Transmasseteric anterior parotid approach for condylar fractures: experience of 129 cases

We have evaluated the transmasseteric anterior parotid (TMAP) approach in the treatment of 163 condylar fractures in 129 patients. Ninety-five patients presented with unilateral, and 34 with bilateral, fractures. The inclusion criteria were patient's choice for open reduction and internal fixation, displaced unilateral condylar fractures with occlusal derangement, and displaced bilateral condylar fractures with anterior open bite. Mean (SD) maximum interincisal opening after 3 months was 44(5)mm. There were no differences in lateral movements during the reviews 6 weeks and 3 months postoperatively. Protrusive movement at the end of 3 months was 7(2)mm. All patients achieved functional occlusion identical to the pretraumatic occlusion and good reduction of the condyles. No patient developed temporary or permanent facial palsy, sialocele, salivary fistula, or Frey syndrome. The mean (SD) operating time was 46(11)min. The TMAP approach avoids the complications of incision of the parotid gland, minimises the risk of facial nerve palsy, and offers excellent access to the fractured condyle.     

The retromandibular transparotid approach for reduction and rigid internal fixation using two locking miniplates in mandibular condylar neck fractures

We evaluated the safety, efficacy, and morbidity associated with the treatment of displaced mandibular condylar neck fractures using a retromandibular transparotid approach to reduce and rigidly fix using two 2.0-mm locking miniplates. Our surgical inclusion criteria were: patient selection of open reduction and fixation, displaced unilateral condylar fractures with derangement of occlusion, and bilateral condylar fractures with an anterior open bite. The study group consisted of 19 patients who underwent surgery for 19 mandibular condylar neck fractures; patients were analyzed prospectively, with more than 6 months of follow-up, and were evaluated in terms of functional results, scar formation, postoperative complications, and stability of fixation. The results showed that functional occlusion identical to the preoperative condition and correct anatomical reduction of the condylar segments in centric occlusion, followed by immediate functional recovery, was achieved in all patients. No patient suffered from any major or permanent complication postoperatively, although there were two cases (11%) of temporary facial nerve palsy, which resolved completely within 3 months. Surgical scars were barely visible. The retromandibular transparotid approach with open reduction and rigid internal fixation for displaced condylar neck fractures of the mandible is a feasible and safe, minimally invasive surgical technique that provides reliable clinical results.     

Open Reduction and Rigid Internal Fixation of Mandibular Condylar Fractures by an Intraoral Approach: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study of 15 Patients

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term results obtained with open reduction and rigid internal fixation of mandibular condylar fractures by an intraoral approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with 24 mandibular condylar fractures were retrospectively examined with an average follow-up of 23 months (range, 6-63 months). Clinical and radiographic examination was conducted according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD), including an evaluation of maximum voluntary bite force measurements and facial nerve function. Statistical analysis was performed on maximum voluntary bite force measurements and maximum pressure pain threshold. RESULTS: Two patients fulfilled the criteria for a RDC/TMD diagnosis. Myofacial pain (group I) and bilateral arthralgia (group III), combined with a moderate nonspecific physical symptom score, was diagnosed in 1 patient and 1 patient received a diagnosis of disc displacement with reduction (group II). Satisfying radiographic fracture healing was seen in 12 joints. However, miniplate fracture occurred in 3 patients and severe bone resorption of the condylar head was seen in one patient. Minor adjustment of the postoperative occlusion was necessary in 6 patients. No significant difference between maximum voluntary isometric bite force measurements or maximum pressure pain threshold was found between the fracture side and the opposite side in unilateral cases or between the operated and nonoperated side in bilateral cases. None of the patients showed facial nerve injury or visible facial scars. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of a retrospective study, the present study emphasized that optimal management of dislocated bilateral condylar injuries combined with other fractures of the facial skeleton constitute a challenging issue in maxillofacial trauma. Moreover, open reduction and rigid internal fixation of mandibular condylar fractures by an intraoral approach is a technically demanding surgical procedure associated with a high risk of postoperative complications in these injuries.     

髁突骨折解剖复位及小型接骨板坚强内固定

目的 探讨髁突骨折解剖复位和小型接骨板坚强内固定的技术要点和并发症的发生因素。方法 髁突骨折72例97侧（单侧47例,双侧25例）。陈旧性骨折12例,髁颈和髁颈下骨折81例,移位和脱位骨折90例。8侧未手术,7侧髁突摘除,6侧升支垂直截骨间接复位,76侧直接复位。59侧单板固定,21侧双板固定,2侧螺钉穿接固定,有22侧髁突呈游离再植,68例经颌后入路,21侧经耳屏前入路。术后1～3个月复查9例,3～6个月36例,6个月以上27例,复查内容包括骨折复位准确性、固定稳定性、骨折愈合改建,伤口愈合、面型、he关系、下颌运动、关节症状、神经损伤。结果 感染2侧,错he2例,假关节2侧,接骨板断裂3侧,接骨板变形2侧,骨折块再移位7侧,髁突吸收6侧,张口受限7例,关节疼痛5侧,关节杂音5侧,面神经损伤9例。并发症发生率33%（24/72例）,排除医源性因素后的并发症率14%（10/72例）。结论 切开复位及小型接骨板坚强内固定是治疗髁颈和髁颈下移位及脱位骨折的效方法,升支垂直截骨髁突游离再植是治疗髁突陈旧性骨折的可选择方法。低位髁颈和髁颈下骨折应采用颌后入路,接骨板应沿后外缘作张力带固定,髁颈下严重移位和陈旧性骨折需在髁颈前或乙状切迹处增加补偿固定。     

Fractures of the mandibular condyle: a review of 466 cases. Literature review, reflections on treatment and proposals.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of condylar fractures is high. Condylar fractures can be extracapsular (condylar neck or subcondylar) or intracapsular, undisplaced, deviated, displaced or dislocated. Treatment depends on the age of the patient, the co-existence of other mandibular or maxillary fractures, whether the condylar fracture is unilateral or bilateral, the level and displacement of the fracture, the state of dentition and the dental occlusion, and the surgeon's experience. PURPOSE: This report presents the experience acquired in the treatment of 466 condylar fractures over 7 years, reviews the pertinent literature and proposes guidelines for treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The archives of KAT, General District Hospital between 1995 and 2002 were scrutinized and the condylar fractures were recorded. The aetiology, age, sex, level of fracture, degree of displacement, associated facial fractures, malocclusion, and type of treatment were noted. RESULTS: Four hundred and sixty-six condylar fractures were admitted, the male:female ratio was 3.5:1. Road traffic accidents were the main cause and most fractures were unilateral, displaced, subcondylar, occurred on the left side and were treated conservatively. CONCLUSIONS: Early mobilization is the key in treating condylar fractures. Whilst rigid internal fixation provides stabilization and allows early mobilization, conservative treatment is the treatment of choice for the majority of fractures. Children and intracapsular fractures are treated conservatively with or without maxillo-mandibular fixation. Open reduction is recommended in selected cases to restore the occlusion, in severely displaced and dislocated fractures, in cases of loss of ramus height, and in edentulous patients. It may be considered in those with 'medical problems' where intermaxillary fixation is not recommended.     

24例髁突骨折经下颌后进路行坚强内固定的疗效观察

目的:介绍发生于髁突颈和髁颈以下髁突骨折用小型钛板经下颌后进路行解剖复位、坚强内固定术的方法和经验。方法:发生于髁突颈和髁颈以下骨折24例30侧,经下颌后进路以小型钛板行坚强内固定术。术后3～6个月后复查并评价疗效,复查内容包括:张口度、张口型、咬合关系、X线表现、面神经损伤情况。结果:张口度较术前明显增大,张口型偏移明显改善,错牙合3例,面神经下颌缘支损伤2例。X线检查:髁突骨折复位良好,髁突无移位。结论:下颌后进路是一种治疗髁突颈和髁颈以下骨折的有效方法。     

髁颈及髁颈下骨折术后非骨源性咬合关系紊乱因素探讨

目的 总结髁颈及髁颈下骨折解剖复位、坚强内固定术后影响咬合关系的非骨源性因素。方法 分析23例髁颈及髁颈下骨折经解剖复位、小型接骨板坚强内固定术后出现咬合紊乱的原因，并提出相应的处理措施。结果 23例术后咬合紊乱者均经曲面断层片及瓦氏位片复查，未发现小型接骨板变形、断裂以及骨折片再移位，但伴其他并发症(一过性面瘫2例；一过性下颌缘支损伤3例；感染2例；关节区疼痛2例；关节弹响及杂音1例)。结论 髁颈及髁颈下骨折虽经解剖复位、小型接骨板坚强内固定，且术后并无导致咬合紊乱的骨源性因素，仍有发生咬合紊乱的可能性。其原因为肌源性和关节源性。这时，不需再次手术复位，只需颌间弹性牵引及功能锻炼，个别情况下调He治疗即可恢复正常咬合关系。     

Retrieval of the displaced condylar fragment with a screw: simple method of reduction and stabilisation of high and intracapsular condylar fractures

We acknowledge the difficulties that arise when attempting to reduce and stabilise some condylar fractures, particularly those that are high or intracapsular. This paper highlights retrieval of the proximal fragment with a screw, and its benefit for reduction and stabilisation of the fractured condylar head before fixation. Eight patients with condylar fractures were treated at two centres, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, South Wales, and the General Hospital St. Jan, Brugge, Belgium between 1998 and 2007. The proximal fragment was retrieved by insertion of a screw in all cases. Three patients had unilateral, and five had bilateral high or intracapsular fractures. In all cases postoperative scans showed excellent anatomical repositioning and fixation of the condylar fragments. Postoperative follow-up showed good, stable occlusion, excellent mouth opening, and no facial nerve weakness even for a temporary period. Once the screw is in position the operator can gain precise control of the reduction, and the ease of manipulation reduces operating time considerably. The technique provides an excellent solution to the difficult task of reduction and stabilisation of the displaced fragment in condylar fractures, particularly in high fractures, and can be extended to other areas of maxillofacial trauma and corrective bone surgery.     

38例下颌骨髁突囊内骨折的手术治疗及疗效评价

目的： 介绍一种改良的下颌骨髁突囊内骨折（diacapitular condylar fractures, DCF）手术治疗方法，并评价其疗效。方法： 2015年1月—2016年12月期间，对38例（50侧）DCF患者进行骨折内固定联合颞下颌关节盘锚固术治疗。采用改良耳前入路，复位骨折髁突并用1颗长14~16 mm的螺钉固定，然后复位向前内侧移位的关节盘，并用1颗锚固钉锚固于髁突后斜面下缘中份。所有患者进行手术前、后颌面部CT、颞下颌关节 (temporomandibular joint, TMJ) MRI 检查，对伴有下颌骨其他部位的骨折，同期进行解剖复位、固定。利用SimPlant Pro 11.04软件 CMF模块进行术前、术后，健侧、患侧下颌支高度测量，并进行配对t检验，评价骨折固定效果。利用术前、术后MRI中关节盘与髁突顶点相对位置的变化，评价关节盘锚固术的准确性。术后对所有患者进行随访，对开口度、开口型、关节弹响、面神经损伤症状等进行比较。采用SPSS 17.0软件包对数据进行统计学处理。结果： 手术后颌面部CT显示，37例（48侧）囊内骨折达到解剖复位（有效率96%）。所有患者患侧下颌支高度较术前显著增加（P<0.05）；19例单侧囊内骨折患者术后健、患侧下颌支高度无显著差异（P>0.05）。术后MRI图像显示，35例（46侧）关节盘回到原有的解剖位置，有效率为92.0%（46/50）。术后远期随访显示，38例患者咬合关系稳定，平均开口度35.67 mm，最大侧方咬合平均值为4.45 mm，最大前伸咬合平均值为5.63 mm；开口型偏斜2例（5.3%），关节弹响2例2侧（4.0%）；4例患者出现不同程度的暂时性面神经功能不全，其中3例在术后3个月逐渐恢复，另外1例（2.6%）随访3个月后仍出现患侧抬眉困难，口服甲钴胺片后症状缓解。结论： 下颌骨髁突囊内骨折常伴发TMJ关节盘移位，且方向与移位的骨折片一致。骨折开放复位内固定术联合颞下颌关节盘锚固术是治疗该类型骨折的有效方法。     

髁突骨折手术治疗的临床研究

目的：探讨手术治疗髁突骨折的适应证、技术要点和并发症的发生因素。方法：回顾分析5年来采用手术治疗的116例髁突骨折病例的临床资料,分别采取切开复位内固定术和髁突摘除术,随访3个月至3年,复查内容包括患者咬合关系、开口度、开口型、神经损伤、颞下颌关节症状、面型和X线检查。结果：外形和功能均显著恢复,113例咬合关系恢复正常,占97.4%;115例张口度恢复正常,占99.1%;X线复查髁突骨折解剖复位率94.8%;15例儿童患者恢复良好,无下颌骨发育障碍等严重并发症发生。结论：坚强内固定技术是治疗髁突骨折的较好方法,严重移位或脱位的儿童髁颈和髁颈下骨折应采用可吸收接骨板进行内固定。     

切开复位治疗高位髁状突骨折

目的　探讨切开复位治疗高位髁状突骨折。方法　对 32例 (47侧 )高位髁状突骨折经耳前进路行髁状突复位、微型钛板内固定 ,术后行临床和影像学观察。结果　术后 1年临床评价优良率为 75 % ,无张口受限、关节症状及面神经损伤 ,影像学检查髁状突异常主要有骨折片移位、成角畸形及骨质吸收 ,再移位仅见于单板固定的病例。结论　切开复位治疗高位髁状突骨折可取得满意临床疗效 ,内固定时尽可能行双板固定 ,以达到三维稳固。     

内镜辅助髁突下骨折的复位与内固定

目的：为减少明显的瘢痕和面神经损伤的机会,采用内镜辅助经口内入路进行成年人髁突下骨折的复位与固定。方法：从2003年4月—2005年12月就诊的11例髁突下骨折病例,全麻下口内切开,内镜辅助下进行髁突下骨折的复位与内固定,同期行其他部位骨折的复位与固定。结果：11例患者中有9例获得了良好的解剖复位,另2例因存在骨质缺损未能达到精确的解剖复位。手术后恢复较快,均无面神经损伤症状。随访期为1.5～3.8a,平均2.2a。术后6个月内关节功能正常,瘢痕不明显;随访期末,平均开口度为3.6cm,2例患者出现关节弹响,但不影响生活。结论：经口内入路内镜辅助的下颌骨髁突下骨折复位与固定可达到开放性手术类似的疗效,并可减少瘢痕的形成和面神经损伤的发生。     

Analysis of Patterns and Treatment Strategies for Mandibular Condyle Fractures: Review of 175 Condyle Fractures with Review of Literature

This study aims to evaluate incidence, patterns and epidemiology of mandibular condylar fractures (MCF) to propose a treatment strategy for managing MCF and analyze the factors which influence the outcome. One hundred and seventy-five MCF’s were evaluated over a four year period and their pattern was recorded in terms of displacement, level of fracture, age of incidence and dental occlusion. Of the 2,718 facial bone fractures, MCF incidence was the third most common at 18.39 %. Of 175 MCF 58.8 % were unilateral and 41.12 % were bilateral. 67 % of bilateral fractures and 43.8 % of unilateral fractures were associated with midline symphysis and contralateral parasymphysis fractures respectively. Most of the MCF was seen in the age group of above 16 years and 50 % of them were at subcondylar level (below the neck of the condyle). Majority of MCF sustained due to inter personal violence were undisplaced (72.7 %) and contrary to this majority of MCF sustained during road traffic accident were displaced. 62.9 % of total fractures required open reduction and rigid fixation and 37.1 % were managed with closed reduction. 80 % of MCF managed with closed reduction were in the age group of below 16 years. From this study it can be concluded that the treatment algorithm proposed for managing MCF is reliable and easy to adopt. We observed that absolute indication for open reduction of MCF is inability to achieve satisfactory occlusion by closed method and absolute contraindication for open reduction is condylar head fracture irrespective of the age of the patient.     

翼外肌-髁突解剖复位内固定治疗髁突颈骨折60例的临床分析

目的 探讨髁突颈部骨折时进行髁突-翼外肌解剖复位坚强内固定的适应证、手术方法 及术后效果。方法 对髁突颈部骨折出现髁头脱位突破关节囊、髁突和髁突颈下骨折移位成角大于30°~45°、下颌支垂直高度降低超过4~5 mm的骨折患者,采用耳屏前绕耳轮脚向上后耳颅沟切口,行翼外肌-髁突肌解剖复位坚强内固定方法 治疗。术后1、3、6个月复诊,检查面型、开口度、开口型、牙合关系、咀嚼力、面神经功能,三维CT重建上下颌骨,根据临床和影像学进行评价。结果 术后1月,所有患者面型对称、牙合关系好、开口度均较术前增大;无骨折移位、患侧咀嚼力减弱、8例额纹变浅。3月后,所有病例面型对称、开口度≥3.5 cm、开口型无偏斜、骨折一期愈合、髁突表面未见骨质吸收、面神经瘫痪症状恢复、双侧咬合力对称。6月后观察所有项目同术后3月。结论 髁突骨折经耳屏前后上绕耳轮脚切口,能较好的保护颞下颌关节区相关血管神经;对髁突颈部骨折行翼外肌-髁突解剖结构开放性复位内固定,是一种恢复解剖形态和关节功能的有效方法 ,在术后3月内可判定其效果。     

Preliminary functional results of endoscope-assisted transoral treatment of displaced bilateral condylar mandible fractures

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function was evaluated following endoscope-assisted transoral open reduction and miniplate fixation of displaced bilateral condylar mandibular fractures. The transoral treatment of bilateral condylar fractures was performed in 13 patients from May 2000 to December 2004. Eleven of the 13 patients had additional mandibular fractures. Out of 26 fractures of the condylar process, 11 were located at the condylar neck and 15 were subcondylar. One, 6 and 12 months after surgery TMJ function was evaluated. Anatomic reduction was achieved using an endoscope-assisted transoral approach even when the condylar fragment was displaced medially and in fractures with comminution. Good TMJ function was noted 6 and 12 months after surgery. Mouth opening was measured to be more than 40 mm without deviation. Postoperative range of motion with a satisfying lateral excursion was found. Early rehabilitation and pre-injury TMJ function was achieved following minimally invasive anatomic fracture reduction.     

Extraoral approach to mandibular condylar fractures: Our experience with 100 cases

IntroductionMandibular condylar fractures are very common. The current literature contains many indications and methods of treatment. Extraoral approaches are complicated by the need to avoid injury to the facial nerve. On the other hand intraoral approaches can make fracture reduction and/or fixation difficult. The mini-retromandibular approach provides an excellent view of the surgical field, minimises the risk of injury to the facial nerve, and allows rapid and easy management of condylar fractures.We have collected and reviewed our first 100 condylar fractures treated by means of a mini-retromandibular approach.Patients and methodsBetween June 2006 and June 2012, Eighty-seven patients with extracapsular condylar fractures underwent open reduction and rigid fixation for 100 extracapsular condylar fractures via a mini-retromandibular approach.ResultsDental occlusion and anatomic reduction were restored in all 100 condylar fractures. Postoperative infection developed in three patients. There was one sialocele and one case of plate fracture. Four patients experienced transient palsy of the buccal branch of the facial nerve. No permanent deficit of any facial nerve branch was observed.No patient showed condylar head resorption.ConclusionsOur experience with the treatment of the first 100 condylar fractures using the mini-retromandibular approach has demonstrated that this technique has allowed the Authors to safely manage extracapsular condylar fractures at all levels.     

髁突游离回植术治疗移位髁突骨折的初步分析

目的:分析髁突游离回植术治疗重度移位髁突骨折的适应证、固定方法及疗效。方法:对43例、56侧严重移位的髁突骨折进行了移位角度、移位程度及翼外肌附丽情况测量,43例均施行髁突游离回植术,固定方法分别为钢丝骨间固定、小型钛板固定及横向拉力螺钉固定;观察时间6个月;采取临床标准(切口感染、开口度、咬合关系、中线偏移、面神经损伤、咀嚼疼痛等情况)和影像学检查评价治疗成功率、分析疗效,研究所选固定方法的优缺点。结果:髁突游离回植治疗重度移位的髁突骨折成功率高达98.2%;固定方法以小型钛板固定及横向拉力螺钉固定更加可靠、简捷,术后移位小,咬合关系好。56侧中仅有2侧有轻微的面神经损伤,2例咬合轻度错位。结论:髁突游离回植术治疗重度移位髁突骨折成功率高,疗效较佳,适用于有严重移位的髁突骨折。     

Evaluation of facial nerve following open reduction and internal fixation of subcondylar fracture through retromandibular transparotid approach

The objective of this study was to evaluate any damage to the facial nerve after a retromandibular transparotid approach for open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of a subcondylar fracture. We studied 38 patients with 44 subcondylar fractures (3 bilateral and 38 unilateral) treated by ORIF through a retromandibular transparotid approach. All patients were followed up for 6 months. Postoperative function of the facial nerve was evaluated within 24 h of operation, and at 1, 3, and 12 weeks, and 6 months. Variables including type of fracture, degree of mouth opening, postoperative occlusion, lateral excursion of the mandible, and aesthetic outcome were also monitored. Nine of the 44 fractures resulted in transient facial nerve palsy (20%). Branches of the facial nerve that were involved were the buccal (n = 7), marginal mandibular (n = 2), and zygomatic (n = 1). In the group with lateral displacement, 2/15 showed signs of weakness, whereas when the fracture was medially displaced or dislocated 7/23 showed signs of weakness. Of the 9 sites affected, 7 had resolved within 3 months, and the remaining 2 resolved within 6 months. The mean (range) time to recovery of function was 12 weeks (3–6 months). There was no case of permanent nerve palsy. The retromandibular transparotid approach to ORIF does not permanently damage the branches of the facial nerve. Temporary palsy, though common, resolves in 3–6 months. Postoperative occlusion, mouth opening, and lateral excursion of the mandible were within the reference ranges. We had no infections, or fractured plates, or hypertrophic or keloid scars.     

穿腮腺入路治疗髁颈及髁突基底部骨折

目的：探讨穿腮腺入路治疗髁颈及髁突基底部的安全性及有效性。方法：对15例（21侧）髁颈及髁突基底部骨折患者选择穿腮腺入路切开复位内固定术。结果：15例患者,21例侧髁突骨折行手术治疗。19例侧髁突骨折选择2块接骨板固定,2例侧选择1块接骨板固定。所有患者伤口均一期愈合,术后复查全口曲面断层片或三维CT示骨折断端对位良好。除1例患侧后牙暂时性轻度开外,所有患者咬合关系恢复良好。术后1个月复查,张口度32～45mm（平均38mm）。3例侧出现面神经损伤症状,术后3个月内均恢复正常,无1例出现永久性面瘫。所有患者均未出现涎瘘、感染等并发症。结论：相对于髁突骨折的颌后及颌下入路,穿腮腺入路行髁突骨折切开复位内固定术,容易暴露,可直视下完成骨折复位固定,是治疗髁颈和髁突基底部骨折安全有效的手术入路。     

下颌下小切口入路行髁突颈部骨折复位固定术的疗效观察

目的：观察下颌下小切口入路用于髁突颈部骨折复位固定的疗效。方法：纳入研究病例26例,术前确诊为髁突颈部骨折并且具备手术适应证。于下颌角位置做小切口,分离并保护面神经下颌缘支,于该神经上横断咬肌后1/3,骨折断端暴露后,解剖复位并钛板固定。结果：26例患者均恢复正常咬合关系,开口度和开口型均正常,面部对称,无面神经损伤。结论：下颌下小切口入路利用面神经下颌缘支和下颊支之间的解剖间隙,在髁突颈部骨折治疗中效果良好。