海南岛不明发热病人血虫媒病毒分离鉴定及抗体检测

目的从海南岛不明发热病人血中分离和鉴定虫媒病毒,并在当地人群进行抗体检测,以了解南方地区虫媒病毒的感染情况。方法采用微量法细胞培养对205份发热原因不明患者血标本进行病毒分离,应用生物学性状检测、间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)和血凝抑制试验(HI)等技术对分离病毒进行鉴定。采用IFA检测从当地人群血清中分离出的病毒的抗体水平。结果从发热早期患者血标本中分离出2株病毒,鉴定为甲病毒,命名为HF 7和HC 6。这2株病毒与8种甲病毒免疫腹水中的SIN的免疫腹水呈现最高的血凝抑制滴度(分别为1∶160和1∶320),与SIN免疫腹水的交叉荧光效价最高(分别为1∶320和1∶640),但HF 7和HC 6病毒的免疫腹水与8种甲病毒的血凝抑制试验和交叉免疫荧光试验无反应,表明HF 7和HC 6病毒虽与SIN病毒的免疫腹水血抑效价及荧光效价高,但HF 7和HC 6的免疫腹水与SIN病毒无抑制效价和免疫荧光效价。当地人群对这两株病毒感染的抗体阳性率分别为3.3%(15/451)和8.4%(38/451)。结论HF7和HC6为甲病毒的一个新种。海南岛人群存在甲病毒感染。     

贵州省巴马森林病毒和罗斯河病毒感染的调查研究

目的了解贵州省虫媒病毒中巴马森林病毒(BFV)、罗斯河病毒(RRV)的感染现状,为不明原因病毒性脑炎防治工作提供科学依据。方法 2005-2008年在贵州省采集不明原因发热和病毒性脑炎病例检测BFV、RRV IgM抗体,并对2007年健康人群进行BFV、RRV IgG抗体检测。结果①共检测204例不明原因发热病例BFV和RRV IgM抗体,BFV IgM抗体阳性4例,阳性率1.96%,RRV阳性6例,阳性率2.94%;②共检测426例病毒性脑炎病例BFV和RRV IgM抗体,BFV IgM抗体阳性12例,阳性率2.82%,RRV阳性15例,阳性率3.52%;③共检测870份健康人群BFV、RRV IgG抗体,BFV IgG抗体阳性率1.49%,RRV IgG抗体阳性率1.15%;④地区分布显示,2005-2008年BFV、RRV IgM抗体阳性病例数和分布县数呈逐年增加趋势。结论贵州省可能存在由BFV和RRV感染引起的疾病,应加强对这两种病毒引起的相关疾病监测和研究工作。     

海南省1998年虫媒病毒血清流行病学调查

应用间接免疫荧光法对海南省驻地部队和三个地区人群共６０７份人血清检测１２种虫媒病毒抗体。驻地部队（３８５份）和当地人群（２２２份）,黄病毒抗体阳性率分别为５．７％和１０．４％,甲病毒抗体阳性率分别为０．５２％和４．９％。由此可见,海南省驻地部队及当地人群存在虫媒病毒感染。在该岛的人群中,不同地区的甲病毒抗体阳性率分布不同。从病毒种类来看,以罗斯河病毒抗体阳性率最高,其抗体效价终作者单位：５１０５０７广州军事医学研究所点达１∶８０,提示海南地区可能存在罗斯河病毒自然疫源地。驻地部队黄病毒和甲病毒抗…     

珠海市部分注册猪场日本脑炎调查研究

〔目的〕了解珠海市部分注册养猪场猪群和从业人员的日本脑炎病毒血清抗体水平,预测人群日本脑炎的流行趋势。〔方法〕采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),猪群检测血清IgG抗体,人群检测血清IgM抗体。〔结果〕2005年从珠海市的4个注册养猪场采集了1318份猪血清进行了日本脑炎病毒血清IgG抗体检测,结果抗体阳性率为37.1%;不同年龄段的猪群阳性率不同,分别为幼猪39.4%;中猪46.3%;成猪39.5%以及大猪30.3%。幼猪、中猪、成大、猪在不同月份血清抗体阳性率各不相同,幼猪群7月份阳性率稍高(52.3%),6月份次之(46.3%);中、成、大猪均为6月份阳性率高,分别为74.7%和43.5%。4个养猪场132名从业人员未能检出日本脑炎IgM抗体。〔结论〕研究结果表明养猪场猪群存在着日本脑炎病毒的隐性感染或曾经感染过,但感染率不高。应采取积极的预防措施,防止人群和猪场日本脑炎的发生与流行。     

我国南方人鼠虫媒病毒血清流行病学调查

目的 调查我国南方地区虫媒病毒的感染分布情况。方法 应用间接免疫荧光技术,对我国南方11个地区3077份人血清标本和401份鼠血清标本进行了14种虫媒病毒血清流行病学调查。结果 人血清中甲病毒（SIN,CHIK,SF,MAY,RR,SAG和GET）抗体的阳性率分别是0．64％,1．13％,0．64％,0．04％,0．94％,0．11％和0．18％;黄病毒（JE和DEN1－4）抗体的阳性率分别是2．70％和8．60％;布尼安病毒抗体（XHF和SSH）,在海南人群中的阳性率分别是2．66％和5．33％。在海南三亚、琼中和琼海3个地区的鼠中,甲病毒（SIN,CHIK,RR和SF）抗体的阳性率分别是1．80％,6．31％,4．50％和6．31％;黄病毒（JE和DEN1－4）抗体的阳性率分别是3．69％和8．11％;布尼安病毒（XHF和SSH）抗体的阳性率分别是3．10％和3．79％;结论 在我国南方一些地区生活的人群和鼠类不同程度的感染了甲病毒、黄病毒和布尼安病毒。     

皖北地区1～16岁儿童麻疹、风疹、流脑、乙脑抗体水平调查

目的 了解皖北地区儿童麻疹病毒IgG、风疹病毒IgG、A群流行性脑脊髓膜炎IgG和流行性乙型脑炎病毒IgG 4种免疫抗体水平.方法 采用整群抽样的方法,共采集1 ～16岁儿童手指血清样品5 542份,采用酶联免疫吸附试验法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)进行上述4种病毒IgG抗体水平监测.结果 在调查的5 542份有效样本中,麻疹病毒、风疹病毒、A群流行性脑脊髓膜炎和流行性乙型脑炎病毒IgG抗体阳性率分别为95.9％、92.5％、89.4％和94.2％.结论 皖北地区1～16岁儿童麻疹病毒IgG抗体、风疹病毒IgG抗体、A群流行性脑脊髓膜炎IgG抗体和流行性乙型脑炎病毒IgG抗体具有较高水平,形成了较牢固的免疫屏障,对控制上述4种传染病的暴发和流行起到了较好的作用.     

云南省西双版纳地区2011年蚊虫及虫媒病毒调查

目的了解云南省西双版纳地区蚊虫媒介的分布特点及当地虫媒病毒情况,为虫媒病毒病防治提供科学依据。方法在云南省西双版纳州采集蚊虫标本,用细胞培养法分离病毒,并用RTPCR法检测常见虫媒病毒核酸;在西双版纳州采集发热患者血清及脑脊液标本,并用ELISA法检测常见病毒性脑炎IgM抗体。结果共采获蚊虫5属29种13337只,其中三带喙库蚊、中华按蚊、带足按蚊分别占蚊虫标本总数的79.98%(10667/13337)、7.95%(1060/13337)和7.38%(984/13337),三带喙库蚊为当地优势蚊种。采用流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)病毒、版纳病毒、甲病毒属、环状病毒等多种虫媒病毒引物对214批蚊虫标本进行PCR检测,结果均为阴性;采用多种细胞对蚊虫标本进行病毒分离,结果也为阴性。用相关脑炎病毒试剂盒对采集到的52份急性期血清标本及54份脑脊液标本进行ELISA检测,发现乙脑病毒IgM阳性16例,单纯疱疹病毒IgM抗体阳性4例,腮腺炎病毒IgM抗体阳性13例,埃可病毒IgM抗体阳性3例,登革热病毒IgM抗体阳性1例。结论 2011年西双版纳地区采集到的蚊虫标本中未检测到乙脑、版纳及环状病毒等虫媒病毒,但血清学检测结果表明当地发热患者存在乙脑等多种病毒性脑炎感染。     

新疆地区人群森林脑炎血清流行病学调查

目的调查新疆山地林区人群森林脑炎感染情况,为当地森林脑炎防控提供科学依据。方法选择新疆北部山地林区5个不同的调查地区,采集林区人群血清,应用间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)方法,检测血清森林脑炎病毒IgG抗体。结果共检测血清431份,阳性70份,阳性率16.24%;调查的5个地区中,阿拉套山南坡和天山北坡西段阳性率较高,分别为29.17%(21/72)和28.77%(21/73);其次为天山北坡中段,阳性率为14.86%(22/148);阿尔泰山南坡北段较低,阳性率为5.26%(6/114);阿尔泰山南坡中段未检出阳性血清。结论森林脑炎感染人群为边防军人和当地的农牧民,其中20~39岁的青壮年男性感染风险最高。     

林芝地区正常人群乙脑病毒隐性感染调查

目的了解西藏林芝地区正常人群中流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)病毒隐性感染情况,为制定乙脑防控措施提供依据。方法用容量比例概率抽样法,采集墨脱和察偶两县正常人群血清标本350份,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测乙脑IgG抗体,并对结果进行分析。结果林芝地区正常人群中,乙脑病毒IgG抗体阳性率7.7%(27/350)。男女性别、2个县间乙脑IgG抗体阳性率差异均无统计学意义;但墨脱的不同乡镇间差异有统计学意义。17~46岁组乙脑IgG抗体阳性率明显高于其他年龄组。结论林芝地区正常人群中存在一定程度的乙脑隐性感染,察偶和墨脱县可能是乙脑自然疫源地。加强传播媒介所带病毒的监测,比较传播媒介与患者病毒之间的生物学差异,对乙脑疫情防控意义重大。     

流行季节前后流行性乙型脑炎病毒中和抗体及隐性感染和显性感染比值分析

目的 通过对流行季节前后健康人群流行性乙型脑炎(简称乙脑)病毒中和抗体水平检测,分析影响人群抗体水平及隐性感染和显性感染比值(简称比值)的因素.方法 根据既往乙脑发病率选取发病高、低两个地区,在每个地区采取整群抽样;用微量中和试验进行乙脑病毒中和抗体检测.结果 在流行季节前乙脑发病高、低两个地区(安康、铜川)乙脑病毒中和抗体阳性率(几何平均滴度)分别为81.32％(1∶27.84)、24.07％(1∶3.04),流行季节后分别为82.78％(1∶36.82)、27.31％(1∶3.28).在乙脑高流行地区随着年龄的增长抗体水平呈现明显的增长趋势,但在低流行区无此趋势,经过一个流行季节两个地区人群抗体的阳性率均无明显升高,但在乙脑高流行区抗体滴度升高;抗体阳性率为98.20％的安康地区的人群中隐性感染和显性感染比值为115∶ 111,抗体阳性率为23.40％的铜川地区的人群比值为5∶ 944,随着抗体水平的提高比值迅速提高.结论 自然感染是影响人群乙脑抗体阳性率的重要因素,在乙脑高发地区是主要因素.人群抗体水平是影响隐性感染和显性感染比值的重要因素,比值随人群抗体水平增高而增高.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.