血清尿酸、胆红素水平与急性缺血性卒中患者近期转归的相关性

目的：探讨基线尿酸水平及胆红素水平与急性缺血性卒中患者短期转归的关系。方法收集缺血性卒中患者的临床资料,包括入院时血清尿酸和胆红素水平、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS)评分、出院时或第14天时改良 Rankin 量表(modified Rankin Scale, mRS)评分(0~2分定义为转归良好,>2分定义为转归不良)。结果共纳入急性缺血性卒中患者162例,转归良好组114例,转归不良组48例。2组之间糖尿病(51．75%对75．00%;χ2=7．526,P =0．006)、既往卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作( transient ischemic attack, TIA)史(18．42%对50．00%;χ2=17．790, P <0．001)的患者构成比以及基线舒张压[(87．061±12．245)mmHg 对(82．375±10．949)mmHg,1 mmHg =0．133 kPa;t =2．293,P =0．023]、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇[(1．604±0．299)mmol/L 对(1．265±0．206)mmol/L; t =3．227, P =0．002]、空腹血糖[(2．875±0．438)mmol/L 对(8．160±0．592)mmol/L; t =-4．761, P <0．001)]、尿酸[(289．365±77．168)μmol/L 对(248．206±66．206)μmol/L; t =3．111, P =0．002]、总胆红素[(14．673±2．213)μmol/L 对(10．395±2．714)μmol/L; t =3．779, P <0．001]、直接胆红素[(6．036±1．392)μmol/L 对(4．956±1．379)μmol/L; t =2．088, P =0．038]、间接胆红素[(8．634±2．307)μmol/L 对(5．439±1．223)μmol/L;t =4．219,P <0．001]水平存在显著差异。多变量 logistic回归分析显示,既往卒中或 TIA 史[优势比(odds ratio, OR)3．751,95%可信区间(confidence interval, CI)1．395~10．091;P =0．009]和基线 NIHSS 评分(OR 2．723,95% CI 1．093~6．783;P =0．031)是缺血性卒中转归不良的独立危险因素,而尿酸(OR 0．357,95% CI 0．141~0．900;P =0．029)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(OR 0．262,95% CI 0．079~0．870;P =0．029)和间接胆红素(OR 0．117,95% CI 0．025~0．539;P =0．006)与转归良好独立相关。结论基线尿酸和间接胆红素水平增高是急性缺血性卒中患者转归良好的有利因素。     

缺血性卒中患者的认知功能与脑微出血:回顾性病例系列研究

目的 探讨血管性认知损害的危险因素以及脑微出血(cerebral microbleed,CMB)对缺血性卒中患者认知功能的影响.方法 收集50岁以上缺血性卒中患者的资料.采用MRI评价CMB、白质损害和梗死体积.采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)、阿尔茨海默病评定量表认知分表评价认知功能、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton Depression Scale,HAMD)评价抑郁状况以排除抑郁患者.根据量表评价结果将缺血性卒中患者分为认知损害组和无认知损害组,比较两组人口统计学和临床特征,并采用多变量logistic回归分析寻找缺血性卒中患者认知损害的独立危险因素.采用Spearman等级相关法分析CMB程度与MoCA总分和MoCA各认知领域评分的相关性.结果 共纳入169例缺血性卒中患者.认知损害组80例,无认知损害组89例;34例存在CMB,135例无CMB.认知损害组年龄较大[(71.99±6.01)岁对(64.47 ±6.15)岁;t=8.014,P=0.000],受教育年限较少[(4.51±1.534)年对(6.94±2.357)年;t=8.023,p=0.000],收缩压较高[(156.19±17.53)mm Hg对(142.04±16.03) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa);t=5.479,P=0.000],脑白质损害评分较高[(7.33±2.04)分对(4.39±2.17)分;t=8.951,P=0.000],脑梗死体积较大[(7 123.8±1 587.11)mm3对(5 628.4±1 017.76)mm3;=7.201,P=0.000],既往卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作史比例较高(46.2％对28.1％;x2 =5.982,P=0.014),CMB数量较多(x2=17.565,P=0.000).多变量logistic回归分析显示,年龄[优势比(odds ratio,OR)1.115,95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI)1.013 ～1.227;P=0.026]、受教育年限少(OR0.490,95％ CI0.325 ～0.739;P=0.001)、收缩压(OR1.048,95％ CI1.014～1.083;P=0.005)、脑白质损害(OR 2.044,95％ CI 1.466～2.851;P=0.000)和脑梗死体积(OR2.204,95％ CI1.386 ～3.503;P=0.001)均为缺血性卒中患者认知损害的独立危险因素.与无CMB组比较,CMB组患者年龄较大[(72.06±5.59)岁对(67.01 ±7.15)岁;t=4.427,P=0.000],受教育年限较少[(3.97±1.381)年对(6.25 ±2.317)年;=7.367,P=0.000],收缩压较高[(155.03 ±20.16) mm Hg对(147.16±17.32)mm Hg;t =2.290,P=0.023],脑白质损害评分较高[(7.03±2.139)分对(5.47±2.591)分;t=3.247,P=0.001],脑梗死体积较大[(6 968.5±1 507.37) mm3对(6 177.0±1 477.08) mm3;t =2.735,P=0.007],高血压(82.4％对41.5％;x2=18.149,P=0.000)、高脂血症(88.2％对39.3％;x2 =26.067,P=0.000)、既往卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作史(70.6％对28.1％;x2 =21.061,P=0.000)及冠心病(94.1％对45.2％;x2 =26.278,P=0.000)比例较高.CMB组MoCA总分[M(Q1～Q3)][24 (24 ～ 25)分对28(27 ～28)分;Z=-7.092,P=0.000]及注意力[6(5 ～6)分对6(6 ～6)分;Z=-2.502,P=0.012]、抽象思维[2(1 ～2)分对2(2 ～2)分;Z=-2.382,P=0.017]、视空间执行功能[2(1 ～2)分对4(4 ～5)分;Z=-7.321,P=0.000]评分均显著性低于无CMB组(P均＜0.05).Spearman等级相关分析显示,CMB分级与MoCA总分(rs=-0.879,P=0.000)、视空间执行功能(rs=-0.895,P=0.000)、注意力(rs=-0.337,P=0.005)和抽象思维(rs=-0.333,P=0.006)评分呈负相关.结论 年龄、受教育年限、收缩压、脑白质损害程度和脑梗死体积是血管性认知损害的危险因素.伴有CMB的缺血性卒中患者视空间执行功能障碍、注意力和抽象思维减退明显.CMB及其数量与认知功能损害密切相关,CMB数目越多,认知功能损害越显著.     

心血管科院内缺血性卒中的危险因素：回顾性病例对照研究

目的 探讨心血管科住院患者院内缺血性卒中的临床特点、病因和危险因素.方法 回顾性收集心血管科院内缺血性卒中患者和对照组患者的病历资料,比较两组人口统计学、血管危险因素、临床特征等相关因素,采用多变量logistic回归分析心血管科院内缺血性卒中的独立危险因素.结果 共纳入心血管科住院患者2 789例,其中26例（0.93％）发生院内卒中,从2 763例未发生院内卒中患者中随机纳入130例患者作为对照病例.卒中组高血压（73.08％对50.77％;x2＝4.348,P＝0.037）、心房颤动（50.00％对15.38％;x2 =15.56,P=0.000）、感染（30.77％对7.69％;x2＝11.304,P＝0.003）、吸烟（46.15％对21.54％;x2=6.886,P=0.009）、饮酒（26.92％对11.54％;x2=4.233,P=0.040）、既往卒中史（19.23％对4.61％;x2=7.062,P=0.008）和服用抗高血压药（42.31％ 对21.54％：x2=4.985,P=0.026）的患者比例以及收缩压[（143.43±18.59）mm Hg对（129.52±23.52）mm Hg;t=3.209,P=0.003]（1mm Hg=0.133 kPa）、舒张压[（88.77±ll.35）mmHg对（77.55±14.60）mm Hg; t=2.421,P=0.020]和同型半胱氨酸[（19.27±ll.08）μmol/L对（15.30±5.25） μmol/L;t =2.814,P=0.006]水平均显著高于心血管科对照组.多变量logistic回归分析显示,心房颤动[优势比（odds ratio,OR）3.310,95％可信区间（confidence interval,CI）1.207 ～9.076;P=0.020]、感染（OR 3.270,95％ CI 1.024 ～ 10.438;P=0.045）、收缩压（OR 1.023,95％ CI 1.002～1.045;P =0.031）和同型半胱氨酸水平（OR 1.089,95％ CI 1.009 ～1.175;P =0.029）为心血管科院内缺血性卒中的独立危险因素.结论 心房颤动、感染、收缩压和同型半胱氨酸水平高为心血管科院内缺血性卒中的独立危险因素,积极干预和控制这些危险因素可能对降低其风险具有重大意义.     

后循环缺血性卒中的危险因素和影像学特征:回顾性病例系列研究

目的 探讨后循环缺血性卒中的主要危险因素以及合并糖尿病的后循环缺血性卒中患者的临床和影像学特征.方法 收集急性缺血性卒中患者的临床资料,并对后循环缺血性卒中组与前循环缺血性卒中组进行比较;后循环卒中患者进一步分为糖尿病组和非糖尿病组,比较两组血管危险因素和影像学特征;将后循环缺血性卒中患者按病变血管分布分为近段组、中段组、远段组和混合组,分析糖尿病与各组之间的相关性和影像学特征.结果 共纳入328例后循环缺血性卒中病例,其中男性194例,糖尿病组108例;前循环缺血性卒中336例,其中男性214例,糖尿病组59例.后循环缺血性卒中组糖尿病(32.9％ 对21.7％;x2=10.501,P=0.001)、高脂血症(60.1％对47.9％;x2=9.852,P=0.002)、既往卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作史(29.0％对22.0％;x2 =4.213,P=0.040)患者构成比均显著性高于前循环缺血性卒中组(P均＜0.05),而吸烟患者构成比显著性低于前循环缺血性卒中组(18.3％对26.2％;x2 =5.977,P=0.014);总胆固醇[(4.72±1.07) mmol/L对(4.56 ±0.98) mmol/L;t =2.079,P=0.038]、三酰甘油[(1.54±1.07) mmot/L对(1.33±0.71)mmol/L;t3.085,P=0.002]和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇[(2.91±0.90) mmol/L对(2.75±0.80)mmol/L;t 2.373,P=0.018]均显著性高于前循环缺血性卒中组,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著性低于前循环缺血性卒中组[(1.13 ±0.31) mmol/L对(1.18±0.32)mmol/L;t2.045,P=0.041].多变量logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病[优势比(odds ratio,OR)1.560,95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI)1.086～2.239;P=0.016]和既往卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作史(OR 1.455,95％ CI 1.013～2.090;P=0.042)是后循环缺血性卒中的独立危险因素.在后循环缺血性卒中患者中,糖尿病组(n=108)高脂血症(66.7％对55.5％;x2=5.069,P=0.024)和饮酒(13.0％对4.5％;x2=7.568,P =0.006)患者构成比显著性高于非糖尿病组(n =220),心房颤动患者的构成比显著性低于非糖尿病组(3.7％对11.4％;x2=5.274,P=0.022);三酰甘油[(1.70±0.93) mmol/L对(1.45±1.11)mmol/L; t=1.989,P=0.048]、空腹血糖[(8.46±2.96) mmol/L对(5.30±0.96) mmol/L;t 10.706,P=0.000]和糖基化血红蛋白[(8.36±1.94)％对(6.07±0.55)％;t=10.576,P=0.000]显著性高于非糖尿病组;大动脉粥样硬化性卒中患者构成比显著性高于非糖尿病组(73.1％对60.0％;x2=5.457,P=0.019),而心源性脑栓塞显著性低于非糖尿病组(2.8％对9.1％;x2=4.428,P=0.035);后循环中段梗死患者构成比显著性高于非糖尿组(49.1％对31.4％;x2 =9.726,P=0.002);脑干梗死(60.2％对48.2％;x2 =4.182,P=0.041)和单发性脑干梗死(55.6％对30.5％;x2=19.235,P=0.000)患者构成比均显著性高于非糖尿病组.在单发性脑干梗死患者中,糖尿病组脑桥梗死(43.5％对25.9％;x2=10.374,P=0.001)和延髓梗死(7.4％对1.8％;P =0.023)患者构成比均显著性高于非糖尿病组.结论 糖尿病和既往卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作史是后循环缺血性卒中的独立危险因素.糖尿病与脑干梗死关系密切,更易导致脑桥梗死.     

亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因 C677 T多态性与中国山东地区汉族人群缺血性卒中、高尿酸血症的相关性

目的：探讨亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶（methylenetetrahydrofolatereductase,MTHFR）基因C677 T 多态性与中国山东地区汉族人群缺血性卒中、高尿酸血症的相关性。方法纳入山东地区汉族急性缺血性卒中患者和年龄、性别相匹配的对照者。采用聚合酶链反应扩增和芯片杂交显色技术检测MTHFR基因C677T 多态性,并测定血清尿酸浓度。结果共纳入山东地区汉族急性缺血性卒中患者145例和年龄、性别相匹配的对照者145名。缺血性卒中组糖尿病构成比（26.90％对6.89％;χ2=20.653,P<0.001）以及空腹血糖[（5.56±1.57）mmol/L对（5.01±1.11）mmol/L;t=－3.390, P=0.001]、高半胱氨酸[中位数,四分位数间距：18.2（16.30~22.55）μmol/L对15.20（12.10~17.85）μmol/L;Z=－6.323,P<0.001]和尿酸[43.0（361.60~490.45）μmol/L对285.9（267.00~346.25）μm o l/L;Z=－10.360, P<0.001]水平均显著高于对照组;缺血性卒中组 T T 基因型（42.07％对15.17％;χ2=25.673, P<0.001）和 T 等位基因（58.28％对34.48％;χ2=33.008, P<0.001）分布频率均显著高于对照组。多变量logistic回归分析显示,尿酸[优势比（ odds ratio, OR）1.018,95％可信区间（confidence interval, CI）1.013~1.024;P<0.001]、TT 基因型（对CT 基因型, OR 6.774,95％CI 1.779~25.507;P=0.005）、高血压（ OR 1.919,95％CI 1.013~3.636;P=0.045）、高半胱氨酸（ OR 1.153,95％CI 1.059~1.258;P=0.001）为缺血性卒中的独立危险因素。将缺血性卒中组与对照组合并,共101例存在高尿酸血症,189例尿酸正常。高尿酸血症组糖尿病患者构成比（32.67％对11.64％;χ2=23.749, P<0.001）以及总胆固醇[（5.67±1.56）mmol/L对（5.10±1.33）mmol/L;t=－3.255,P<0.001]和高半胱氨酸[19.50（17.10~24.70）μmol/L对15.40（12.60~18.05）μmol/L;Z=－7.236,P<0.001]水平显著高于尿酸正常组,TT 基因型（55.45％对13.76％;χ2=56.409,P<0.001）和T等位基因（71.79％对32.54％;χ2=79.561,P<0.001）分布频率显著高于尿酸正常组。多变量logistic回归分析显示,TT 基因型（对CC 基因型,OR 6.434,95％CI 2.334~17.736;P<0.001）、CT 基因型（对CC基因型,OR 2.234,95％CI 1.019~4.898;P=0.045）、高半胱氨酸（OR 1.081,95％CI 1.010~1.157;P=0.024）、总胆固醇（OR 1.363,95％CI 1.123~1.653;P=0.002）为高尿酸血症的独立危险因素。结论 MTHFR基因C677T TT 基因型和血清尿酸水平是中国山东地区汉族人群缺血性卒中的独立危险因素,MTHFR基因C677T TT 基因型亦为该人群高尿酸血症的独立危险因素,调整饮食习惯可能对山东地区汉族人群缺血性卒中的预防具有积极意义。     

缺血性卒中患者氯吡格雷抵抗的危险因素:前瞻性病例系列研究

目的 探讨缺血性卒中患者中氯吡格雷抵抗(clopidogrel resistance,CR)的危险因素.方法 急性缺血性卒中患者服用氯吡格雷(75 mg/d)10～ 14 d后采用光比浊法测定血小板聚集率变化.根据血小板聚集率变化将病例分为CR组和氯吡格雷敏感(clopidogrel sensitivity,CS)组,比较两组的人口统计学和临床资料,并采用多变量 logistic回归分析确定CR的独立危险因素.结果 共纳入147例急性缺血性卒中患者,其中CR 组42例(28.57％),CS组105例(71.43％).CR组糖尿病(54.76％对11.43％;x2=31.054,P=0.000)、既往短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)史(80.95％对 26.67％; x2=36.251,P=0.000)或经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)史(26.19％对3.81％;x2=16.400.P=0000)、服用钙通道阻滞药(calcium channel blocker,CCB)(83.33％对54.29％;x2=10.810,P=0.001)、血管紧张素转换酶抑制药(angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor,ACEI)/血管紧张素受体阻滞药(angiotensin receptor blocker,ARB)(66.67％对42.86％;x2=6.803.P=0.009)和质子泵抑制药(47.62％对14.29％;x2=18.375,P=0.000)的患者比例以及血浆总胆固醇[(5.23±1.07) mmol/L对(4.60±1.11) mmol/L;t=3.121.P=0.002]、血糖浓度[(6.65±2.19)mmol/L对(5.43±1.15)mmol/L;t=3.442.P=0.001]和糖化血红蛋白水平[ (6.40±1.42)％对(5.48±1.09)％;t=3.780,P=0.000]均显著高于CS组.多变量logistic 回归分析显示,糖尿病[优势比(odds ratio,OR) 13.711,95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI)1.667～112.784;P =0.015]、总胆固醇增高(OR2.828,95％ CI1.574～5.080;P =0.001)、既往TIA史(OR16.627,95％ CI4.691～58.934;P =0.000)以及长期服用CCB( OR 4.147,95％ CI1.053～16.332;P=0.042)、ACEI/ARB( OR 4.841,95％ CI 1.539～15.231;P=0.007)为CR的独立危险因素.结论 缺血性卒中患者的CR与多种因素有关,其中糖尿病、总胆固醇增高以及长期服用 CCB和ACEI/ARB是CR的独立危险因素.     

缺血性脑小血管病患者轻度认知障碍的危险因素和临床特征:回顾性病例系列研究

目的 探讨缺血性脑小血管病(small vessel disease,SVD)患者轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)的危险因素和临床特征,为早期诊断和早期干预提供依据.方法 应用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)筛查MCI,收集相关危险因素和其他临床资料,并进行其他神经心理学测试.根据MRI表现将SVD分为脑白质疏松(leukoaraiosis,LA)、腔隙性梗死(lacunar infarction,LI)和LA与LI并存(LA-LI)3种类型.结果 共纳入143例SVD患者,其中MCI组68例,非MCI组75例.单变量分析显示,MCI组年龄、性别构成比与非MCI组无显著差异,但MCI组受教育年限显著短于非MCI组,而高血压(69.11％对45.33％;x2=8.215,P=0.004)、糖尿病(57.35％对40.00％;x2=4.301,P=0.038)、高脂血症(48.53％对24.00％;x2 =9.352,P=0.002)、颈动脉粥样硬化(41.18％对21.33％;x2=6.592,P=0.010)和吸烟(32.35％对14.67％;x2=6.285,P=0.012)的构成比以及尿酸[(351.81±83.21)mmol/L对(323.03±80.43)mmol/L;t=2.102,P=0.037]和总胆固醇[(5.26±1.26) mmol/L对(4.56±1.23) mmol/L;=3.326,P=0.001]水平显著高于非MCI组.多变量logistic回归分析显示,高血压[优势比(odds ratio,OR)2.227,95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI)1.001 ～4.954;P =0.026]、糖尿病(OR 2.056,95％ CI 1.862～4.937;P=0.046)、高脂血症(OR 2.528,95％ CI 1.361 ～5.770;P=0.028)、颈动脉粥样硬化(OR 2.658,95％ CI 1.110 ～6.367; P=0.029)、吸烟(OR2.566,95％ CI1.017 ～6.474;P=0.046)和受教育年限(OR0.825,95％ CI 0.745～0.914;P=0.000)是SVD患者出现MCI的独立危险因素.MCI组MoCA总分[(18.44±5.60)分对(27.09±1.37)分;t=-12.422,P=0.000]以及视空间/执行能力[(2.65±1.39)分对(4.49±0.74)分;t=-9.762,P=0.000]、注意力[(4.48±1.70)分对(5.89±0.31)分;t=6.706,P=0.000]、语言[(1.69±0.80)分对(2.41 ±0.95)分;t=4.893,P=0.018]、抽象能力[(0.85±0.69)分对(1.71 ±0.53)分;t=-7.081,P=0.000]、延迟回忆[(1.29±1.01)分对(4.04±0.99)分;t=13.824,P=0.000]等亚项得分均显著低于非MCI组,而命名和定向力得分无显著差异.在MCI组中,LA-LI组MoCA总分[(17.04±6.15)分对(21.04±3.98)分;P＜0.05]以及视空间/执行功能[(1.68± 1.16)分对(3.24±1.13)分;P＜0.05]、注意力[(3.92±2.03)分对(5.19±0.87)分;P＜0.05]、延迟回忆[(1.35±1.01)分对(1.86±1.58)分;P＜0.05]等亚项得分显著低于U组;LA组MoCA总分[(18.18±5.31)分对(21.04±3.98)分;P＜0.05]以及视空间/执行功能[(2.56±1.78)分对(3.24±1.13)分;P＜0.05]、语言[(0.64±0.23)分对(1.24±0.83)分;P＜ 0.05]、延迟回忆[(0.69±0.58)分对(1.86±1.58)分;P＜0.01]等亚项得分显著低于LI组;LA-LI组视空间/执行功能评分显著低于LA组[(1.68±1.16)分对(2.56±1.78)分;P＜0.05]和LI组[(1.68±1.16)分对(3.24±1.13)分;P＜0.05].结论 高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、颈动脉粥样硬化、吸烟和受教育水平较低是SVD患者MCI的独立危险因素.SVD后MCI的认知损害表现为包括视空间/执行功能、延迟回忆在内的多个认知域损害,不同类型脑小血管病之间的认知损害有所不同.     

血浆可溶性CD40配体、甲胎球蛋白和妊娠相关血浆蛋白-A与缺血性卒中患者颈动脉斑块的关系

目的 探讨急性缺血性卒中患者血浆可溶性CD40配体(soluble CD40ligand、sCD40L)、甲胎球蛋白和妊娠相关血浆蛋白-A(pregnancy associated plasma protein-A,PAPP-A)水平与颈动脉斑块的关系.方法 纳入急性缺血性卒中患者.采用颈动脉超声对颈动脉进行评估,根据评估结果分为颈动脉斑块组和非颈动脉斑块组,前者根据斑块性质进一步分为稳定斑块亚组和不稳定斑块亚组.采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血浆sCD40L、甲胎球蛋白和PAPP-A水平.对颈动脉斑块组与非颈动脉斑块组以及稳定斑块亚组与不稳定斑块亚组之间的人口统计学、既往史、合并症、实验室检查和血浆炎性标记物进行比较.采用多变量logistic回归分析探讨血浆炎性标记物与颈动脉斑块的关系.结果 共纳入200例急性缺血性卒中患者.其中,男性122例,女性78例,年龄33 ～ 87岁,平均(60.1±10.3)岁;颈动脉斑块组139例,非斑块组61例;稳定斑块亚组43例,不稳定斑块亚组96例.颈动脉斑块组平均年龄显著性大干非斑块组[(63.2±8.7)岁对(50.3±9.5)岁;t=10.179,P=0.000],男性(68.3％对44.3％;x2=10.336,P=0.001)、高血压(71.2％对54.1％;x2 =5.540,P＝0.019)、糖尿病(46.8％对29.5％;x2=5.199,P=0.023)和高脂血症(78.4％对37.7％;x2=31.31,P=0.000)患者的构成比显著性高于菲斑块组,总胆固醇[(5.7±1.1)mmol/L对(5.3±1.0)mmol/L;t＝2.433,P=0.016]、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇[(4.5±1.0) mmol/L对(4.1±0.9)mmol/L;t =2.683,P=0.008]和空腹血糖[(7.5±2.5)mmol/L对(6.4±2.1)mmol/L; t=3.002,P=0.003]以及sCD40L[(151.4±55.8)pg/ml对(102.8±65.9)pg/ml;t＝ 5.360,P=0.000]、甲胎球蛋白[(390.1±80.6)μg/ml对(352.9±98.6)μg/ml;t=2.591,P=0.011]和PAPP-A[(11.49±4.67) mIU/L对(8.46±3.99) mIU/L;t =4.409,P=0.000]水平显著性高于非斑块组.多变量logistie回归分析显示,高脂血症[优势比(odds ratio,OR)6.582,95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI)2.321～18.662;P =0.000]、sCD40L(OR6.372,95％ CI2.174 ～ 18.670;P=0.010)和甲胎球蛋白(OR4.101,95％ CI 1.012～ 16.619;P=0.048)为急性缺血性卒中患者存在颈动脉斑块的独立预测因素.稳定颈动脉斑块亚组平均年龄显著性小于不稳定斑块亚组[(59.6±9.3)岁对(64.1±7.2)岁;t=3.231,P=0.002],高血压患者构成比显著性低于不稳定斑块亚组(55.8％对78.1％;x2=7.213,P=0.007),总胆固醇[(5.4±0.9) mmol/L对(6.0±1.1)mmol/L;t =3.136,P=0.002]、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇[(4.0±1.2) mmol/L对(5.7±1.0)mmol/L;t=8.696,P=0.000],空腹血糖[(7.1±2.3)mmol/L对(7.9± 1.9) mmol/L; t=2.147,P=0.034]以及sCD40L[(135.3±74.3)pg/ml对(176.5±64.5)pg/ml;t=3.319,P=0.001]和PAPP-A[(10.96 ±5.02) mIU/L对(13.98 ±4.63)mIU/L;t ＝3.463、P ＝0.001]水平显著性低于不稳定斑块亚组,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平则显著性高于不稳定斑块亚组[(1.2±0.2)mmol/L对(1.1±0.3)mmol/L;t =2.314,P=0.022].多变量logistic回归分析显示,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(OR0.234,95％ CI0.060 ～0.906;P =0.022)是斑块不稳定的独立保护性因素,而sCD40L(OR 5.290,95％ CI1.613 ～ 17.351;P=0.029)和PAPP-A(OR4.125,95％ CI1.281～13.283;P=0.021)是斑块不稳定的独立预测因素.结论 sCD40L、PAPP-A和甲胎球蛋白水平与颈动脉斑块的存在和稳定性相关.血浆sCD40L和甲胎球蛋白增高是急性缺血性卒中患者存在颈动脉斑块的独立预测因素,而血浆sCD40L和PAPP-A水平增高是急性缺血性卒中患者颈动脉斑块不稳定的独立预测因素.     

血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与急性卒中患者脑微出血和脑白质疏松的相关性:回顾性病例系列研究

目的 探讨急性卒中患者血浆同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hey)水平与脑微出血(cerebral microbleed,CMB)和脑白质疏松(leukoaraiosis,LA)的关系.方法 回顾性分析急性卒中患者的临床和影像学资料,根据MRI结果对CMB进行计数和对LA严重程度进行分级,在入院后次日抽取空腹静脉血测定血浆Hey浓度.结果 共纳入139例急性卒中患者,其中男性72例,女性67例,平均(70.1±10.2)岁;出血性卒中24例,缺血性卒中115例.严重LA组(n=46)的年龄[(76.23±8.74)岁对(64.58±7.42)岁;t=4.621,P=0.012]、高血压比例(89.13％对67.74％;x2=8.324,P=0.0370)和血浆Hey水平[(14.53±4.31)mmol/L对(11.31 ±3.16) mmol/L;t =6.538,P=0.008]显著高于非严重LA组(n=93).Spearman相关分析显示,血浆Hcy水平与LA严重程度显著相关(rs=0.365,P=0.002).多变量logitic回归分析显示,血浆Hcy水平升高[优势比(odds ratio,OR)1.336,95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI)1.141 ～1.526;P=0.001]和年龄(OR1.093,95％ CI 1.031～1.162;P=0.016)均是严重LA的独立危险因素.CMB组(n=57)的年龄[(74.37±6.35)岁对(67.56±8.52)岁;t=6.628,P=0.038]和高血压比例(94.74％对62.20％;x2 =8.773,P=0.002)显著高于非CMB组(n=82).Spearman相关分析显示,血浆Hcy水平与CMB数量无显著相关性(rs=0.038,P=0.813).多变量logistic回归分析显示,高血压(OR5.762,95％ CI 1.633～22.718;P=0.010)为CMB的独立危险因素.结论 血浆Hcy水平增高与LA相关而与CMB无关.     

血清可溶性CD40配体水平与缺血性卒中发病风险、严重程度和梗死体积的相关性

目的探讨血清可溶性CD40配体(soluble CD40 ligand,sCD40L)水平与缺血性卒中发病风险、严重程度和梗死体积的相关性.方法纳入连续住院的急性缺血性卒中患者作为病例组,健康体检者作为对照组.收集病例组和对照组人口统计学、血管危险因素和临床资料.采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清sCD40L水平.缺血性卒中患者根据基线美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke scale,NIHSS)评分分为轻度卒中组(＜8分)和中重度卒中组(≥8分),根据梗死体积中位数分为大梗死组和小梗死组.结果 共纳入106例急性缺血性卒中患者,其中男性59例(55.7％),女性47例(44.3％),平均年龄(71.31±11.27)岁;对照组86例,其中男性45例(52.3％),女性41例(47.7％),平均年龄(73.56 ±9.32)岁;大梗死组(≥1.8 cm3)41例(38.7％),小梗死组(＜1.8 cm3)65例(61.3％);轻度卒中69例(65.1％),中重度卒中37例(34.9％).缺血性卒中组基线血清sCD40L水平显著高于对照组[(5.61±1.68) mg/L对(3.56±1.32)mg/L;扣9.236,P＜0.01],缺血性卒中组入院14 d时血清sCD40L水平[(4.19±1.45)mg/L]较基线水平显著降低(P＜0.01),但仍然显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).多变量logistic回归分析显示,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇[优势比(odds ratio,OR)3.358,95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI)2.681 ～4.056;P ＜0.001]和血清sCD40L(OR5.103,95％ CI2.317 ～8.903;P ＜0.001)水平较高是缺血性卒中的独立危险因素;血清sCD40L水平较高(第4四分位数对第1四分位数,OR4.017,95％ CI1.608 ～ 10.037;P=0.003)、大动脉粥样硬化性卒中(OR2.321,95％ CI1.014 ～ 5.314;P=0.046)、皮质-皮质下梗死(OR 2.679,95％ CI1.111 ～6.460;P=0.028)和梗死灶体积较大(OR 3.216,95％ CI1.398～7.395;P=0.006)为中重度卒中的独立危险因素;血清sCD40L水平较高(第4四分位数对第1四分位数,OR 3.142,95％ CI1.274 ～7.745;P =0.013)、大动脉粥样硬化性卒中(OR 2.965,95％CI1.299 ～6.767;P=0.010)、皮质-皮质下梗死(OR4.750,95％ CI 1.909～11.818;P＜0.001)和基线NIHSS评分≥8分(OR 8.509,95％ CI3.432 ～21.094;P ＜0.001)为大梗死的独立危险因素.结论血清sCD40L 水平与缺血性卒中发病、梗死体积和严重程度密切相关.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.