2008年广东省儿童手足口病病原学监测

目的监测手足口病的病原体,为预防和控制肠道病毒感染提供依据。方法采集手足口病患儿的粪便、肛拭子、咽拭子、疱疹液进行RT-PCR定性,肠道病毒通用引物阳性的标本进行病毒分离;分离株用EV71和CA16的VP1基因的特异性引物进行RT-PCR鉴定。结果共收集患儿标本443份,肠道病毒通用引物阳性259份;做病毒分离256份,阳性150份,其中粪便158份,病毒分离阳性112份,阳性率为70.89%;肛拭子21份,病毒分离阳性10份,阳性率为47.62%;咽拭子65份,病毒分离阳性26份,阳性率为40.00%;疱疹液10份,病毒分离阳性2份,阳性率为20.00%。结论粪便、肛拭子、咽拭子、疱疹液的分离率有显著差异,粪便分离率最高;EV71和CA16是引起小儿手足口病的主要病原体,死亡病例全部是由EV71病毒引起。     

2011年平顶山市手足口病实验室检测结果分析

目的：对平顶山市2011年手足口病实验室检查结果进行分析,了解2011年平顶山市手足口病病原学特征,为实验室诊断手足口病提供参考。方法采集2011年平顶山市各地送检的499例手足口病患者的粪便、肛拭子、咽拭子、疱疹液和脑脊液等标本507份,应用RT-PCR技术检测样本中的肠道病毒、肠道病毒71型（ EV71）、柯萨奇病毒A组16型（ CA16）。结果499例手足口病患者的507份各类样本中,检测到肠道病毒（PE）阳性84份,EV71病毒特异性基因片段阳性167份, CA16特异性基因片段阳性125份。499例手足口病病例中,阳性376例,阳性率75.35%;其中EV71阳性167例,占阳性人数44.41%,CA16阳性共125例,占阳性人数33.24%, EV71的检出率较CA16高。已检验499例中,重症患者133例,阳性109例,阳性率81.95%;其中EV71共91例,占阳性人数83.49%,CA16共9例,占阳性人数8.26%。结论 EV71是2011年平顶山市手足口病的优势病原体;同时EV71是引起手足口病重症病例的主要毒株类型。     

手足口病患儿EV71的检测与其临床分析

目的了解仙居县2008年6月-2009年6月儿童手足口病病例不同标本中肠道病毒EV71和CoxA16的感染情况,为手足口病的治疗和预防控制提供依据。方法采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)及实时荧光RT-PCR方法,对145例疑似手足口病的咽拭子、疱疹液及脑脊液标本进行手足口致病病毒进行检测,全部取咽拭子145份,49份同时取疱疹液,47份同时取脑脊液,进行EV、EV7I和CoxA16的检测,最后对重症病例的病毒核酸测序,并进行基因分型。结果 145份疑似样品中,39份为肠道通用病毒阳性,其中21份样品EV71阳性,6份样品CoxA16阳性;咽拭子、疱疹液、脑脊液的检出率分别为28.6%、28.6%、12.8%;3例重症病例均只检出肠道病毒EV71,阳性率为100.0%。结论采用咽拭子及其疱疹液标本检出率比较,差异无统计学意义,且阳性检出率高于脑脊液标本,仙居县肠道病毒夏季高发,感染以EV71和CoxA16为主,手足口病重症感染病毒为EV71的C4亚型。     

重庆渝东北地区2010年手足口病病原分析

目的了解重庆渝东北地区儿童手足口病的病原学特征,为手足口病防治工作提供科学依据。方法收集2010年4～12月268例临床手足口病患儿的肛拭子、咽拭子、疱疹液标本共336份,采用Real-timeRT-PCR检测肠道病毒核酸及进行型别鉴定。结果 336份标本中检出193份肠道病毒阳性,总阳性率为57.44%,其中疱疹液、肛拭子、咽拭子标本阳性率分别为79.24%、67.44%、47.21%,泡疹液阳性检出率最高。268例患儿中检出146例肠道病毒阳性,阳性率为54.48%,其中CoxA16感染最高,占53.42%,其次为EV71型,占41.10%。重症患儿肠道病毒阳性检出率为68.75%,均为EV71型。男性发病多于女性,男女之比为1.47︰1,其差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.530,P=0.466)。肠道病毒阳性病例主要集中在5岁及以下儿童,占92.47%。结论 2010年渝东北地区手足口病流行的病原体主要为Cox-A16、EV71,重症病例系由EV71病毒感染所致。疱疹液标本中核酸阳性检出率最高。     

黔东南州2010年手足口病病原学监测结果

目的:了解黔东南州2010年手足口病流行的主要病原体。方法:采集临床诊断为手足口病病例的咽拭子、粪便或肛拭子、疱疹液采用RT-PCR方法扩增病毒的特异性片段,检测EV71、CA16核酸和非EV71、CA16的其他肠道病毒核酸。结果:2010年4月-2010年11月共检测标本101份,病毒核酸检测阳性50份(49.50%),其中EV71为17.82%;CA16为19.80%;其他肠道病毒阳性为11.88%。101例标本中,从发病至采样0 d~2 d病毒核酸检出率最高(59.68%),其次是3 d~5 d(39.29%)。咽拭子、肛拭子或大便、疱疹液阳性率分别为48.42%、50.00%和100%。结论:黔东南州2010年手足口病流行毒株以肠道病毒CA16和EV71为主。     

宝鸡地区2009—2010年度手足口病病原体实时荧光法检测结果

目的了解宝鸡地区2009年及2010年手足口病流行的主要病原体。方法临床诊断为手足口病病例的咽拭子和疱疹液标本206份,运用实时荧光(RT-PCR)法对标本病毒RNA进行肠道病毒EV71、CA16和非EV71、CA16的其他肠道病毒检测。结果 2009年度阳性检出率为84.0%,其中EV71阳性率为76.0%;2010年度阳性检出率为68.0%,其中CA16阳性率为43.1%。综合两年的结果,重症以EV71为主;阳性者男女比例为1.55∶1;发病年龄以5岁以下儿童为主;收样较多月份为4—7月。结论 2009年宝鸡地区手足口病病原阳性以EV71为主,2010年宝鸡地区手足口病病原阳性以CA16为主。     

郴州市2008年17例临床诊断手足病病例病原学分析

[目的]了解2008年郴州市手足口病的病原体类型及分布特征。[方法]采集17例临床诊断手足口病病例的咽拭子、疱疹液等样本,采用RT-PCR及Real-Time法检测样本中的肠道病毒通用型(EV)、肠道病毒71型(EV71)、肠道病毒科萨奇A16型(CoxA16)这3种核酸。[结果]共检测17例临床诊断手足口病样本,其中通用型3例、CoxA16型3例、EV71型2例,总阳性率为47.00%。[结论]引起郴州市手足口病的病原体主要为CoxA16型及其他肠道病毒。     

邵阳市2010年手足口病病原学检测结果分析

目的监测邵阳市手足口病病原情况,为制定预防和控制肠道病毒感染提供依据。比较评价检测方法、标本类型及采样时间对病原学诊断的意义。方法采用实时荧光定量PCR方法和RT-PCR方法,进行EV71、CoxA16和其他肠道病毒的核酸检测。结果肠道病毒阳性率为63.38%,其中EV71阳性率为40.61%,CoxA16阳性率为7.97%,其他肠道病毒阳性率为14.80%。男女阳性率分别为65.07%和59.88%。阳性病例0~岁到5~岁组构成比为97.60%。咽拭子肠道病毒阳性率61.60%,疱疹液肠道病毒阳性率80.0%,粪便或肛拭子肠道病毒阳性率75.0%。重症病例肠道病毒阳性检出率为67.43%,轻症病例标本阳性检出率60.71%。109份标本实时荧光定量PCR和RT-PCR比较结果差异有统计学意义。结论 EV71是引起邵阳市儿童手足口病的主要病原体,男性EV71阳性检出率高于女性,5岁以下儿童是高危人群,春夏季高发,不同类型标本的阳性检出率差异有统计学意义,实时荧光定量PCR阳性检出率高于RT-PCR,重症病例EV71检出率高于轻症病例,要加强对EV71和CoxA16的鉴别诊断,有利于提出更好的预防和控制措施。     

2013年许昌市手足口病病原学监测分析

目的了解许昌市2013年手足口病(HFMD)病原体型别与分布特征。方法收集许昌市5县3区手足口病例患者的粪便、肛拭子或咽拭子标本。实验室检测采用Real-Time RT-PCR法对标本进行肠道病毒71型(EV 71)、柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CA 16)和其他肠道病毒核酸检测。结果共检测496份病例标本,阳性318份,阳性率为64.11%。其中EV71阳性99份,阳性率19.96%;CA16阳性100份,阳性率20.16%;其他肠病毒阳性119份,阳性率为23.99%。其中重症病例56份,实验室诊断43份,以EV71感染为主(48.84%,21/43)。结论 2013年许昌市手足口病的病原体呈现EV71、CA16和其他肠道病毒共存,引起重症的病原体以EV71型肠道病毒感染为主。     

2009年广西253例疑似肠道病毒感染病例病原学监测结果分析

目的了解广西肠道病毒的感染情况,为制定预防和控制肠道病毒感染策略提供依据。方法采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,对广西253例疑似肠道病毒感染者咽拭子、疱疹液和粪便标本共505份进行肠道病毒、肠道病毒71型(EV71)和柯萨奇病毒A16型(CoxA16)核酸检测。结果共检出290份肠道病毒核酸阳性,阳性率为57.43%,其中EV71核酸阳性105份,阳性率为20.79%,CoxA16核酸阳性143份,阳性率为28.32%。结论 505份标本中CoxA16核酸的阳性率高于EV71;疱疹液标本的阳性检出率高于肛拭子、咽拭子、粪便标本的阳性检出率;CoxA16和EV71是引起儿童手足口病的主要病原体,要加强对CoxA16和EV71的的鉴别诊断。开展手足口病流行病学和病原学研究,将有助于提出更好的预防和控制措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.