中学生父母教养方式、应对方式的关系及影响因素

目的探讨父母教养方式及有关因素对中学生应对方式的影响。方法采用父母教养方式量表和中学生应对方式量表对开封市579名中学生进行调查。结果良好的父母养育方式与积极的应对方式呈正相关；不良的父母养育方式与消极的应对方式呈负相关。在性别上父母养育方式各因子中父亲情感温暖理解、惩罚严厉、过分干涉、拒绝、否认、母亲情感温暖理解、过分干涉、过分保护等因子上有显著差异。在年级纬度上父母养育方式各因子中，父亲惩罚严厉、拒绝、否认、过度保护、母亲过分干涉、过分保护等因子有显著差异。结论父母教养方式和中学生应对方式存在显著相关，父母教养方式越积极，中学生越倾向采取积极的应对方式应对生活中遇到的挫折和烦恼。     

中学生自我效能感、父母养育方式与成绩的关系

目的探讨中学生自我效能感和父母教养方式对学业成绩的影响。方法采用父母养育方式评价量表、一般自我效能感量表、学业自我效能感量表和自我调节学习效能感量表对1460名中学生进行调查。结果1父母教养方式方面,在父亲惩罚严厉、父亲过分干涉、父亲总分以及母亲过分干涉保护维度上存在显著的性别差异;在父亲教养方式总分上存在显著的年级差异;2自我效能感方面,在一般自我效能感维度上存在显著性别差异,在自我效能感总分上存在显著的年级差异;3学业自我效能感、一般自我效能感、父亲过分干涉、母亲温情理解和母亲惩罚严厉能够显著预测学业成绩。结论自我效能感对中学生学业成绩有显著影响,父母教养方式也显著影响学业成绩。     

父母教养方式对大学生时间管理倾向影响的研究

目的探讨父母教养方式与大学生时间管理倾向之间的关系。方法采用父母教养方式问卷和时间管理倾向问卷对230名大学生进行调查。结果在父亲教养方式上存在性别差异,其中在惩罚严厉、过分干涉、拒绝否认和过度保护维度上,男生得分显著高于女生;时间管理倾向上,在时间价值感和时间监控观维度,女生得分显著高于男生;父亲偏爱对大学生的时间价值感、父亲情感温暖理解对大学生时间监控观和时间效能感都具有很好的预测作用。结论父母教养方式对大学生时间管理倾向具有重要影响。     

河北省沧州市初中生问题行为的家庭影响因素

目的:探讨影响初中生问题行为的家庭因素,为早期干预和家庭教育提供依据.方法:采用分层整群抽样的方法,使用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)和问题行为早期发现测验量表(PPCT),对河北省沧州市城乡677名12～16岁的初中生进行了问卷调查.结果:男生的问题行为检出率显著高于女生(χ2=6.352,P<0.05);中学生的问题行为受父亲职业、父母是否离异显著影响(P<0.05),而与是否独生、父母受教育程度、母亲职业等没有显著相关(P>0.05);问题行为检出者在父亲教养方式中的惩罚严厉、过分干涉、拒绝否认、过分保护等因子及母亲教养方式中干涉保护、拒绝否认、惩罚严厉等因子上的分数显著高于正常学生(P<0.05).结论:中学生的问题行为倾向受性别、父亲职业、父母是否离异、父母教养方式等家庭因素的影响.     

不同竞争态度大学生的父母教养方式特点研究

目的探讨不同竞争态度大学生的父母教养方式特点。方法采用父母教养方式评价量表(EM BU)和竞争态度量表对228名大学生进行问卷调查。结果①大学生在良性竞争态度及竞争态度总均分上性别差异显著;②良性竞争态度高低分组在父母亲情感温暖维度和父亲过分干涉维度差异显著;过度竞争态度高低分组在父母亲的拒绝否认维度、过度保护维度以及母亲的惩罚严厉维度上差异显著。结论父母教养方式与大学生竞争态度之间存在一定的联系。     

河北省沧州市初中生问题行为的家庭影响因素

目的:探讨影响初中生问题行为的家庭因素,为早期干预和家庭教育提供依据.方法:采用分层整群抽样的方法,使用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)和问题行为早期发现测验(PPCT),对河北省沧州市城乡677名12～16岁的初中生进行了问卷调查.结果:男生的问题行为检出率显著高于女生(x2=6.352,P＜0.05);中学生的问题行为受父亲职业、父母是否离异显著影响(P＜0.05),而与是否独生、父母文化水平、母亲职业等没有显著相关(P＞0.05);问题行为检出者在父亲教养方式中的惩罚严厉、过分干涉、拒绝否认、过分保护等因子及母亲教养方式中干涉保护、拒绝否认、惩罚严厉等因子上的分数显著高于正常学生(P＜0.05).结论:中学生的问题行为倾向受性别、父亲职业、父母是否离异、父母教养方式等家庭因素的影响.     

城乡儿童父母教养方式的比较

目的:针对城乡儿童父母教养方式的比较研究,为儿童心理教育及心理发展提供依据。方法:采用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)以班级为单位进行团体施测。结果:城乡比较父亲的教养方式在过分干涉和拒绝否认方面差异非常显著(t=4.02~4.16,P0.001);母亲的教养方式在过度保护和拒绝否认的方面差异显著(t=2.47~3.06,P0.05)。比较父母对不同性别子女的教养方式,父亲对于男生采取的惩罚严厉、过分干涉、拒绝否认和过度保护的教养方式显著高于女生(t=3.82~4.22,P0.001);母亲对于男生采取的过度保护、拒绝否认和严厉惩罚也显著的高于女生(t=2.45~4.61,P0.05)。结论:父母的教养方式对儿童的身心发展有决定性影响。     

成年罪犯人格特征及父母教养方式的相关分析

目的：了解成年罪犯的人格特征及探讨父母教养方式与其人格的相关性。方法：对139名成年男性罪犯进行EPQ人格问卷,EMBU父母教养方式量表测试。结果：罪犯E、N、P分高于常模,L分低于常模,暴力型犯罪E分高于财产型犯罪。幼时家庭不完整者的“父母情感温暖、理解”、“父亲偏爱被试”因子分比幼时家庭完整者低。“父母情感温暖、理解”,“母亲过分干涉、过分保护”因子与E因子显著相关;“母子过分干涉、保护”及“母亲拒绝、否认”因子与N因子显著相关;“父母惩罚严厉、拒绝否认”因子与P因子显著相关。结论：罪犯的人格特征与父母教养方式显著相关。     

父母教养方式对小学学业不良儿童孤独感的影响

目的:探讨父母教养方式对学业不良儿童孤独感的影响,为学业不良儿童孤独感干预提供心理学依据.方法:运用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)和儿童孤独量表,以北京市四所普通小学四到六年级1276名小学生中筛查出的144名学业不良儿童为被试进行团体测查,采用一般线性回归和分位回归进行统计分析.结果:(1)线性回归中母亲的温暖理解的估计系数为-0.1115,父母惩罚严厉的估计系数分别为0.3802,0.5158;(2)在分位回归中,惩罚严厉的估计系数,随着分位回归数从0.5到0.9,有增加的趋势;(3)整体上线性回归结果显示父亲的拒绝否认和过分干涉的估计系数分别为0.1303,-0.2897,对孤独感没有显著影响,但在分位回归中,父亲的拒绝否认和过分干涉在中低分位点处估计系数为(0.8142,0.2588)和(-0.3334,-0.4885),对孤独感有显著影响.结论:学业不良儿童孤独感与父母教养方式有关,其中父母的温暖理解、惩罚严厉为主要影响因素.对于孤独感体验强烈的学业不良儿童,惩罚严厉对其孤独感影响尤其显著,父母更应慎重使用惩罚严厉的教养方式.父亲的拒绝否认和过分干涉对学业不良儿童孤独感的影响作用需要进一步更细致的研究.     

深圳高职院校学生家庭教养方式与应对方式的特点

目的探讨高职院校学生家庭教养方式与应对方式的特点和关系,为高职院校处理校园突发事件提供理论依据和指导。方法运用《家庭教养方式》问卷和《特制应对方式》问卷对深圳高职院校的540名大学生进行调查。结果男生受到父亲"惩罚、严厉"(t=3.959,P0.01)和"拒绝、否认"(t=2.213,P0.05)影响显著高于女生;城镇学生受到父亲"过分干涉"(F=3.414,P0.05)和母亲"拒绝、否认"(F=4.726,P0.01)影响显著高于农村学生;回归分析表明,母亲"情感温暖、理解"对大学生应对方式有积极作用,父母的"拒绝、否认"和母亲的"过干涉、过保护"对大学生的应对方式有消极作用。结论父母教养方式对学生应对方式影响显著,母亲教养方式对学生影响尤为突出,父亲消极教养方式对大学生应对方式存在显著负向影响。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.