老年糖尿病足患者下肢血管病变特点及影响因素

目的观察老年糖尿病足患者下肢血管病变特点及其影响因素。方法检测94例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL),同时测定收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)。检查48例糖尿病足患者双侧下肢股浅动脉、胫后动脉和足背动脉血管病变情况。结果与非糖尿病足组患者比较,糖尿病足组患者血HbAlc、胆固醇、TG、SBP和DBP水平明显升高,HDL明显降低(P<0.05)。彩超检查结果显示,与血管内膜-中层厚度增加≥1 mm比较,右下肢股浅动脉、右下肢足背动脉、左下肢股浅动脉和左下肢足背动脉出现内膜病变的患者明显增多(P<0.05)。与同侧股浅动脉和胫后动脉比较,足背动脉出现血管内膜-中层厚度增加≥1 mm和内膜病变的患者明显减少(P<0.05)。结论老年糖尿病足患者与高血糖、高血脂和高血压密切相关,其下肢血管病变以血管内膜-中层厚度增加和内膜病变为特征,决定手术方案时需考虑这些病变特点。     

多普勒超声对老年T2DM患者下肢血管病变及下肢血流动力学的诊断价值

目的 分析多普勒超声对老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者下肢血管病变及下肢血流动力学的诊断价值。方法 选取84例老年T2DM患者为实验组，选择同期健康志愿者84例为对照组，两组均接受彩超检查，观察记录两组双下肢血流动力学、肢动脉粥样硬化斑块形成率、斑块发生位置及足背动脉狭窄情况。结果 实验组股动脉、腘动脉及足背动脉血流峰值流速均明显低于对照组，搏动指数均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);实验组下肢血管斑块发生于胫前动脉、胫后动脉和足背动脉的患者明显多于对照组(P<0.05);实验组动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率明显高于对照组，发生于股动脉的患者明显少于对照组(P<0.05);实验组足背动脉狭窄程度较对照组严重，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 多普勒超声在诊断老年T2DM患者下肢血管病变及下肢血流动力学中，反映了患者双下肢血流动力学情况、斑块发生位置及足背动脉狭窄程度，提高了下肢动脉粥样斑块检出率，为老年患者尤其是老年T2DM患者出现肢体麻木、疼痛等不适诊断提供了有力手段。且该技术诊断下肢血管病变具明显效果，可清晰显示病变血管，安全可靠操作简便，重复性高，易被患者接受。     

双源螺旋CT结合外周血管超声和炎性标志物评价老年2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者冠脉斑块的稳定性

目的利用64层双源CT(64-DSCT)冠状动脉血管成像结合外周血管超声和炎性标志物分析老年糖尿病(DM)合并冠心病(CHD)患者冠状动脉、颈动脉、足背动脉病变特征及血清炎性标志物的变化特点和冠脉斑块的稳定性。方法选取2010年12月至2013年10月在昆明医科大学附属延安医院老年科和心内科住院,诊断明确为CHD患者129例,根据有无2型糖尿病(T2DM)病史分为老年CHD组(n=69)和老年T2DM合并CHD组(n=60)。经64-DSCT检查、颈动脉和足背动脉超声检查对比两组患者冠状动脉、颈动脉、足背动脉病变性质和血清炎性标志物的差异。结果 64-DSCT显示老年T2DM合并CHD组冠脉病变以多支病变为主,与老年CHD组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。老年T2DM合并CHD与老年组比较斑块构成有差别,老年T2DM合并CHD组软斑所占比例比老年CHD组高(P0.05)。老年T2DM合并CHD组颈动脉和足背动脉超声斑块检出率均高于老年CHD组(P0.05)。老年T2DM合并CHD组颈动脉和足背动脉易损斑块的检出率高于老年CHD组(P0.05)。老年T2DM合并CHD组白细胞介素(IL)-6、血浆黏附分子(VCAM)1、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-9、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)表达均高于老年CHD组(P0.05)。冠脉双支病变组和多支病变组外周血管斑块数较单支病变组多(P0.05)。结论老年DM合并CHD患者冠脉病变以多支血管病变为主,冠状动脉、颈动脉、足背动脉病变以易损斑块为主。颈动脉和足背动脉超声可以预测冠脉病变,外周血管斑块数越多,冠脉病变的支数越多。血清学标志物IL-6、VCAM1、MMP-9、Hcy可作为预测斑块稳定性的指标。     

老年下肢动脉疾病患者中CXCL16与血管新生的关系

目的探讨老年下肢动脉疾病（PAD）患者血清中巨噬细胞趋化因子配体16（CXCL16）的水平及其促血管新生的意义。方法将50例老年男性随机分为对照组和PAD组各25例。采用酶联免疫分析法检测CXCL16、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）,流式细胞仪检测内皮祖细胞（EPCs）。结果与对照组比较,PAD组中VEGF（Z=6.063,P=0.000）、CXCL16（Z=3.080,P=0.002）水平升高,EPCs水平下降（Z=2.229,P=0.026）。两组CXCL16与VEGF均呈正相关（对照组r=0.463,P=0.033;PAD组r=0.307,P=0.031）,对照组中CXCL16与EPCs呈正相关（r=0.359,P=0.043）。结论老年PAD患者血清中CXCL16水平增高可能与血管新生能力下降有关,提示CX-CL16在组织缺血情况下有促血管新生作用。     

2型糖尿病患者外周血基质细胞衍生因子1水平与大血管病变的关系

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者外周血基质细胞衍生因子1（SDF-1）水平与大血管并发症的关系。方法测定55例无微血管并发症的T2DM患者和26名健康对照者外周血中SDF-1水平、内皮祖细胞（EPCs）数量、EPCs表面SDF1的受体CXCR4表达率。糖尿病患者分单纯糖尿病组、大血管病变组。结果SDF1水平和EPCs数量对照组、单纯糖尿病组、大血管病变组依次降低（P〈0．0S或0．01）;单纯糖尿病组、对照组、大血管病变组CXCR4表达率依次降低（P〈0．05或0．01）;SDF-1水平与EPCs数量成正相关（r=0．327,P〈0．05）,颈动脉内膜中层厚度与SDF-1、EPCs负相关（r=-0．342、0．298,P〈0．05）。结论T2DM患者外周血中SDF-1／CXCR4轴的变化与大血管并发症的发生、发展有关。     

高分辨率超声评价早期2型糖尿病患者足背动脉病变和血管内皮功能

目的 应用高分辨率超声对早期2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者足背动脉形态学、血流动力学及血管内皮功能的改变进行观察. 方法 检测25例老年初发T2DM患者、35例非老年初发T2DM患者及35例老年健康者和30例非老年健康者足背动脉的变化,并进行统计学分析. 结果 (1)反应性充血时,老年T2DM组足背动脉内径变化百分率(10.52±2.79)%较老年对照组(15.43±4.69)%明显减低(P<0.01),非老年T2DM组(12.89±4.68)%较非老年对照组(17.97±4.61)%明显减低(P<0.01),老年T2DM组与非老年T2DM组比较亦有减低(P<0.05);含服硝酸甘油后,老年T2DM组(12.40±3.23)%较老年对照组(16.11±5.74)%明显减低(P<0.01).(2)T2DM组较同龄对照组足背动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)明显增厚(P<0.01),舒张早期反向血流峰值流速(PRV)和舒张末期血流速度(EDV)明显减低(P<0.01),搏动指数(PI)减低(P<0.05);各组间收缩期峰值流速(PSV)的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).(3)T2DM组足背动脉PI与反应性充血时和舌下含服硝酸甘油后内径变化百分率呈显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.79和0.71,P<0.01).结论 高分辨率超声检查可及早发现T2DM患者足背动脉形态学、血流动力学改变及血管内皮功能受损情况,可将其作为T2DM大血管并发症的首选检查方法 .     

老年2型糖尿病患者外周血内皮祖细胞的功能及数量

目的观察老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者体内内皮祖细胞(EPCs)的功能(以黏附细胞数表示为TNE-A)及其数量(以外周血计数表示为TNE),探讨其在老年T2DM发生发展中的作用。方法选择老年T2DM患者30例和老年正常对照10例,密度梯度离心法从外周血获取单个核细胞,接种在培养板内,培养7 d后对贴壁细胞进行测定;流式细胞仪鉴定FITC标记荆豆凝血素Ⅰ(FITC-UEA-I)和Di I标记的乙酰化低密度脂蛋白(Di I-ac LDL)双阳性细胞为正常分化的EPCs;胰蛋白酶消化后计数贴壁细胞观察TNE-A计数。同时采用流式细胞仪测定外周血TNE计数。结果1老年T2DM患者EPCs的TNE-A较正常对照组显著减少,并且血管病变组间也有差异(t=2.185、2.099;P0.05)。外周血TNE较正常对照组减低(t=2.179;P0.05),但血管病变各组间无差异(t=1.857;P0.05)。2随血糖及糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)升高,T2DM老年患者TNE-A以及TNE计数逐渐降低(t=2.872、2.855、2.985、2.861;P0.01),组间有统计学差异(t=2.122、2.103、2.105、2.175;P0.05)。3Spearman相关分析显示,TNE-A水平与低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、舒张压(SBP)、2 h餐后血糖(2 h PBG)、Hb A1c呈负相关(r分别为-0.40、-0.39、-0.21、-0.24,P0.01或0.05)。而外周血TNE与空腹血糖(FBG)、Hb A1c呈负相关(r分别为-0.231、-0.267,P0.05)。4以T2DM为整体,有血管病变为因变量(有=1,无=0),以年龄等危险因素为自变量,进行Logistic回归分析,SBP、TNE-A进入回归方程。结论 T2DM老年患者EPCs的黏附功能明显受损,与其血管病变关系较大;而外周血EPCs数目与血管病变关系较小,EPCs生物学功能仍需进一步研究。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断老年2型糖尿病下肢动脉病变的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声(CDU)诊断老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)下肢动脉病变的临床应用价值。方法随机选取于2016年6月至2017年1月96例在该院确诊并进行治疗的老年T2DM下肢动脉病变患者作为观察组,并选取96例身体健康的人员作为对照组。给予两组双下肢动脉血管超声多普勒检查,观察两组双下肢股动脉、腘动脉、胫后动脉、足背动脉,记录并对比两组股动脉和腘动脉内膜中膜厚度及斑块大小、回声、分布情况和血流动力学指标。结果观察组下肢动脉斑块发生率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组股动脉、腘动脉、足背动脉血流峰值流速降低,搏动指数增加,与对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 CDU在老年T2DM下肢动脉病变特征的诊断研究中具有很高的临床价值。     

彩色多普勒超声对糖尿病血管内皮功能的评价

用高分辨率彩色多普勒超声检测33例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者肱动脉反应性充血后,以及含服硝酸甘油后的血管内径和血流量变化.结果T2DM组反应性充血时肱动脉内径变化比正常对照组明显减弱(P＜0.01),硝酸甘油介导的肱动脉内径扩张与正常对照组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论T2DM患者不仅存在血管内皮依赖性舒张功能障碍,而且还存在非血管内皮依赖性舒张功能障碍.     

男性糖尿病患者外周血内皮祖细胞与血管病变关系的研究

目的探讨男性糖尿病（DM）患者血管病变与外周血内皮祖细胞（EPCs）数量及功能的关系。方法对15名健康者（NC组）、20例DM未合并血管病变者（DM组）、18例DM合并血管病变者（DVP组）及10例非糖尿病冠心病者（NDCHD组）采集空腹静脉血,分离并培养EPCs。应用流式细胞技术、M1vr法、Boyden小室法、黏附法对EPCs进行鉴定、计数,以及细胞增殖、迁移及黏附功能测定。结果（1）EPCs与HbA1c呈负相关（r=0.54,p=0．02）。（2）EPCs数量和增殖功能在NDCHD组〈DVP组〈DM组〈NC组（P〈0.05）。（3）EPCs迁移功能NDCHD组与DVP组间无差异,且两组均低于DM组,DM组又低于NC组（P〈0．05）;黏附功能四组间无差异。结论男性DM患者尤其是合并血管病变者,存在EPCs数量减少以及增殖、迁移功能下降,其与血管病变的发生发展相关。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.