椎体成形穿刺注射骨水泥防止灾难性并发症：87例137个椎体资料分析

背景：椎体成形治疗老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折效果确切,但一些热点问题仍无定论。 目的：探讨椎体成形技术治疗老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折过程中穿刺损伤、骨水泥注射剂量、多椎体成形及骨水泥渗漏等问题的解决方案。 方法：回顾性分析经皮穿刺椎体成形技术治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折87例137个椎体。全部经单侧椎弓根穿刺,骨水泥稀薄期注射,骨水泥注射量为3~7.5 mL,胸椎3 mL以上,腰椎4.5 mL以上,平均4.8 mL,多椎体者均一次手术完成。 结果与结论：随访6~30个月,治疗后第2天和最终随访时患者目测类比疼痛评分及Oswestry功能障碍指数评分均显著低于治疗前(P < 0.01)。所有患者胸腰背疼痛明显缓解,其中58例疼痛完全消失;1例术中出现骨水泥单体中毒症状,28例出现不同程度骨水泥渗漏,但未出现临床症状。137个椎体中骨水泥渗透达到和超过中线119个,占87.2%。提示椎体成形技术是治疗老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的有效方法。骨水泥稀薄期注射能够获得良好的渗透效果;在局麻药限量范围内,一次可完成3个以上椎体成形;严格正规的操作技术是预防骨水泥渗漏灾难性并发症最重要的方法。     

经皮椎体成形器治疗椎体转移瘤和椎体压缩性骨折的体会

目的探讨Sky及Confidence椎体成形器治疗椎体转移瘤的初步疗效。方法应用以色列Disc-O-Tech公司生产的新型Sky及Confidence椎体成形器经皮单侧椎弓根进入椎体穿刺治疗椎体转移瘤17例共26个椎体,其中胸椎9例(16个椎体),腰椎8例(10个椎体)。结果所有病人疼痛均缓解,疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS):术前(9.3±1.5),术后第1d(3.5±2.0)。6例行Sky扩张者椎体高度均有不同程度的恢复,平均3.1mm。椎体注入骨水泥量为3～6ml,骨水泥分布良好。2例发生轻微骨水泥渗漏(1例到椎间隙,1例到椎体前方)。本组无1例出现其他并发症或死亡。结论应用Sky及Confidence椎体器械采用的骨水泥具有黏度高,低温、显影清晰,工作时间长等优点。Sky撑开器可控性强,适用于椎体压缩较重但上下终板完好者。Confidence椎体器械适用于各种椎体肿瘤,尤其适用于椎体前壁有破坏者。二者均能有效降低并发症的发生率从而提高疗效,止疼效果确切,提高了患者的生活质量。     

骨水泥注入椎体后壁破损型骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折椎体成形12例

中山市人民医院骨科于2005-01/2008-09应用CT引导下椎体成形治疗椎体后壁破损型骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者12例,男4例,女8例,骨折部位T10~L5,其中单椎体骨折8例,两椎体骨折3例,三椎体骨折1例,椎体均压缩1/2以上。手术均顺利完成,无椎管内骨水泥渗漏,平均手术时间45 min。提示在CT引导下对椎体后壁破损型骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折行椎体成形术可有效降低骨水泥的渗漏率,提高安全性。     

骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者经皮椎体成形注入黏丝期骨水泥后的再骨折

背景：目前经皮椎体成形术已成为治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的首选方法,但其骨水泥注入后邻近椎体骨折并发症也在逐年增加,椎体成形过程中常采用黏丝期骨水泥注射,而骨水泥注射时状态可影响其在椎体内分布。 目的：回顾性分析骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折经皮椎体成形注入黏丝期骨水泥后再骨折的原因。 方法：2006-07/2009-11对112例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折行经皮椎体成形术,术中DSA机透视引导下经单侧或双侧椎弓根入路,调配聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥至黏丝期后经工作通道注入,并观察疗效。 结果与结论：每个椎体注入骨水泥2.4~6.0 mL,平均(3.40±1.02) mL。术中骨水泥渗漏至椎旁14例,椎间隙内15例。患者术后全部得到随访,随访时间6~15个月,平均(9.61±2.82)个月,未发现特殊的材料和宿主反应,29例患者疼痛再发,其中15例经MRI证实手术相邻椎体发生新鲜骨折,再次给予经皮椎体成形手术后疼痛症状缓解。结果提示经皮椎体成形注入黏丝期的骨水泥后应力集中、术中灌注剂渗漏椎间隙等综合因素增加了术后相邻椎体再次发生骨折的危险,寻找理想的骨水泥替代物将成为今后临床研究的方向。 关键词：骨水泥;骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折;骨质疏松;经皮椎体成形术;生物材料 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.25.024     

单侧穿刺经皮椎体注入骨水泥后凸成形治疗多椎体骨质疏松性压缩骨折

背景：经皮椎体成形和经皮椎体后凸成形是一种治疗骨质疏松症所致椎体压缩性骨折的新方法,目前已经在各大医院广泛开展,但是在临床上很多病例有多个椎体的骨折,采用经典的手术方法操作次数多,增加手术风险,射线暴露量大,医疗费用高。 目的：观察单侧穿刺经皮椎体后凸成形治疗老年多椎体骨质疏松压缩骨折的疗效。 方法：选择2007-06/2009-06巢湖市第一人民医院骨二科和皖南医学院附属弋矶山医院骨一科收治的多椎体骨质疏松压缩骨折患者12例(29椎),根据治疗前MRI信号改变判断疼痛性椎体并进行选择性单侧穿刺球囊扩张后凸成形的治疗。根据目测类比评分评价手术前后疼痛变化,观察治疗后症状改善、骨折复位情况及有无并发症发生。 结果与结论：12例穿刺均顺利完成,48 h内疼痛缓解,平均随访14个月。治疗后目测类比评分较治疗前降低(P < 0.01)。椎体前缘、中部、后缘平均高度治疗前低于治疗后,至末次随访椎体复位后前缘、中部、后缘平均高度未见明显丢失(P > 0.05)。治疗前穿刺侧与对侧椎体高度差距有显著性意义(P < 0.01),治疗后两侧差距无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。治疗前后同侧相比差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.01)。提示对多椎体压缩骨折采用选择性单侧穿刺后凸成形治疗,临床效果满意,能够缩短治疗时间、减少并发症、射线暴露和治疗费用,适于老年多椎体骨质疏松压缩骨折的治疗。 关键词：骨质疏松;脊柱;压缩骨折;后凸成形;骨水泥 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.25.025     

两种评分系统评价置入物及骨水泥注入椎体成形治疗胸腰椎骨折效果的比较

目的：应用两种评分系统评价以置入物及骨水泥注入进行椎体成形治疗胸腰椎骨折疗效的比较。 方法：回顾性分析2003-01/2009-01解放军第二军医大学长海医院收治的进行椎体成形患者61例,应用目测类比评分和下腰痛日本骨科学会评分评价患者术后疗效。 结果：患者随诊时间为3~60个月。术前目测类比评分为(6.63±8.50)分,术后目测类比评分为(2.27±3.35)分,术后目测类比评分平均改善率为(56.6±25.5)%;术前日本骨科学会评分为21.11±5.75,术后日本骨科学会评分为25.62±2.7分,术后日本骨科学会评分平均改善率为(52.8±24.4)%。 结论：目测类比和日本骨科学会两种评分系统结果相似, 两种评分都可以应用于椎体成形后疗效的评价。     

注射型磷酸钙人工骨椎体后凸成形固化治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折

背景：椎体后凸成形目前常用的注射型聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥椎体增强剂可达到增加椎体强度、稳定椎体、止痛的目的,但其组织相容性差,无生物降解性,容易造成使临近椎间盘或椎体发生变性、甚至骨折。 目的：观察注射型磷酸钙人工骨椎体后凸成形固化治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的效果。 方法：选择2007-12/2010-06哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院骨外科收治的骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折患者20例,均采用经双侧椎弓根球囊扩张注射型磷酸钙人工骨行椎体后凸成形固化治疗。手术前后行疼痛目测类比评分,胸(腰)椎正侧位X射线片及椎体前缘高度、Cobb角检测。 结果与结论：术后病椎前缘椎体平均高度较术前平均高度恢复(3.38±1.44) mm (P < 0.05)。术后Cobb角较术前平均恢复(7.63±2.52)° (P < 0.05),后凸矫正率为(38.90±11.28)%。术后3d及3周目测类比评分均较术前明显降低(P < 0.01)。说明经双侧椎弓根球囊扩张注射型磷酸钙人工骨行椎体后凸成形可以有效增加椎体强度、稳定椎体、明显缓解患者疼痛,是治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折的有效方法。     

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥结合椎体成形重建非感染性缺血坏死的椎体

摘要 背景：非感染性椎体缺血性坏死是一种较少见的椎体缺血坏死,表现为椎体压缩骨折,国内的报道较少。可能与该病的发病率低对该病认识不足有关。 目的：分析非感染性椎体缺血坏死的特点,观察经皮椎体成形术治疗该病的效果。 方法：回顾分析近5年来经皮椎体成形注入聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥治疗12例非感染性椎体缺血坏死的疗效。经皮椎体成形手术均在透视监测下经椎弓根注入聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥。采用目测类比评分法评估治疗前后疼痛状况,通过侧位片测量经皮椎体成形术前后椎体前缘和中央的高度。 结果与结论：采用经皮椎体成形术治疗12个非感染性椎体缺血坏死,骨水泥注入量平均为(6.0±1.5) mL,术后疼痛完全或显著缓解10例(83%),部分缓解2例(17%)。目测类比评分法评分从术前的9.08±0.76降为后2.33±1.43和术后6个月1.08±0.95 (P < 0.01)。经皮椎体成形3 d后椎体高度恢复平均为前缘2.2 mm,中央3.2 mm。结果提示,经皮椎体成形注入聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥是一种治疗非感染性椎体缺血坏死的有效方法,具有良好的止痛效果,并能部分恢复椎体高度。     

经皮椎体后凸成形治疗中骨水泥渗漏对椎体高度恢复的影响

摘要 背景：将经皮椎体后凸成形通过球囊加压扩张在椎体内形成周围有相对致密松质骨的空腔,可有效降低骨水泥渗漏率,同时扩张的球囊有助于塌陷椎体的复位,矫正脊柱后凸畸形。 目的：回顾性分析手法复位后将经皮椎体后凸成形注入骨水泥治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折渗漏情况及对椎体高度恢复的影响。 方法：选择2008-02/2010-06华北石油总医院骨科行经皮椎体后凸成形治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者31例,41椎体。平均年龄69(53~82)岁。并于术前手法按压使腰部过伸复位。观察患者术后疼痛缓解、椎体高度恢复以及骨水泥渗漏情况。 结果与结论: 所有患者术后随访8~13(11.0±1.6)个月。患者视觉模拟疼痛评分由术前6.7±1.9下降至术后1.3±1.2,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。椎体高度由术前(15.7±5.2) mm恢复至(20.2±4.5) mm,椎体高度显著恢复(P < 0.05)。发生骨水泥渗漏3例,均无明显临床症状。说明术前手法复位后经皮椎体后凸成形将骨水泥注入骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折可以显著恢复椎体高度,止痛效果良好且无严重渗漏发生。 关键词：经皮椎体后凸成形;骨质疏松;骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折;骨水泥;生物材料 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.42.038     

骨水泥材料在经皮椎体成形中的应用

背景：1987年首次报道经皮椎体成形应用于临床,目前该技术已广泛应用于治疗老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折以及椎体肿瘤并取得良效,但仍有一些问题需关注和探讨。 目的：对国内外骨水泥材料在经皮椎体成形中的临床应用进展进行综述,了解椎体成形的主要理论观点及存在的争议问题。 方法：应用计算机检索2008-01/2011-01 PubMed数据库相关文章,检索词为“vertebroplasty”,并限定文章语言种类为English。同时计算机检索2006-01/2011-01 CNKI数据库相关文章,检索词为“椎体成形”,并限定文章语言种类为中文。共检索到文献725篇,最终纳入符合标准的文献28篇。 结果与结论：经皮椎体成形应用于临床治疗老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折以及椎体肿瘤取得良效,它既可以消除或缓解疼痛症状,又能够加固和强化椎体从而防止进一步塌陷。但如何选择病椎,单侧还是双侧穿刺,经皮椎体成形还是经皮椎体后凸成形,骨水泥的注入时机和注入量,如何避免穿刺损伤以及骨水泥的渗漏等仍需进一步研究。     

纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66复合生物活性人工椎体在骨质疏松性胸腰椎爆裂骨折前路手术中的应用

背景：胸腰椎前路手术中,植入物塌陷是影响胸腰段骨折患者疗效的重要因素之一,尤其是骨质疏松患者发生植入物塌陷、钉道松动、植骨不愈合、脊柱后凸畸形的缺陷更加明显。纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66复合生物活性人工椎体具有良好的生物相容性及生物安全性,是一种比较理想的椎体植骨替代材料。 目的：观察纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66复合生物活性人工椎体治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎爆裂骨折的疗效。 设计、时间及地点：回顾性病例分析,病例来自于2004-01/2008-01泸州医学院附属医院脊柱外科。 对象：20例中重级骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折患者,男6例,女14例;年龄51~82岁,平均69岁。新鲜骨折17例,陈旧性骨折3例。纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66复合人工椎体为四川国纳科技有限公司生产,该人工椎体直径10~35 mm,长度30~ 100 mm,呈圆柱状,中空直径3~12 mm,管壁厚度2.5~6.5 mm,椎体四周为直径2 mm小孔,人工椎体接触面积为78.5~176.7 mm2。固定物为佛山施太保公司的前路钉板系统,系钛合金材料。 方法：常规气管插管全麻,取右侧卧位,根据骨折累及的节段不同而选用不同部位的切口,行前路减压、纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66复合生物活性人工椎体支撑,钢板内固定。 主要观察指标：X射线片观察骨折愈合情况、植入体松动情况,并比较术前、术后3个月及末次随访时的Cobb角、伤椎高度及脊髓功能评分。 结果：所有患者均顺利完成手术,术中出血 200~800 mL,手术时间2.0~3.0 h,术后患者肺部感染1例,伤口延迟愈合1例。20例患者均获得随访,随访时间6~42个月(平均18个月)。术后X射线片复查显示相邻椎体三四个月愈合,植入体无明显移位,重建的椎体高度丢失少。内固定位置良好,无断钉断棒及内固定松动移位等现象。术后3个月Cobb角、伤椎高度及脊髓功能评分与术前比较差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05),而术后两次随访差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。 结论：纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66复合生物活性人工椎体应用于骨质疏松性胸腰椎爆裂骨折前路手术可增大植骨融合面积,减少局部压强,防止植入体松动下沉,有效恢复椎体的高度。 关键词：胸腰椎爆裂骨折;骨质疏松;生物材料;人工椎体     

The Role of Bone Cement Augmentation in the Treatment of Chronic Symptomatic Osteoporotic Compression Fracture

Objective

Bone cement augmentation procedures such as percutaneous vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty have been shown to be effective treatment for acute or subacute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of bone cement augmentation procedures for long standing osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture with late vertebral collapse and persistent back pain.

Methods

Among 278 single level osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures that were treated by vertebral augmentation procedures at our institute, 18 consecutive patients were included in this study. Study inclusion was limited to initially, minimal compression fractures, but showing a poor prognosis due to late vertebral collapse, intravertebral vacuum clefts and continuous back pain despite conservative treatment for more than one year. The subjects included three men and 15 women. The mean age was 70.7 with a range from 64 to 85 years of age. After postural reduction for two days, bone cement augmentation procedures following intraoperative pressure reduction were performed. Imaging and clinical findings, including the level of the vertebra involved, vertebral height restoration, injected cement volume, local kyphosis, clinical outcome and complications were analyzed.

Results

The mean follow-up period after bone cement augmentation procedures was 14.3 months (range 12-27 months). The mean injected cement volume was 4.1 mL (range 2.4-5.9 mL). The unipedicular approach was possible in 15 patients. The mean pain score (visual analogue scale) prior to surgery was 7.1, which decreased to 3.1 at 7 days after the procedure. The pain relief was maintained at the final follow up. The kyphotic angle improved significantly from 21.2 ± 4.9° before surgery to 10.4 ± 3.8° after surgery. The fraction of vertebral height increased from 30% to 60% after bone cement augmentation, and the restored vertebral height was maintained at the final follow up. There were no serious complications related to cement leakage.

Conclusion

In the management of even long-standing osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture for over one year, bone cement augmentation procedures following postural reduction were considered safe and effective treatment in cases of non-healing evidence.     

球囊扩张椎体后凸成形注入骨水泥治疗骨质疏松性脊柱骨折58例

背景：探讨球囊扩张椎体后凸成形注入骨水泥治疗骨质疏松性脊柱骨折的疗效。 方法：采用球囊扩张椎体后凸成形治疗老年人骨质疏松性单节段椎体压缩性骨折58例,58个椎体。病变位于T6~L4椎体,以T10~L2胸腰段发生多见。所有患者均采用局麻方法,患者俯卧于脊柱外科手术架上,在C臂透视下行单侧或双侧椎弓根穿刺,注入骨水泥。 结果：发生骨水泥渗漏8例,骨水泥沿后纵韧带渗漏至邻近椎体后缘1例,椎体外边缘6例,皮下1例,但患者没有临床症状。治疗后脊柱 X射线片显示椎体高度有所恢复,脊柱后凸畸形改善。所有患者疼痛明显缓解,疼痛缓解率100%,视觉模拟评分、后凸角度、活动能力评分治疗前与治疗后6个月比较,差异有显著性意义(P < 0. 05),治疗后6个月与随访结束时比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0. 05)。 结论：球囊扩张椎体后凸成形注入骨水泥治疗能够明显缓解骨质疏松性脊柱骨折导致的疼痛,并可以部分恢复椎体高度和脊柱后凸畸形,有利于改善脊柱的功能,提高患者的生活质量。 关键词：球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术;骨质疏松;胸腰椎骨折 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2009.47.040     

经皮椎体成形过程中骨水泥注入及其并发症

经皮椎体成形以其创伤小、操作方式简单、疗效快且确切、安全性高、适应证广等优点,很快受到广泛关注和接受,尤其是在治疗椎体压缩性骨折方面取得了明显的疗效。聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯是目前最常用的填充物;单侧注射和双侧注射疗效没有明显差别;应用对比剂及掌握合适的骨水泥黏稠度可以减少骨水泥的渗漏率;成形前腰部垫枕自身复位可以恢复椎体的高度,避免采用操作复杂及价格昂贵的球囊后凸成形及骨膨胀椎体后凸成形;进行经皮椎体成形时应该配合应用抗骨质疏松药物,以减少椎体再骨折的发生。     

Early and long-term outcomes of vertebroplasty for single osteoporotic fractures

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE : Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) is a minimally invasive vertebral augmentation procedure for the treatment of recent, osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. The aim of the study was to determine the early and late outcomes of PVP for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We prospectively assessed outcomes of PVP in 200 patients with single, osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. Follow-up assessment was made 12 hours after surgery as well as after 7 days, 30 days, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery. A subgroup of 80 patients was evaluated also 2 years after PVP. A 100-mm visual analogue scale of pain was used for outcome measurement. RESULTS : Twelve hours after PVP, very significant relief of pain was obtained in 85% of patients; on the 7th and 30th day a very good result of treatment was noted in 96%. The same result was noted in 92% of patients at the 6th month, and in 90% of patients at the 12th month. Among the 80 patients followed for 2 years, 3 patients reported recurrence of pain and were subsequently diagnosed with new osteoporotic fractures. CONCLUSIONS : Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a minimally invasive method of treatment for fresh osteoporotic fractures, which provides a significant and sizeable reduction of pain in the short as well as long term after surgery. Complete relief of pain was noted 12 hours after PVP in 94% of patients, and was noted in 90% two years after treatment. Despite some literature data suggesting no beneficial effect of PVP, it can be concluded that PVP is the most effective and the safest method for fresh vertebral compression fracture treatment.     

Percutaneous vertebroplasty in the management of vertebral lesions

BACKGROUND: Debilitating backache due to different types of vertebral lesions is a common cause of morbidity in all age groups. Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) gives substantial pain relief and stabilizes the weak vertebrae. Most of the information regarding PV comes from the Western literature. The effect of PV in our population should be studied. AIMS: The primary objective is to assess the therapeutic benefit of PV in alleviating back pain and improving the functional status in patients with painful pathologic vertebrae. The secondary objectives are to study the technical aspects of the procedure and their relation to outcome and complications. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This is a retrospective hospital-based (tertiary teaching hospital) study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2001 to December 2004, 46 patients underwent PV procedures. Sixty-five vertebroplasties were done in 13 males and 33 female patients. Twenty-four (36.92%) procedures were done for osteoporotic compression collapse, 26 (40.0%) for hemangioma, and 15 (23.07%) for different vertebral body tumors and metastasis. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to evaluate the statistical significance of differences between the preoperative and postoperative levels of pain, mobility and analgesic usage. RESULTS: Most of the patients had pain relief within 48 h. Only minor side effects were encountered. No patient had any deficit related to the procedure. On follow up of 3-48 months, all patients had statistically significant improvement in clinical condition (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a safe and effective procedure in relieving debilitating backache and can be used to treat vertebral lesions in selected cases.