急性缺血性卒中时的临床-CT不匹配与静脉溶栓治疗效果

灌注加权成像和弥散加权成像（PWI—DWI）不匹配有助于选择最有可能从静脉溶栓治疗中受益的患者，由于急性卒中的严重程度与PWI异常体积高度相关，也已证实临床-DWI不匹配有相似作用。不过，常规CT扫描仍然是急性卒中患者最常用的影像学检查手段，因此，美国Tufts大学医学院的Kent等对临床-CT不匹配判断患者静脉溶栓治疗效果中的作用进行了研究。     

液体衰减反转恢复序列血管高信号-弥散加权成像不匹配与大脑中动脉M1段闭塞性卒中患者血管内机械血栓切除治疗后转归的相关性

目的:探讨液体衰减反转恢复序列血管高信号(fluid-attenuated inversion recovery vascular hyperintensities, FVH)-弥散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging, DWI)不匹配与急性大脑中动脉M1段闭塞性卒中患者血管内机械血栓切除(e...     

进展性缺血性卒中

进展性卒中在缺血性脑血管病中的发生率较高。研究发现，某些因素与其发生有关，可预测卒中进展的发生，因此干预这些因素可阻止其发生和发展。这些危险因素包括高血糖、高纤维蛋白原、发热、糖尿病史、早期CT局灶性低密度影、大脑中动脉高密度征、临床-DWI不匹配，以及兴奋性氨基酸(如谷氨酸)、一些细胞因子(如促炎因子IL-6和抗炎因子IL-10、IL-4)水平异常等。目前一些针对性治疗已进行了临床试验，有望在不久将来可用于临床。     

循证指南:弥散和灌注MRI在急性缺血性卒中诊断中的作用美国神经病学学会治疗和技术评价委员会的报告

目的 评价弥散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)和灌注加权成像(perfusionweighted imaging PWI)在急性缺血性卒中患者诊断中应用的证据.方法 对1966年至2008年1月期间有关DWI和PWI诊断和预后价值的文献进行系统分析.结果和推荐 对于发病12 h内的急性缺血性卒中的诊断,DWI已被确认为有效的评价手段,且其诊断价值应高于非增强CT.为了最准确地诊断急性缺血性卒中,应进行DWI(A级推荐);然而,在疑似急性卒中患者的总体样本中,DWI诊断缺血性卒中的敏感性并不完美.DWI诊断脑出血的准确性不在本指南的范围之内.根据Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级证据,基线DWI体积可预测前循环卒中的基线卒中严重程度(B级推荐),但不能预测椎基底动脉系统卒中的基线卒中严重程度(C级推荐).基线DWI病变体积可预测(最终)梗死体积(B级推荐),并且有可能预测早期和远期临床转归(C级推荐).与DWI相比,基线PWI体积预测基线卒中严重程度的价值较小(C级推荐).尚无足够的证据支持或反对PWI在急性缺血性卒中诊断中的价值(U级推荐).     

"弥散-临床不匹配"与失语的早期恢复可能有关

弥散-灌注不匹配[灌注加权成像(PWI)异常减弥散加权成像异常(DWI)]能够确定需紧急干预的卒中患者,但PWI通常不易得到。美国JohnsHopkins大学医学院的Reineck等假设急性左侧半球卒中患者的语言功能检查能够预测灌注降低体积,即不匹配区,这种“弥散-临床不匹配”能预测语言功能的早期恢复。连续81例急性左侧半球缺血性卒中患者在MRI扫描1d内接受语言功能测试。在不知语言功能测试评分结果的情况下,测定患者的PWI和DWI异常体积。采用与PWI异常体积相关性良好的语言功能测试(口头命名和复述),根据线性回归模型用电算机计算出每例患者…     

临床-弥散不匹配预测推定缺血半暗带的特异性高

迅速和准确地识别缺血半暗带有可能使我们根据每例患者的独特病理生理学变化实施个体化的溶栓治疗。灌注加权成像和弥散加权成像(PWI DWI)之间的不匹配区域可能代表着缺血半暗带。临床试验表明,PWI DWI不匹配能预测患者溶栓治疗的效果。然而,PWI技术的复杂性以及对其解释的不确定性限制了其在临床上的常规应用。因此,澳大利亚皇家墨尔本医院神经内科的Prosser等用卒中严重程度[美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分]与DWI损害体积的临床-弥散不匹配(clinical diffusionmismatch,CDM)替代PWI DWI不匹配,并与后者进行了比较,…     

磁共振技术在大鼠缺血性卒中的研究进展

<正>目前已有多种MRI技术逐步应用于急性缺血性卒中的诊断及治疗,这些技术在卒中范围测定、缺血半暗带的判断以及脑组织代谢产物的测量方面,对缺血性卒中的治疗起到了重要的指导作用。其中大鼠实验性缺血性卒中的MRI研究对这些成像技术的临床应用提供了重要参考。笔者将扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)、扩散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)、扩     

弥散加权成像/灌注加权成像不匹配区能用来选择发病超过3 h的患者进行溶栓治疗吗?

近年来,人们逐渐认识到弥散加权成像/灌注加权成像不匹配区有可能作为溶栓治疗试验的纳入标准并为临床所采用,但是,有关不匹配区的定义、测量方法以及与正电子发射体层摄影的相关性等问题尚未解决.弥散加权成像/灌注加权成像不匹配区能用来选择发病超过3 h的缺血性卒中患者进行溶栓治疗吗?文章就当前有关这一问题的争论做了总结.     

弥散张量成像在脑出血患者运动功能转归预测中的作用

卒中是中国居民死亡的首位原因.脑出血占所有卒中的10%~20%,神经功能损伤程度往往较缺血性卒中更严重.皮质脊髓束受损是卒中后运动功能缺损的重要机制.弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)是目前唯一可无创性检测脑白质纤维束的功能磁共振成像技术,可客观评估纤维束受损程度,预测患者的运动功能转归.文章对DTI在脑出血患者运动功能转归预测中的作用进行了综述.     

弥散加权成像／灌注加权成像不匹配区能用来选择发病超过3h的患者进行溶栓治疗吗？

近年来,人们逐渐认识到弥散加权成像灌注加权成像不匹配区有可能作为溶栓治疗试验的纳入标准并为临床所采用.但是,有关不匹配区的定义,测量方法以及与正电子发射体层摄影的相关性等问题尚未解决。弥散加权成像灌注加权成像不匹配区能用来选择发病超过3h的缺血性卒中患者进行溶栓治疗吗？文章就当前有关这一问题的争论做了总结。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.