上颌第二磨牙近中颊根第二根管的解剖定位

目的:观察髓室底的解剖形态和根管口的数目和位置,探寻近颊根第二根管(MB2)根管口的定位规律.方法:选择 (7|7)离体牙220 颗,利用耳鼻喉科内窥镜系统对髓室底进行观察,测量髓室底根管口之间的位置关系,统计MB2出现率,探寻MB2根管口定位规律. 结果:髓室底观察发现,MB2基本上发生在MB-P连线的近中舌侧,MB2的发生率为38.2%. MB2-MB的距离为(1.56±0.65) mm.MB-DB的距离为(2.34±0.78) mm, MB-P的距离为(5.05±1.26) mm.∠MB2-MB-P的角度为(22.21±10.35)°. 结论:MB2根管口多位于MB-P连线的近中舌侧,且在以MB为中心, MB-P为一边,向近中做角度为(22.21±10.35)°的扇形范围内基本上能找到MB2.     

C-shaped root canal configuration in maxillary first molars

AIM: This clinical report presents the endodontic treatment of two maxillary first molars and the anatomical study of two additional maxillary first molars with a C-shaped distally located root canal system. This configuration is not a common finding. SUMMARY: According to the endodontic literature, the C-shaped root canal is most frequently seen in the mandibular second molar. The occurrence of C-shapes in maxillary first molars, however, has only been described in a limited number of case reports. We observed this configuration in two out of 2175 root-filled maxillary first molars treated at the Department of Endodontology, Ghent University Hospital, during the last 10 years. In order to study and visualize this particular aberration, cross-sections in two additional two-rooted maxillary first molars were made. From these cross sections it can be concluded that the C-shaped canal configuration is the result of a fusion of the distobuccal and the palatal roots.     

离体上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管出现率的研究

目的运用透明标本观察法、螺旋CT薄层扫描技术和牙根硬组织切片观察法研究中国人离体上颌第一、二磨牙近中颊根第二根管（MB2）的出现率。方法分别收集离体上颌第一磨牙216例、第二磨牙334例，均随机分为两组：A组制成透明标本；B组标本经螺旋CT扫描后，自根尖开始每隔1mm横切牙根。所有离体牙标本均在牙科手术显微镜下观察并记录近中颊根的根管数目。结果透明标本观察法所得的上颌第一、第二磨牙MB2出现率分别为81．48％和49．70％；螺旋CT扫描技术所得的结果分别为77．78％和47．31％；牙根硬组织切片法所得的结果分别为88．89％和53．89％。上颌第一磨牙MB2出现率高于第二磨牙，其差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。同一牙位不同实验方法间的结果差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论上颌第一、二磨牙MB2出现率高，提示临床医师应努力探查该根管，以提高上颌磨牙根管治疗的成功率。     

上颌第一恒磨牙近中颊根根管宽度和锥度测量分析

目的: 测量分析上颌第一恒磨牙近中颊根根管宽度和锥度,为临床提供参考。方法: 收集50颗上颌第一恒磨牙制作透明牙,然后自近中颊根根尖孔处每隔0.4 mm与根管走行方向垂直连续横切,立体显微镜下放大30倍测量各个切片宽度,计算根尖1/3、中1/3、颈1/3各区段的锥度值。结果: 近中颊根第一根管宽度：根尖最大径（0.38±0.12）mm、最小径（0.34±0.16）mm,根中最大径（0.55±0.26）mm、最小径（0.57±0.12）mm,根颈最大径（1.13±0.34）mm、最小径（0.59±0.18）mm。第二根管宽度：根尖最大径（0.25±0.13）mm、最小径（0.28±0.10）mm,根中最大径（0.36±0.09）mm,最小径（0.17±0.06）mm,根颈最大径（0.79±0.23）mm、最小径（0.23±0.17）mm。近中颊根第一根管锥度：根尖1/3最大径0.03 mm、最小径0.01 mm,中1/3最大径0.06 mm、最小径0.03 mm,冠1/3最大径0.10 mm、最小径0.09 mm。第二根管锥度：根尖1/3最大径0.02、最小径-0.01,中1/3最大径0.06,最小径0.00,冠1/3最大径-0.02、最小径-0.02。结论: MB1具有较大的宽度和锥度,且根尖1/3、中1/3、冠1/3锥度不同,而MB2的宽度和锥度都很小,还会出现倒锥度。     

上颌第二磨牙近中颊根MB2根管的临床研究

目的研究上颌第二磨牙近中颊根第二根管的临床发现率。方法采用改良髓腔入口和探查近中颊根根管口与腭根根管口之间发育沟或暗线的方法研究上颌第二磨牙近中颊根第二根管的肉眼发现率。结果60例患者的64颗上颌第二磨牙中有19颗存在近中颊根第二根管，发现率为29．7％。结论改良髓腔入口和探查近中颊根根管口与腭根根管口之间发育沟或暗线的方法，有利于发现和治疗上颌第二磨牙近中颊根第二根管。     

Prevalence of a second canal in the mesiobuccal root of permanent maxillary first molars from an Indonesian population

A sample of 308 extracted human permanent maxillary first molars from an Indonesian population was randomly selected. A rhomboid access cavity was made in all teeth in anticipation of identifying a second mesiobuccal canal (MB2). Ultrasonic tips were used to open the subpulpal groove to locate the second canal in the mesiobuccal root. Dentin was carefully removed from the trifurcation area at the expense of the mesial wall. If a second canal was located, a 0.8 C+ file was inserted into it until the file reached the apex. The prevalence of a second canal in the mesiobuccal root of the permanent maxillary first molar was 68.5% (95% CI: 63.1%-73.4%) in this population. Sections of the mesial root showed that the MB2 was a separate canal in 52.6% of the sample and a joined canal in 47.4%. The mean (SD) distance between MB1 and MB2 was 1.55 (0.66) mm. The data obtained from this study provide theoretical and experimental evidence to aid in the clinical management of the MB2 canal and may increase the success rate for root canal treatment of the maxillary first molar.     

根管显微镜在定位上颌磨牙近颊根第二根管中的作用

目的:评价改进开髓口和应用根管显微镜(DOM)定位离体上颌第一、二磨牙近颊根第二根管(MB2)的能力.方法:收集离体上颌第一、二磨牙共550颗.在肉眼、传统三角形开髓口(N.E-1),肉眼、改进开髓口(N.E-2)和根管显微镜辅助(DOM)三种不同条件下分别探查根管,记录MB2数目.结果:N.E-1、N.E-2和DOM三种不同条件下,MB2发现率在上颌第一磨牙分别为34.26%、51.85%和78.24%;第二磨牙分别为16.17%、23.65%和41.32%.改进开髓口和使用DOM可显著提高MB2发现率,与传统开髓口间的差别有统计学意义,P＜0.05.结论:建议将上颌磨牙开髓口由传统的三角形改为斜四边形,并使用合适的放大技术和增强照明,以提高MB2发现率和治疗率.     

偏移投照技术用于显示上颌第一磨牙近中颊根第二根管

目的 探讨数字化成像系统对上颌第一磨牙近中颊根第二根管（MB2）偏移投照的最佳显示效果和拍摄方法.方法 选取临床上需要进行上颌第一磨牙牙髓治疗并具有MB2根管特征的患者200例.在分角线投照法的基础上,以转动轴作标记记录水平角度,其中100例从远中至近中每偏移10°进行投照,50例使用不同的曝光时间,50例平移传感器位置进行投照.由两位医师独立阅片,判断牙根区分情况、清晰度及构图完整性.采用SPSS 16.0软件包进行配对计数资料的χ2检验.结果 在MB与MB2区分率中,远中偏移30°组最高,区分率为94％,显著高于正位组的10％（χ2=84,P=0.000）,相同偏移角度远中偏移比近中偏移区分率更高（30°：χ2=18.382,P=0.000; 20°：χ2=16.282,P=0.000;10°：χ2=14.019,P=0.000）.根尖清晰度方面近中偏移比远中偏移低（30°：χ2=7.848,P=0.005;20°：χ2=12.033,P=0.001;10°：χ2=14.700,P=0.000）.当近中偏移超过20°、曝光时间增加1/4时清晰率可达78％,传感器的平移摆放使牙体及根尖区的完整显示率达94％.结论 要获得良好的MB2显示效果,X线中心线向远中偏移为首选,若选择向近中偏移则需加大偏移角度和曝光时间,传感器的正确摆放也是直接影响图像质量的关键.     

上颌第二乳磨牙近中颊根第二根管的临床研究

探讨上颌第二乳磨牙近颊第二根管（MB2）的特征及临床治疗方法。选取患牙髓炎或根尖周炎的上颌第二乳磨牙95颗,拍摄术前及根充后 X 线片,采用耳鼻喉内窥镜观察测量髓室底各根管口位置关系;术中采用10号锉结合17％EDTA 凝胶探查根管,手动器械进行根管预备,螺旋输送器导入 Vitapex 糊剂充填根管。在95颗上颌第二乳磨牙中,有14颗存在 MB2,发现率为14．7％,MB2位于 MB-P 根管口之间假想连线的近中。     

Root canal morphology of the mesiobuccal root in maxillary first molars of a Jordanian population

This in vitro study investigated the presence of second (MB2) root canals and the number of apical foramina found in mesiobuccal roots of the permanent maxillary first molars; in addition, the study evaluated the effectiveness of magnification to detect MB2 canals. One hundred extracted maxillary first molars were collected from Jordanian patients. The number of roots (as well as their morphology) was investigated. The number of canal orifices in mesiobuccal root was assessed, with and without magnification, and findings were compared. The number of apical foramina and the distance between mesiobuccal and second canal orifices were investigated under magnification. Of the 97 specimens that were subject to additional investigation, all teeth had three separated roots, except for three specimens that had either mesiobuccal or distobuccal roots fused with the palatal root. The number of MB2 canals that were detected increased from 55 (56.7%) to 61 (62.9%) teeth when magnification was used. Within the limits of this in vitro study, it was concluded that the Jordanian population had a high percentage of MB2 canals in the mesial buccal roots. Moreover, the use of clinically used magnifying devices increased the number of MB2 canals detected.     

上颌磨牙近中颊根根管截面形态的研究

目的：研究国人离体上颌第一、二磨牙近中颊根根管的内径和截面形态，为临床进行上颌磨牙根管治疗提供理论参考。方法：收集离体上颌第一磨牙108个，上颌第二磨牙167个。自根管口水平截取近中颊根，包埋。自根尖面开始每隔1mm横切牙根至距根尖6mm处，第7个横切面平近中颊根的根管口水平面。根管显微镜（DOM）下观察、拍摄每个牙根的7个切片的冠面，记录每个冠面含有的根管数，测量各截面各根管的颊舌径和近远中径，并按标准记录根管截面形状。结果：上颌第一磨牙共截取756个切片，均见近中颊根主根管（MB），464个切片中可观察到近中颊根第二根管（MB2）；上颌第二磨牙共截取1169个切片，含MB共1169个，MB2共442个；含MB2的标本数在上颌第一磨牙和第二磨牙分别为96个和90个，占88．89％和53．89％。近中颊根主根管（MB）的颊舌径多大于近远中径，截面形状以扁形和椭圆形多见，但愈近根尖，两径间的差距愈小，即MB愈近根尖，愈趋向成圆形：近中颊根第二根管（MB2）的颊舌径和近远中径间的差距变化不大，截面形状以圆形最多，椭圆形次之，扁形最少。结论：上颌第一、二磨牙近中颊根的根管截面形态复杂，提示临床上需配合有效的清理和成形技术以提高该牙位的根管治疗成功率。     

上颌第一磨牙近中颊根MB2根管研究

目的：观测上颌第一磨牙近中颊根MB2的存在率,根管口的位置及形态。方法：采用牙体硬组织切片机对拔除的上颌第一磨牙进行连续横断切片,并在显微镜下观测其近中颊根第二根管存在情况,根管口位置及根管形态。结果：220个上颌第一磨牙中有81个存在近中颊根第二根管,存在率为36．81％,近颊根第二根管口横切面形态为圆形或卵圆形,近颊第二根管口与近颊第一根管口,远颊根管口和腭根管口的位置关系呈斜四边形。结论：上颌第一磨牙近中颊根第二根管存在率较高,其开髓形状应为斜四边形。     

Clinical detection of the minor mesiobuccal canal of maxillary first molars

One hundred extracted maxillary first molars from a South East Asian population were sectioned at a level below the roof of the pulp chamber. The detection of the minor mesiobuccal canal was determined on the pulpal floor using a size 08 file. When the canal was not detected by this technique, its presence or absence was then determined by sectioning the mesiobuccal root transversely, and the position of the extra canal was explored from the cut end. It was found that by modifying the outline of the access cavity, and by widening and deepening the groove running palatally from the major mesiobuccal canal up to a depth of 0.5 mm and a distance of 2.0 mm, the visibility of the extra mesiobuccal canal orifice was greatly improved. This study showed that more than 50% of maxillary first molars had a minor mesiobuccal canal, and 19% of these canals could not be detected clinically.     

上颌第一磨牙近中颊根的解剖形态研究

目的：研究上颌第一磨牙（16、26）近中颊根的解剖形态，为临床治疗提供参考。方法：使用透明标本法，将132个离体16、26制成透明牙，观察其近中颊根的牙根外形与根管形态，比较并分析两者间的关系。结果：16、26近中颊根的牙根外形按照融合角度和分叉情况的不同分为4型：Ⅰ～Ⅳ型牙根的百分比依次为40.91％、23．48％、23．48%和12．12％。根管形态按Weine法分为4型：1-1型、2—1型、1—2型、2—2型，发生率依次为32．58％、17．42％、12．12％和37．88％。并对根管的锥度和弯曲角度进行了探讨。结论：16、26近中颊根的牙根外形与根管形态间有着密切的关系，掌握其形态学规律具有重要的临床意义。     

Evaluating the potential key factors in assessing the morphology of mesiobuccal canal in maxillary first and second molars

The purpose of this study was to provide further information on the morphology of the root canals and pulp chambers of 100 maxillary first and 100 maxillary second molars, with particular reference to the anatomical relationship of the root canal patterns and the distance between mesiobuccal (MB) and mesiolingual (ML) orifices. Each transverse section was digitally imaged to measure the interorificial distance using a stereomicroscope. The angles of primary curvatures were determined in both buccolingual (clinic view, CV) and mesiodistal (proximal view, PV) directions and the canal configuration of the MB root was classified according to the Weine classification. The rhomboidal pulp chamber floor morphology predominated in each tooth type. The mean interorificial distance in both maxillary first and second molars was significantly shorter in type II compared with type III (P < 0.05). The interorificial distance was correlated with the primary curvature of MB canal in PV in maxillary first molars (P < 0.05), whereas the primary curvature of ML canal in CV was correlated with the primary curvature of ML canal in PV in maxillary second molars (P < 0.01). The evaluation of interorificial distance in both types of maxillary molars and the curvature of ML canal in CV in maxillary second molar can give valuable information to the clinician.     

Root canal morphology of the mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molars: a micro-computed tomographic analysis

Aim  To investigate ex vivo , the root canal morphology of the MB root of maxillary first molar teeth by means of micro-computed tomography.
Methodology  Thirty extracted intact human maxillary first molar teeth were selected for micro-tomographic analysis (SkyScan 1072, Aartselaar, Belgium) with a slice thickness of 38.0 μm. The following data regarding the MB root were analysed and recorded: number and type of root canals, prevalence of isthmuses, prevalence of intercanal connections, presence of accessory canals, presence of loops and number of apical foramina.
Results  The MB2 canal was present in 80% of specimens and was independent in 42% of these cases. When present, the MB2 canal merged with the MB1 canal in 58% of cases. Communications between the two canals were found in all specimens, with isthmuses in 71% of the cases. These communications and isthmuses were respectively in 42% and 54% of the cases in the coronal third, in 59% and 79% of the cases in the middle third and in 24% and 50% of the cases in the apical third. A single apical foramen was found in 37% of specimens, two apical foramina were present in 23% of the cases, with three or more separate apical foramina occurring in 40% of the specimens.
Conclusions  The MB root canal anatomy was complex: a high incidence of MB2 root canals, isthmuses, accessory canals, apical delta and loops was found.     

Second mesiobuccal canal detection in maxillary first molars using microscopy and ultrasonics

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of operating microscope in combination with ultrasonics increased the rate of second mesiobuccal (MB2) canal detection in permanent maxillary first molar teeth. A hundred extracted human maxillary first molars were assessed. After location of the main canals, the MB2 canal was sought in all teeth first without microscopy, then with the aid of the operating microscope and finally with the combined use of the operating microscope and ultrasonics. With these techniques, the MB2 canal was detected in 62%, 67% and 74% of the teeth, respectively. The combination of the operating microscope and ultrasonics detected significantly more MB2 canals than when no microscopy was utilized (P < 0.05). Sectioning of the roots disclosed the presence of the MB2 canal in 82% of the teeth. Twenty‐nine per cent of the teeth had a separate MB2 canal orifice and separate apical foramina. The results of this study suggested that the combined use of the operating microscope and ultrasonics increased the detection of MB2 canals in maxillary first permanent molars.