地佐辛在妇科腹腔镜手术后镇痛效果的观察体会

目的:观察妇科腹腔镜手术中不同时段应用地佐辛的术后镇痛效果。方法:将72例ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级的妇科腹腔镜手术患者采用随机数字表法分为两组(n=36),A组于手术切皮前15 min静注地佐辛10 mg,B组于手术结束前15 min静注地佐辛10 mg,分别于术后2 h、4 h、8 h、12 h、24 h记录视觉模拟评分(visual analog scales,VAS)、副作用发生情况。结果:A组患者术后各时点VAS评分低于同时点B组(P<0.05),两组患者不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:地佐辛术前镇痛可有效减轻妇科腹腔镜手术患者的术后疼痛,且不增加术后副作用发生率。     

地佐辛与帕瑞昔布钠在维吾尔族妇科患者术后镇痛效果的比较

目的 比较地佐辛与帕瑞昔布钠用于维吾尔族妇科患者经腹手术的术后镇痛中的效果. 方法 40例在全麻下行择期妇科经腹手术的维吾尔族女性患者,年龄25岁～55岁,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,按随机数字表法均分为两组(每组20例):地佐辛组(A组)和帕瑞昔布钠组(B组),手术结束前30 min分别给予地佐辛0.1 mg/kg(A组)、帕瑞昔布钠40 mg(B组).分别记录两组患者拔管后的苏醒时间、Ramsay镇静评分、舒适度评分(bmgg-rmann comfort scale,BCS).采用双盲法进行术后视觉模拟(visual analogue scale/score,VAS)评分、芬太尼的追加剂量以及副作用. 结果 A组VAS评分在拔管后(2.4±2.2)及术后12 h(3.2±2.4)明显低于B组[(3.9±2.0)、(4.3±2.1)](P＜0.05),BCS评分A组(2.0±0.4)高于B组(1.4±0.9)(P＜0.05),A组苏醒期芬太尼追加量[(21±42)μg]明显低于B组[(47±40)μg](P＜0.05). 结论 采用地佐辛0.1 mg/kg静脉注射的镇痛效果在维吾尔族妇科手术中优于帕瑞昔布钠40 mg,适用于创伤较大的中、大型手术.     

不同模式镇痛方案在妇科微创手术患者中的应用效果对比

目的评估氟比洛芬酯联合地佐辛及氟比洛芬酯超前镇痛对妇科微创术后疼痛和不良反应的影响。方法 80例全麻下行妇科微创手术的患者随机均分为四组,患者于手术结束前15~30 min,A组静脉滴注患者氟比洛芬酯50 mg;B组静脉滴注地佐辛50 mg;C组静脉滴注50 mg地佐辛与50 mg氟比洛芬酯;D组于手术前30 min单次静脉注射氟比洛芬酯注射液(1 mg/kg)。记录患者术后4、8、12、24和48 h的VAS评分、Ramsay镇静评分以及相关不良反应。结果 C组及D组患者的术后各时间点静态及动态VAS评分均明显优于A组和B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但Ramsay镇静评分4组间无统计学差异(P0.05)。C组与D组患者的术后不良反应发生率分别为50%、25%,明显低于A组与B组患者(75%、60%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与单独应用氟比洛芬酯组或地佐辛相比,联合应用地佐辛或超前应用氟比洛芬酯这两种模式镇痛策略均可显著降低妇科微创术后患者的疼痛和不良反应。     

地佐辛术前镇痛对腰椎内固定患者术后芬太尼用量的影响

目的观察地佐辛术前镇痛对腰椎内固定术后芬太尼用量的影响。方法择期行腰椎内固定术的患者90例,采用随机数字表法分为三组,每组30例。A组手术切皮前15min静脉注射地佐辛5mg,B组手术结束前15min静脉注射地佐辛5mg,C组手术切皮前15min静脉注射生理盐水1ml。术后均采用芬太尼PCIA。观察并记录术后2、6、12、24、48hVAS和Ramsay评分,记录芬太尼总用量及术后恶心、呕吐、头晕和呼吸抑制情况。结果与C组比较,术后2、6、12hA组和B组VAS评分及Ramsay评分明显降低(P0.05)。与A组比较,B组和C组术后镇痛芬太尼总用量明显增加(P0.05),术后恶心、呕吐、头晕发生率明显升高(P0.05),三组无一例呼吸抑制。结论地佐辛5mg手术切皮前15min静脉注射镇痛效果好,减少腰椎内固定患者术后芬太尼PCIA用量。     

地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯或芬太尼用于开胸手术术后镇痛的比较

目的 比较地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯或芬太尼用于开胸手术患者术后自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的效果.方法 择期行开胸手术患者120例,随机均分为三组,术后均行PCIA,镇痛药配方分别为地佐辛30 mg+芬太尼0.5 mg(A组),地佐辛30 mg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(B组),芬太尼0.5mg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(C组),均加入托烷司琼6mg,且用生理盐水稀释至100 ml,初始负荷剂量2 ml,背景剂量2ml/h,单次PCA剂量0.5ml,锁定时间15 min.观察并记录患者术后2、4、8、24、48h的VAS疼痛评分、Prince-Henry疼痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分,以及术后24 h内PCA按压次数和不良反应.结果 术后2、4h,A组VAS疼痛评分、Prince-Henry疼痛评分和术后24 h内PCA按压次数明显高于B、C组(P＜0.05).术后2h,A组Ramsay镇静评分明显低于B、C组,术后4、8、24 h高于B、C组(P＜0.05).结论 地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯可以安全有效地用于开胸手术术后镇痛,而地佐辛复合芬太尼在术后最初数小时内镇痛效果欠佳,不良反应偏高.     

地佐辛应用于苏醒期的临床观察

目的观察地佐辛应用于苏醒期的临床效果。方法将60例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ妇科择期行腹腔镜手术的患者随机分为2组:实验组(E组n=30)和对照组(C组n=30)。E组手术结束前20 min静脉注射地佐辛0.1 mg/kg,C组给予相同剂量的生理盐水静脉注射。记录拔管时间、围拔管期的血流动力学指标、拔管后5 min镇静评分(Ramsay)和VAS评分,及要求镇痛距手术结束的时间。结果 2组拔管时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),E组围拔管期血流动力学更平稳(P<0.05),拔管后5 min Ramsay评分E组>C组(P>0.05),VAS评分E组明显相似文献   

手术期间采用地佐辛辅助镇痛双向调节妇科手术患者全身麻醉苏醒质量

目的 考察手术期间不同时间点给予地佐辛辅助镇痛对妇科手术患者全身麻醉苏醒质量的影响. 方法 择期妇科手术患者90例,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为3组:A组,手术开始前10 min静脉注射地佐辛0.1 mg/kg;B组,手术结束前30 min静脉注射地佐辛0.1 mg/kg;C组,对照组,在同等时间静脉注射等量生理盐水.麻醉诱导:咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg,依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg,舒芬太尼0.5 μg/kg,维库溴铵闭环输注0.1 mg/kg诱导.采用统一标准的精确化麻醉管理,丙泊酚靶控输注2.0 mg/L～2.5 mg/L,脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)监测维持在40～50,气体浓度监测七氟醚0.3最低肺泡有效浓度(minimal alveolar concentration,MAC)～0.5 MAC吸入,维库溴铵闭环输注维持肌松(增药条件:T1＞7％),舒芬太尼持续泵注0.2 μg·kg1·h-1(术前0.5 h停药),手术结束,BIS＞60,T1＞90％,送麻醉后监测治疗室(post-anesthesia careunit,PACU),观察PACU期间苏醒质量[PACU驻留时间、拔管时间、清醒时间、视觉模拟评分(visual analog scale,VAS)、有无相关并发症].术后1、2、6、24 h随访,记录患者疼痛VAS评分,观察有无恶心、呕吐等阿片类药物相关副作用及患者总体满意度. 结果 3组患者年龄、体重指数、手术时间、麻醉时间、拔管时间、PACU驻留时间、丙泊酚用量差异均无统计学意义.3组患者清醒时间比较:A组(12±2) min,B组(8±1)min,C组(13±3) min,B组较A组、C组苏醒迅速(P＜0.05),A组、C组间比较差异无统计学意义.拔管后呼吸抑制的发生率比较:A组3/30(10％),B组0/30(0),C组0/30(0),A组较B组、C组呼吸抑制发生明显增多(P＜0.05),B组、C组间比较差异无统计学意义.术后2 h VAS评分:A组(0.50±0.73)分,B组(0.33±0.48)分,C组(1.36±0.72)分,A组、B组明显优于C组(P＜0.05),A组、B组之间差异无统计学意义.术后谵妄发生率比较:A组0例,B组0例,C组2/30(6.7％),A组、B组优于C组(P＜0.05).术后恶心发生率比较:A组5/30 (16.7％),B组4/30 (13.3％),C组9/30(30％),A组、B组优于C组(P＜0.05).术后呕吐发生率比较:A组1/30(3.3％),B组2/30(6.7％),C组4/30(13.3％),A组、B组优于C组(P＜0.05).3组患者血流动力学均平稳. 结论 手术结束前30 min单次静脉注射地佐辛(0.1 mg/kg)可有效改善患者术后苏醒质量,增强舒芬太尼的镇痛效果,减少恶心、呕吐等阿片类药物相关的副作用.手术开始前10 min静脉注射地佐辛0.1 mg/kg可能增加患者PACU驻留期呼吸抑制不良事件的发生.     

超前镇痛在小儿扁桃体和腺样体切除术中的应用

目的 观察氟比洛芬酯、曲马多、氯胺酮用于全麻下小儿扁桃体和腺样体切除术后患者的镇痛效果及安全性,以及找到适合小儿短小手术的超前镇痛药物,从而减少小儿全麻苏醒期的躁动及减轻术后疼痛.方法 选择择期在全麻行扁桃体、腺样体切除术的患儿80例,年龄4岁～14岁,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级I～Ⅱ级.采用完全随机双盲法将患儿分为4组:F组为氟比洛芬酯超前镇痛组,K组为氯胺酮超前镇痛组,T组为曲马多超前镇痛组,C组为空白对照组,每组20例.F组于手术开始前10 min缓慢静脉注射氟比洛芬酯1 mg/kg.K组于手术开始前10 min缓慢静脉注射氯胺酮0.5 mg/kg.T组于手术开始前10 min缓慢静脉注射曲马多2 mg/kg.C组于手术开始前10 min缓慢静脉注射生理盐水3ml.观察术后镇痛评分,苏醒期躁动评分,循环、呼吸、血氧饱和度变化及副作用.结果 术后苏醒期躁动评分F组、K组和T组明显低于C组.术后0hF组、K组、T组视觉模拟(VAS)评分和改良目的评分法(MOPS评分)分别为(0.6±1.0)和(0.8±1.0)、(1.9±1.9)和(1.8±1.7)、(0.8±1.4)和(0.8±1.3),均明显低于C组的(3.7±1.7)和(3.5±1.5)(P＜0.01);F组VAS评分在术后8h为(0.9±1.0)显著低于K组(1.8±1.7)、T组(1.8±0.7)和C组(1.7±0.7)(P＜0.01);F组MOPS评分为(0.3±0.7)在术后8h低于C组(0.7±0.6)(P＜0.05);F组和T组VAS评分在术后0h低于K组(P＜0.05).4组术后各个时点的循环、呼吸、血氧饱和度变化均在正常范围,F组血压在术后0h显著低于K组、T组和C组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).4组均无心律失常、呼吸抑制、凝血功能异常发生,恶心、呕吐、头晕、烦躁、做噩梦、腹痛等副作用发生率4组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后睡眠不佳发生率C组高于F组(P＜0.05).结论 氟比洛芬酯、氯胺酮、曲马多均能有效减少苏醒期躁动,但氯胺酮、曲马多均未显示超前镇痛效果,氟比洛芬酯超前镇痛效果良好,作用时间长,能有效缓解小儿短小手术的术后疼痛,无明显副作用,可安全用于小儿短小手术的术后镇痛.     

地佐辛超前镇痛在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的:探讨切皮前给地佐辛对腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)行超前镇痛的效果及安全性。方法:ASAI～II级择期行LC术患者80例,随机分为研究组(A组)和对照组(B组)各40例。A组切皮前10min静注地佐辛0.1mg/kg,B组常规治疗。结果:A组术后各时点疼痛评分均低于对照组(P<0.05),术后使用哌替啶的时间、例数及次数均低于B组(P<0.05),A组和B组咽喉疼痛发生率分别为15%和60%(P<0.05)。结论:地佐辛超前镇痛用于LC术,可以明显缓解术后切口疼痛,减少术后镇痛药的使用和不良反应发生率。     

帕瑞昔布钠超前镇痛对乳腺癌改良根治术患者白细胞介素-6与C反应蛋白的影响

目的 探讨帕瑞昔布钠超前镇痛对乳腺癌改良根治术患者术后白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)与C反应蛋白(c-reactive protein,CRP)水平的影响,并评价其镇痛效果. 方法 选择拟全麻下行乳腺癌改良根治术患者60例,采用随机数字表法随机分为3组(每组20例):超前镇痛组(A组)、空白对照组(B组)和术后镇痛组(C组),分别在麻醉诱导前10 min或术毕时对A、C组患者静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg/2 ml.于麻醉诱导前10 min(T1)、术后1(T2)、6(T3)、24 h(T4)采集静脉血样,检测血清IL-6和CRP,并采用视觉模拟评分法(visual analog scales,VAS)进行术后疼痛评分. 结果 与术前基础值比较,3组患者血浆IL-6与CRP水平于术后1、6、24 h均有明显升高(P＜0.01);B组术后l、6h和24 h逐渐升高,术后24 h水平与术后1h比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).组间比较:超前镇痛组术后T2、T3、T4时点IL-6水平分别为[(16.6±2.4)、(27.0±3.7)、(24.5±3.6) ng/L],低于空白对照组[(24.2±2.6)、(32.9±4.2)、(36.2±5.1) ng/L]和术后镇痛组[(20.8±2.7)、(29.4±3.9)、(31.9±4.4)ng/L] (P＜0.05);超前镇痛组术后T2、T3、T4时点CRP水平分别为[(10.6±2.4)、(18.4±3.5)、(40.7±4.3)mg/L],低于空白对照组[(14.9±3.2)、(24.3±4.4)、(54.6±5.4) mg/L]和术后镇痛组[12.3±2.6)、(21.7±4.2)、(45.6±4.8) mg/L](P＜0.05).术后VAS评分A、C组术后1、2、4、6h分别为[(2.1±1.0)、(2.4±1.2)、(2.9±1.3)、(3.3±1.2)分],[(2.9±1.2)、(3.2±1.2)、(3.4±1.3)、(3.6±1.2)分]低于同时点B组,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),术后24 h内B组哌替啶应用次数及使用量明显高于A、C组(P＜0.05),A组未应用哌替啶,3组术后12、24 h视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scales,VAS)评分差异无统计学意义. 结论 帕瑞昔布钠行超前镇痛可取得良好的镇痛效果,并能有效抑制术后IL-6和CRP水平升高,调控机体的炎症与应激反应,具有一定的免疫保护作用,促进患者术后恢复.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.