上颌第一磨牙遗漏近颊第二根管的显微根管再治疗

目的：探讨运用根管显微镜对经治的上颌第一磨牙遗漏近颊第二根管（MB2）的诊治方法。方法：选择需行根管再治疗的上颌第一磨牙64个。依据x线片特征,牙冠与髓底的形态特点判断是否存在MB2。采用斜方形开髓入口,小号K锉探查,必要时使用根管手术显微镜定位MB2根管。镍钛机用根管锉冠向下法预备根管,1％NaOCL冲洗根管系统,冷牙胶侧方加压与热牙胶垂直加压充填根管。记录近颊根根管分型、根管预备过程中并发症的情况,评价疗效。结果：再治疗中共发现MB2根管55个（85．81％）,疏通45个（80％）。近颊根双根管以2—1型、2—2型较常见（76．56％）。治疗过程中未发生器械折断、管壁侧穿等并发症,治疗成功率为95．55％。结论：上颌第一磨牙MB2发生率高,通常狭窄、弯曲、隐蔽,是临床治疗的难点;临床医生有意识地寻找和在显微镜下的可视化操作能提高MB2根管的发现率和治疗的成功率。     

上颌第二乳磨牙根管数目的临床研究

目的 观察临床治疗中上颌第二乳磨牙根管数目.方法 选取需行上颌第二乳磨牙根管治疗的3~8岁患儿204例,共216颗患牙.常规方法开髓、制备开髓洞型,使髓室底完全暴露,用小号锉结合17%乙二胺四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)溶液探查各根管口的位置,确定并记录根管数目,根管预备完成后采用碘仿氧化锌糊剂进行根管充填.结果 216颗上颌第二乳磨牙中,122颗为3根管(占56.5%);94颗为4根管(占43.5%),根管数目变异以近中颊根第二根管(second mesiobuccal canal,MB2)出现频率较高,占比41.2%.上颌第二乳磨牙MB2的发现率在性别(X2=1.004,P=0.316)及牙位方面的差异(X2=0.072,P=0.788)没有统计学意义.结论 上颌第二乳磨牙根管数目存在较多变异,MB2发现率较高.     

上颌磨牙近中颊根的寻找和扩通

目的：寻找并尽量扩通上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管，统计其发生率及通畅率。方法：离体上颌磨牙11颗，开髓、拔髓，寻找并尽量扩通近中颊根第二根管即MB2，根管预备、充填，拍片。统计其发生及发现率。临床上对146颗上颌磨牙开髓、拔髓，寻找并尽量扩通近中颊根第二根管即MB2，根管预备，充填，拍片。结果：离体牙10颗，上颌第一磨牙近中颊根第二根管发现率为60％，通畅率为50％。94颗上颌第一磨牙，近中颊根第二根管发现率为44.68％.通畅率为29.78％，52颗上颌第二磨牙，发现率为11.53％，通畅率为7.69％。结论：上颌第一磨牙近中颊根第二根管的发生率较高，其寻找、定位及扩通尽管有一定的困难，临床医生仍应注意寻找，以提高上颌磨牙根管治疗的成功率。     

Evaluating the potential key factors in assessing the morphology of mesiobuccal canal in maxillary first and second molars

The purpose of this study was to provide further information on the morphology of the root canals and pulp chambers of 100 maxillary first and 100 maxillary second molars, with particular reference to the anatomical relationship of the root canal patterns and the distance between mesiobuccal (MB) and mesiolingual (ML) orifices. Each transverse section was digitally imaged to measure the interorificial distance using a stereomicroscope. The angles of primary curvatures were determined in both buccolingual (clinic view, CV) and mesiodistal (proximal view, PV) directions and the canal configuration of the MB root was classified according to the Weine classification. The rhomboidal pulp chamber floor morphology predominated in each tooth type. The mean interorificial distance in both maxillary first and second molars was significantly shorter in type II compared with type III (P < 0.05). The interorificial distance was correlated with the primary curvature of MB canal in PV in maxillary first molars (P < 0.05), whereas the primary curvature of ML canal in CV was correlated with the primary curvature of ML canal in PV in maxillary second molars (P < 0.01). The evaluation of interorificial distance in both types of maxillary molars and the curvature of ML canal in CV in maxillary second molar can give valuable information to the clinician.     

上颌第一磨牙近颊第二根管的临床治疗

目的 探讨上颌第一磨牙近烦第二根管（second mesiobuccal canal，MB2）的特征及临床治疗方法。方法 选取患牙髓炎或根尖用炎的上颌第一磨牙95颗，拍摄术前X线片，术中采用小号K锉配合15％EDTA溶液探查根管，记录根管数目、形态和类型；采用机动镍钛器械Hero642进行根管预备，侧向加压充填技术充填根管。结果上颌第一磨牙MB2的发现率为81．1％，扩通的MB2占72．6％，多数MB2根管细小弯曲，需用小号锉配合使用EDTA进行疏通，机动镍钛器械预备根管无明显并发症。结论上颌第一磨牙MB2的发生率高，多数根管细小弯曲，小号K锉配合EDTA疏通根管，机动镍钛器械预备可获得良好的治疗效果。     

An SEM investigation of the mesiolingual canal in human maxillary first and second molars

The mesiolingual orifices of 21 maxillary first molars and 37 maxillary second molars were examined with the scanning electron microscope. The mesiobuccal roots of these teeth were also typed by means of a clearing technique. The results demonstrated that 90% of first molars and 70% of second molars had two canals in the mesiobuccal root. Type 3 canal systems occurred in 33% of first molars and 35% of second molars. Eighty-one percent of first molars and 59% of second molars had a separate mesiolingual canal orifice. The mean diameter of the mesiolingual orifice was 0.49 mm in first molars and 0.42 mm in second molars. The mean distance of the mesiolingual orifice from the mesiobuccal orifice was 2.31 mm in first molars and 2.06 mm in second molars. In type 3 roots, the average distance of the mesiolingual foramen to the anatomic apex was 2.0 mm for first molars and 1.45 mm for second molars.     

上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管口的解剖定位

目的　寻找上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管 (MB2 )根管口的定位规律。方法　收集离体上颌第一、二磨牙共 5 5 0颗。根管显微镜 (DOM)下探查根管口 ,拍摄髓底图片 ,测量髓底一系列参数 ,分析MB2根管口定位规律。结果　DOM下MB2发现率在上颌第一磨牙和第二磨牙分别为 78.2 4 %和 4 1.32 %。MB2根管口位于MB P根管口连线的近中 ,与该连线的垂直距离在上颌第一磨牙和第二磨牙分别为 0 .6 6mm和 0 .6 3mm ;距近颊根主根管 (MB)根管口距离分别为 1.32mm和 1.2 1mm。结论　建议临床医生在探查上颌磨牙髓底时 ,可在MB P根管口假想连线的近中、距其 0 .5～ 1.0mm ,距MB根管口 1.0～ 2 .0mm ,使MB MB2根管口间假想的、微凸向近中的弧形连线与近中边缘嵴平行处寻找MB2根管口。     

上颌第二磨牙根管数目的临床研究

目的观察临床治疗中上颌第二磨牙根管数目。方法临床需要根管治疗的上颌第二磨牙166颗,拍X线片,术中配合使用根管显微镜、超声根管锉、小号K锉及17％EDTA溶液,探查并扩通根管,确定根管数目。用镍钛锉进行根管预备,侧方加压技术充填根管。结果166颗上颌第二磨牙中：单根管牙为2颗（1．2％）;双根管牙（颊根根管、腭根根管）5颗（3．0％）;3根管牙（近中颊根根管、远中颊根根管、腭根根管）为117颗（70．5％）;四根管牙为42颗（25．3％）,其中近中颊根第2根管（MB2）发生率23．5％。结论上颌第二磨牙根管变异较大,临床治疗中应多加注意。     

The influence of the surgical operating microscope in locating the mesiolingual canal orifice: a laboratory analysis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of using the surgical operating microscope (SOM) for detection of the mesiolingual (ML) canal orifice in extracted first maxillary permanent molars. One hundred and eight human first maxillary permanent molars were randomly selected and mounted onto a dental chair mannequin. Conventional access cavity was prepared and an attempt was made to locate the mesiolingual canal orifice using only a sharp explorer, a mirror and a #10 K-file. A mesiolingual canal orifice was either located or not located. If not located, the teeth were then evaluated by using a surgical operating microscope (SOM). The mesiobuccal roots of all teeth where the ML canal orifice had not been located were sectioned in an axial plane and the sections were explored with an adjunctive use of the SOM at a 25 X magnification. ML canal orifices were detected in 58 teeth using only a sharp explorer, a mirror and #10 K-file. In the remaining 50 teeth, 37 ML canal orifices were located by using the SOM and 3 ML canal orifices were located after root sectioning. In 10 teeth, the ML canal orifices were not found. The results of this study showed a high incidence of a ML canal in the mesiobuccal roots of the first maxillary molars (90.7%) and demonstrated that the adjunctive use of the SOM increased the ability of the dental clinician to locate the ML canal orifice.     

CBCT法研究上颌第一磨牙根管形态

目的：探讨应用锥形束CT研究上颌第一磨牙牙根及根管形态的价值。方法选取70例患者83颗上颌第一磨牙的锥形束CT（cone beam computed tomogaphy,CBCT）影像,分析其牙根数目、根管数目及根管系统的解剖结构。参照Vertucci分类法对根管形态进行分类,统计近中颊根第二根管（the seconal mesiobuual canal, MB2）率。结果83颗上颌第一磨牙均为3个独立牙根,其中MB2的发生率为38.6%,近中颊根根管VertucciⅠ型（1?1）、Ⅳ型（2?2型）、Ⅱ型（2?1）、Ⅲ型（1?2?1）所占百分比分别为61.4%、18.1%、15.7%和4.8%。结论上颌第一磨牙根管系统复杂,CBCT影像可反映真实根管形态,为根管治疗提供参考。     

Effect of magnification on locating the MB2 canal in maxillary molars

The purpose of this study was to determine if the surgical operating microscope and/or dental loupes could enhance the practitioner's ability to locate the second mesiobuccal canal (MB2) canal of maxillary molars in an in vivo, clinical setting. The participating endodontists documented 312 cases of root canal therapy on maxillary first and second molars. Participants that used the microscope or dental loupes located the MB2 canal with a frequency of 57.4% and 55.3%, respectively. Those using no magnification located the MB2 canal with a frequency of 18.2%. When no magnification was used, significantly fewer MB2 canals were located based by Chi-square analysis at p < 0.01. There was no significant difference between the use of the microscope and dental loupes in the frequency of locating the MB2 canal. When the maxillary first molars were considered separately, the frequency of MB2 canal detection for the microscope, dental loupes, and no magnification groups was 71.1%, 62.5%, and 17.2%, respectively. The results of this study show that the use of magnification in combined groups leads to a MB2 detection rate approximately three times that of the nonmagnification group and that the use of no magnification results in the location of significantly fewer MB2 canals. Based on these results, more emphasis should be placed on the importance of using magnification for locating the MB2 canal.     

Identification of second canals in the mesiobuccal root of maxillary first and second molars using magnifying loupes or an operating microscope

Various authors have investigated the frequency of second canals (MB2) in the mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars, predominantly first molars. Further, it has been reported that the percentage of MB2 canals that are treated during routine endodontic therapy is much lower than the number of second canals identified in vitro. It was the purpose of this study to investigate whether the use of an operating microscope may improve the diagnosis of MB2 canals in mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars. The canal orifices of 100 maxillary first and second molars (50 of each) were initially inspected by Examiner 1 using individually-adapted x2 magnifying loupes. Subsequently, all teeth were examined by a second investigator using an operating microscope (OPM) with x8 magnification. Finally, the mesiobuccal roots of all teeth were separated. Then, the sections were analysed histologically and by SEM. The histological investigation revealed a total number of 63 MB2 canals, 39 in first, and 24 in second molars. Only 26 (41.3%) of those canals were identified using magnifying loupes, whereas 59 (93.7%) were found by means of an operating microscope.     

Second mesiobuccal canal detection in maxillary first molars using microscopy and ultrasonics

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of operating microscope in combination with ultrasonics increased the rate of second mesiobuccal (MB2) canal detection in permanent maxillary first molar teeth. A hundred extracted human maxillary first molars were assessed. After location of the main canals, the MB2 canal was sought in all teeth first without microscopy, then with the aid of the operating microscope and finally with the combined use of the operating microscope and ultrasonics. With these techniques, the MB2 canal was detected in 62%, 67% and 74% of the teeth, respectively. The combination of the operating microscope and ultrasonics detected significantly more MB2 canals than when no microscopy was utilized (P < 0.05). Sectioning of the roots disclosed the presence of the MB2 canal in 82% of the teeth. Twenty‐nine per cent of the teeth had a separate MB2 canal orifice and separate apical foramina. The results of this study suggested that the combined use of the operating microscope and ultrasonics increased the detection of MB2 canals in maxillary first permanent molars.     

口腔显微镜在上颌第一磨牙根管治疗及再治疗中的应用

目的：探讨显微镜对上颌第一磨牙近中颊根第二根管（second mesiobuccal canals,MB2）的定位探查,以及根管治疗的效果。方法收集患者共88例88颗患牙,在牙科锥形束CT（cone beam computed tomography , CBCT）下确诊MB2存在并接受初次治疗68例,及MB2存在而未发现致根管治疗失败后需再治疗20例。68例患者在CBCT下进一步分析近中颊根根管分型,根据患者的意愿选择不同的治疗方法。试验组34例,显微镜下对MB2进行观察探查并治疗;对照组34例,未用显微镜直视下进行观察探查和治疗。比较2组MB2根管的检出及治疗效果。20例再治疗患者,10例于显微镜下进行再治疗,10例直视下接受常规治疗,比较2组再治疗的效果。结果68颗患牙的CBCT检查结果近中颊根根管以Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型根管为主,其中Ⅱ型53例占77.9%,Ⅲ型15例占22.1%。试验组的MB2检出率为100%,对照组MB2检出率为91.2%,2组差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。试验组根管治疗成功率为97.5%,明显高于对照组的79.4%（P<0.05）。2组术后3个月及6个月后试验组疗效构成比明显优于对照组（P<0.05）。显微镜下再治疗成功10例,直视下再治疗成功6例。根管再治疗患者术后3个月及6个月疗效构成比保持不变。结论显微镜对上颌第一磨牙MB2根管的探查及治疗具有一定的临床价值。     

上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管的检出率

目的 探讨上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管(MB2)的临床检出率以及手术显微镜在提高上颌磨牙临床检出率中的作用.方法 选取进行常规根管治疗的63颗上颌第一磨牙.27颗上颌第二磨牙,以及进行显微根管治疗的55颗上颌第一磨牙,20颗上颌第二磨牙,2颗上颌第三磨牙,分别拍摄术前X线片,探查根管,记录根管数目.结果 进行常规根管治疗的上颌第一磨牙和上颌第二磨牙,MB2检出率分别为28.6%和3.7%;进行显微根管治疗的上颌第一磨牙和上颌第二磨牙,MB2检出率分别是61.8%和25%:对上颌第一磨牙常规根管治疗和显微根管治疗的MB2临床检出率进行卡方检验,X2=13.17,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);对上颌第二磨牙常规根管治疗和显微根管治疗的MB2临床检出率进行Fisher确切概率值检测,单侧比较值为0.043,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 手术显微镜有助于提高上颌磨牙MB2的临床检出率,选择显微根管治疗有助于提升上颌磨牙根管治疗的成功率.     

显微CT法研究上颌第一磨牙根管系统解剖形态

目的 使用显微CT研究上颌第一磨牙根管系统解剖形态.方法 随机收集33颗上颌第一磨牙,使用显微CT扫描后重建根管系统.观察并记录各牙根根管形态和分支根管的发生数目、位置.记录各根管口位置并测量根管口间的距离和所成角度.在距离根尖1、2和3mm处进行虚拟切割,记录断面上分支根管暴露情况.结果 上颌第一磨牙近颊根第二根管发生率为75.76%.近颊根发生分支根管为71.64%;近颊根分支根管发生率为72.73%.91.04%的分支根管发生于根尖1/3段,近颊根距根尖3mm处截面分支根管暴露率为12.12%.近颊根第一、第二根管口间的距离为(1.60±0.41)mm.结论 上颌第一磨牙根管系统解剖形态复杂,近颊根根管形态存在较大解剖变异.     

A study of the distobuccal root canal orifice of the maxillary second molars in Chinese individuals evaluated by cone-beam computed tomography

As is commonly understood, the root canal morphology of the maxillary molars is usually complex and variable. It is sometimes difficult to detect the distobuccal root canal orifice of a maxillary second molar with root canal treatment. No literature related to the distobuccal root canals of the maxillary second molars has been published.

Objective

To investigate the position of the distobuccal root canal orifice of the maxillary second molars in a Chinese population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Material and methods

In total, 816 maxillary second molars from 408 patients were selected from a Chinese population and scanned using CBCT. The following information was recorded: (1) the number of root canals per tooth, (2) the distance between the mesiobuccal and distobuccal root canal orifice (DM), (3) the distance between the palatal and distobuccal root canal orifice (DP), (4) the angle formed by the mesiobuccal, distobuccal and palatal root canal orifices (∠ PDM). DM, DP and ∠ PDM of the teeth with three or four root canals were analyzed and evaluated.

Results

In total, 763 (93.51%) of 816 maxillary second molars had three or four root canals. The distance between the mesiobuccal and distobuccal orifice was 0.7 to 4.8 mm. 621 (81.39%) of 763 teeth were distributed within 1.5-3.0 mm. The distance between the palatal and distobuccal orifice ranged from 0.8 mm to 6.7 mm; 585 (76.67%) and were distributed within 3.0-5.0 mm. The angle (∠ PDM) ranged from 69. 4º to 174.7º in 708 samples (92.80%), the angle ranged from 90º to 140º.

Conclusions

The position of the distobuccal root canal orifice of the maxillary second molars with 3 or 4 root canals in a Chinese population was complex and variable. Clinicians should have a thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the maxillary second molars.     

上颌第二恒磨牙近中颊根第二根管的离体牙研究

目的研究上颌第二恒磨牙近中颊根第二根管（MB2）的发生情况,为提高上颌第二恒磨牙根管治疗的成功率提供解剖学基础。方法于山东地区收集离体上颌第二恒磨牙118颗,采用斜方型开髓洞型开髓,利用小号C型锉探查并疏通根管,记录MB2的发现率及扩通率;拍摄X线牙片,记录近中颊根的根管数目、形态和类型;在根管显微镜下观察并应用数显卡尺测量近中颊根主根管和MB2根管口之间的距离,确定根管口的位置;记录近中颊根的根尖孔数目,并测量解剖根尖孔至解剖根尖的距离。结果118颗上颌第二恒磨牙中,有58颗发现MB2,发现率为49.15%;其中48颗牙齿的MB2被扩通,扩通率为82.76%。108颗3根牙中,近中颊根的根管形态为Ⅰ型者有50颗,占46.30%;Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型者分别为14和34颗,占12.96%和31.48%。近中颊根主根管口与MB2根管口的平均距离为1.26 mm;近中颊根解剖根尖孔至解剖根尖的距离平均值为1.13 mm。结论山东地区上颌第二恒磨牙MB2的发现率较高,临床治疗中采用改良的斜方型开髓孔有利于发现MB2,用X线片确定工作长度时需要结合临床综合判断根尖孔的位置。     

Three Root Canals in the Mesiobuccal Root of Maxillary Molars: Case Reports and Literature Review

Introduction

The knowledge of root canal anatomy is essential to ensure a successful outcome of surgical and nonsurgical root canal treatment. The aims of this article were to present 2 cases of maxillary molars with 3 mesiobuccal root canals and to review the available literature on this anatomic variation.

Methods

The first case described a nonsurgical root canal treatment of tooth #16 in a 29-year-old man with the aid of a dental operating microscope. In the second case, an extracted maxillary right first molar was scanned by a micro–computed tomographic system and reconstructed 3-dimensionally using modeling software.

Results

In both cases, the mesiobuccal root had 3 canals (type 3-2 in case I and type 3-3 in case II), whereas the distobuccal and palatal roots had a single canal. The literature review showed that the overall incidence of 3-canaled mesiobuccal roots in maxillary molars ranged from 1.3%–2.4% and that the most common root canal configuration was type 3-2.

Conclusions

Clinicians should always anticipate the presence of extra canals in maxillary molars and use all the available tools to locate and treat these.     

Root and canal morphology of the mesiobuccal and distal roots of permanent first molars in a Kuwait population--a clinical study

Aim To identify the number of roots and canal configurations in permanent first molars of the indigenous Kuwaiti sub‐population and compare them against a similar group of non‐Kuwaiti population in different age groups and gender, and to determine the frequency of a second canal in the mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molars and distal root of mandibular first molars that could be located and treated in routine practice without using magnification or special lighting conditions. Methodology A total of 220 permanent first molar teeth of patients scheduled for root canal treatment over a period of 1 year were included. Patients were identified and grouped according to their nationality as Kuwaiti and non‐Kuwaiti (which included Filipinos, Indonesian Indians, Srilankans, Egyptians, Saudi Arabians and Syrians). In both nationality groups, patients were successively distributed into four groups based on their age. The first age group included patients below 20 years, the second 21–30 years, the third 31–40 years and the fourth were over 40 years. The first three groups comprised of 15 male and 15 female patients whilst the fourth group had 10 patients of each gender. Teeth with open apices, resorptions and calcification were excluded from the study. The teeth included were both clinically and radiographically examined for number of roots, the canal configuration and the presence of the additional mesiobuccal and distal canals and recorded. The simplified classification of canal configurations proposed by Weine was utilized. Results The incidence of a second canal in the mesiobuccal (MB) root of maxillary first molars and the distal root of mandibular first molars was not influenced significantly by nationality and gender. All the 110 maxillary first molars treated had three roots; 58% of MB root had one canal and 42% had two canals. The majority of the mesial roots had Weine type II canal configuration when the second mesiobuccal canal was present. All distobuccal and palatal roots had a single or type I canal configuration. Of the 110 mandibular first molars that were treated, 96% had two roots and 4% had three roots. When present, the third root was located either buccal or lingual to the main distal root. Overall 51% of the single distal roots had one canal whilst 49% had two canals. The mesial root frequently had a Weine type II canal configuration as did the distal root when a second canal was present. Pearson’s correlation analysis of both molars revealed a significant (P < 0.05) negative correlation (r = ?0.274, r = ?0.144) between age and number of canals as well as the type of canal. Conclusions The incidence of a second canal in distal roots of permanent mandibular first molars was 49% in the Kuwaiti population and this was similar to other Asian ethnic populations. Adopting modified access and troughing procedures revealed a 42% frequency of MB2 canals in maxillary first molars. The incidence of a second canal in both mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars and distal roots of mandibular molars decreased significantly with age; no differences were noticed amongst the nationalities and gender studied. The possibility of extra roots should be anticipated in mandibular molars.