; shorter and longer interpregnancy intervals were associated with higher risks. These associations persisted when the data were stratified according to and controlled for 16 biologic, sociodemographic, and behavioral risk factors. As compared with infants conceived 18 to 23 months after a live birth, infants conceived less than 6 months after a live birth had odds ratios of 1.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 1.6) for low birth weight, 1.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 1.5) for preterm birth, and 1.3 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 1.4) for small size for gestational age; infants conceived 120 months or more after a live birth had odds ratios of 2.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.7 to 2.4);1.5 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 1.7), and 1.8 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.6 to 2.0) for these three adverse outcomes, respectively, when we controlled for all 16 risk factors with logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal interpregnancy interval for preventing adverse perinatal outcomes is 18 to 23 months.     

Post-traumatic stress symptoms in mothers of very low birth weight infants 2–3 years post-partum

We examined symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in mothers of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants 2–3 years post-partum, compared with mothers of term, normal weight infants. Mothers were asked to report current symptoms relating specifically to the birth of their infant using The Impact of Event Scale–Revised (IES-R). Mothers of VLBW infants recorded significantly higher levels of PTSD symptoms overall (median scores: VLBW 25 [range 2–82], versus controls: 0 [range 0–5], P < 0.001), and in all sub-categories (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that mothers of VLBW infants have a relatively high prevalence of symptoms of PTSD at 2–3 years postnatal.     

Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in Thailand

Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from asymptomatic HBsAg carrier mothers to their infants was studied in 78 mother-infant pairs by determination of HBsAg, HBeAg and anti-HBe both in the mothers and in their infants at regular intervals for those children up to the time when they reached at least one year of age. Twenty-five out of the 78 (32.1%) infants born to these mothers were HBsAg-positive 2-6 months after birth and they remained so throughout the observation period of at least one year or more. Perinatal HBV transmission occurred only in infants born to HBsAg carrier mothers who were HBeAg-positive (92.6%) but not in those born to HBsAg carrier mothers who had no detectable HBeAg. This study suggests that preventive measures against HBV transmission during the perinatal period should be taken only for infants born to HBsAg carrier mothers who are HBeAg-positive. In addition, the active immune response to HBV was studied in 75 non-HBsAg carrier infants born to HBsAg carrier mothers by determination of anti-HBs at one year of age or older. Forty-three of these infants were treated with HBIG at birth and 32 infants received no treatment. It was found that infants born to HBsAg carrier mothers who were HBeAg-positive had a better active immune response (84.2% positive for anti-HBs) than infants born to HBsAg carrier mothers who had no detectable HBeAg or anti-HBe (14.3% and 20.4% positive for anti-HBs respectively).     

Neonatal Morbidities Associated with Histologic Chorioamnionitis Defined Based on the Site and Extent of Inflammation in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Conflicting results on the influences of histologic chorioamnionitis (HC) on neonatal morbidities might be partly originated from using different definition of HC. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between HC and neonatal morbidities using definition of HC that reflects the site and extent of inflammation. This was a retrospective cohort study of 261 very low birth weight (VLBW) infants admitted at a tertiary academic center. Based on the site of inflammation, HC was categorized: any HC; amnionitis; funisitis; amnionitis+funisitis. The extent of inflammation in each site was reflected by sub-defining high grade (HG). The incidences of morbidities in infants with and without HC were compared. The bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) rate was significantly higher in infants with amnionitis and the severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) rate was significantly higher in infants with any HC and funisitis. After adjustment for both gestational age and birth weight, the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) rate was significantly lower in infants with all categories of HC except for HG amnionitis and HG funisitis, which are not associated with lower RDS rate. HG amnionitis was significantly associated with increased BPD rate but the association of HC with severe ROP disappeared. In conclusion, HC is significantly associated with decreased RDS and HG amnionitis with increased BPD while lacking association with other neonatal morbidities in VLBW infants. The association with HC and neonatal morbidities differs by the site and extent of chorioamnionitis.

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