血管内皮细胞生长因子在急性肺损伤中的作用

急性肺损伤(acute lurg injury,ALI)和急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distressyndrome,ARDS)的特征性病理改变为肺毛细血管通透性增高所致的肺水肿,血管内皮细胞生长因子能抗血管内皮细胞凋亡并增加血管通透性,可能在ALI和ARDS的病理过程中起到重要作用.现对血管内皮细胞生长因子在ALI中的作用进行综述,旨在为ALI和ARDS的治疗提供新的思路.     

中、西医对急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征的认识及展望

背景 急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome,ALI/ARDS)由肺内外多种病因引起,其发病机制复杂,病死率高. 目的 文章拟将中、西医两方面对ALI/ARDS的研究作一浅显的对比回顾c内容 综合相关文献,西医和中医无论在病理机制还是治疗方面都各有研究,其中既有相通之处又各成体系. 趋向 为中西医结合治疗ALI/ARDS提供新的线索.     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征机械通气治疗

急性肺损伤（acute lungin jury，ALI）是以低氧血症为特征的急性呼吸衰竭，急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acute respiratory distress syndrome，ARDS）是ALI病情进展的结果。机械通气是纠正ARDS低氧血症的主要手段。ARDS的病理生理特点决定了患者机械通气中必须采用特殊的通气策略。     

骨折并发急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征的早期诊断与治疗体会

急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)和急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)是由多种炎性介质及效应细胞共同参与并逐渐加重的炎症继发性损伤与继发性弥漫性肺实质损伤.ALI/ARDS在1967年美国科罗拉多大学的呼吸和危重医学家 Ashbaugh首先提出时其病死率高达75%,2000年以来国际上ARDS病死率已降到25%～40%[1],但相对骨科临床医生来说,对ALI/ARDS的早期诊治认识程度还不够,甚至延误其诊断而降低干预性治疗的成功率,因为目前严重创伤和多发性骨折是诱发ALI/ARDS的主要原因之一.     

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急性肺损伤(acute lung injury，ALI)、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome，ARDS)是指由非静水压原因所导致的肺部一系列病理生理改变继而引起急性、进行性缺氧性呼吸衰竭。ALI和ARDS不是孤立、相互分割的疾病，它们是严重损伤引起机体全身免疫炎征反应失控过程中的不同阶段。从损伤→全身炎症反应综合征     

一氧化氮和一氧化氮合成酶在急性肺损伤的作用

急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)是一种发病率和死亡率都很高的常见临床疾病. 目前,对ALI病理生理学基础和临床研究方面的了解越来越多,但并没有提出新的治疗策略能够明显改善ALI的治疗.在ALI的动物模型和患者中,一氧化氮合成酶(nitric oxide synthases,NOS)表达及活性增强和一氧化氮(NO)的增多在ALI的病理生理过程中有重要作用;但临床抑制NO生成以及选择性抑制NOS并没有对ALI的治疗有明显效果.目前提出了不同细胞源性NO的概念,这种NO的细胞源性差异可能对ALI的治疗有潜在的意义.现综述NO和NOS在ALI中的作用.     

程序性细胞死亡方式在急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征发病机制中的研究进展

急性肺损伤(acute lung injury, ALI)/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS)是一种危及生命的肺部疾病, 其临床特征为严重的低氧血症和呼吸困难。程序性细胞死亡方式在ALI/ARDS发病机制中的研究日益成为热点。程序性细胞死亡是由基因决定的细胞主动死亡方式, 除常见的凋亡、焦亡等方式外, 近年来铁死亡、坏死性凋亡、NETosis等方式逐一被发现。文章通过介绍铁死亡、坏死性凋亡、NETosis等方式在ALI/ARDS中的研究进展, 总结不同程序性细胞死亡方式在不同ALI模型中的调控机制, 为靶向治疗ALI/ARDS提供更多理论依据。     

严重胸外伤致急性肺损伤患者气管切开时机分析

<正>严重胸外伤易并发急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syn-drome,ARDS),如不及时正确处理则易继发肺部感染、肺不张、多脏器功能障碍(MODS)等,死亡率高。机械通气是治疗ALI/ARDS的有效手段。     

急性肺损伤的干细胞治疗研究进展

背景 保护性肺通气治疗可降低急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)及急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)的病死率,但因损伤的肺组织未得到及时修复,其病死率仍居高不下. 目的 审视干细胞疗法对ALI或ARDS的疗效. 内容 阐述间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cell,MSC)、胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell,ESC)、诱导多能干细胞、内皮祖细胞及内源性肺干细胞治疗ALI的研究进展. 趋向 MSC由于细胞来源广泛、易于分离和增殖、实验证据丰富而最具临床转化前景.     

高CO2血症在急性肺损伤治疗中的相关机制

高CO2血症是肺保护性通气策略的一个重要组成部分。临床证据支持了容许性高CO2血症在急性肺损伤／急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ALI／ARDS）患者中的应用。动物实验也证明治疗性高CO2血症可减轻缺血／再灌注、机械通气、内毒素所致的肺损伤。高CO2血症可在多个方面影响ALI／ARDS的病理生理,免疫功能及细胞分子水平的变化。     

暴发性胰腺炎急性反应期治疗经验

目的探讨暴发性胰腺炎（FAP）急性反应期治疗的对策。方法将64例FAP患者分为死亡组（27例）和治愈组（37例）。分析急性反应期内休克时间、肠道功能恢复时间和液体复苏参数;机械通气前24h氧合指数（PaO2／FiO2）及肺泡动脉氧差（AaDO2）、持续血液滤过（CVVH）应用率、腹腔间隔室综合征（ACS）发生率和疾病严重度。其次,分析外科干预方式及时间对预后的影响。结果死亡组休克持续时间、肠道功能恢复时间较治愈组显著延长（P〈0．05）;入院至入院后72h的晶体量两组无显著差异,而治愈组输注的胶体总量和胶晶比值显著高于死亡组,且第三间隙液体潴留量显著低于死亡组（P〈0．05）;人院日治愈组的液体输注速率显著高于死亡组（P〈0．05）。机械通气前24h死亡组PaO2／FiO2和AaDO2较治愈组呈负性变化（P〈0．05）。发病72h内,治愈组CVVH应用率显著高于死亡组（P〈0．05）;入院72小时内死亡组ACS发生率高于治愈组（P〈0．05）;入院后3d内,死亡组的APACHEⅡ评分显著高于治愈组（P〈0．05）。7—14d内接受手术患者的治愈率显著高于7d内和14d后接受手术的治愈率（P〈0．05）;手术组第1次手术时间较穿刺引流组显著提前（P〈0．01）,且治愈率明显低于穿刺引流组（P〈0．05）。结论缩短缺氧时间、控制持续全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）及合理的外科干预是FAP急性反应期治疗的关键。     

Imaging of acute appendicitis: Advances

We read with interest the review by Teng et al, who summarized the current approach to the diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis (AA). Also, the article summarizes the clinical scoring systems very effectively. In one of the previous studies conducted by our research group, we showed that the use of the Alvarado score, ultrasound and C-reactive protein values in combination provides a safe confirmation or exclusion of the diagnosis of AA. Computed tomography is particularly sensitive in detecting periappendiceal abscess, peritonitis and gangrenous changes. Computed tomography is not a good diagnostic tool in pediatric patients because of the ionizing radiation it produces. Ultrasound is a valuable diagnostic tool to differentiate AA from lymphoid hyperplasia. Presence of fluid collection in the periappendiceal and lamina propria thickness less than 1 mm are the most effective parameters in differentiating appendicitis from lymphoid hyperplasia. Although AA is the most common cause of surgical acute abdomen, it remains an important diagnostic and clinical challenge. By combining clinical scoring systems, laboratory data and appropriate imaging methods, diagnostic accuracy and adherence to treatment can be increased. Lymphoid hyperplasia and perforated appendicitis present significant diagnostic challenges in children. Additional ultrasound findings are increasingly defined to differentiate AA from these conditions.     

从急性肾功能衰竭到急性肾损伤认识的转变谈麻醉管理对肾脏的保护

背景 对患者肾功能的保护是临床诊疗过程中的重要目标,改善全球肾病预后组织(kidney disease improvingglobal outcomes,KDIGO)曾先后多次制定了相关肾病的治疗指南. 目的 概述急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的相关研究及其临床意义. 内容 AKI概念的产生、围术期麻醉管理对肾功能的影响及AKI治疗的争议. 趋向 AKI体现了疾病动态演变的过程,提高了对肾损伤的认识,有利于围手术期肾功能的保护.     

重症急性胰腺炎急性肾功能衰竭临床危险因素及其预防

目的研究重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis，SAP)病人急性肾功能衰竭(acute renal failure，ARF)发生的易患因素，估价ARF与SAP病人预后的相关性，探讨预防ARF发生的措施。方法回顾性分析我院1990年以来收治的SAP病人246例，对病人年龄、性别、病因、Ranson评分、APACHEⅡ评分、低氧血症、腹腔室隔综合征、感染、血淀粉酶水平、尿淀粉酶水平、急诊手术、禁食天数、是否应用生长抑素等因素，进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果246例SAP病人31例发生ARF，ARF的发病率为12．6％。ARF组APACHEⅡ评分明显高于无ARF组，两组比较有显著性差异。腹腔室隔综合征、低氧血症和急诊手术在两组之间比较有显著性差异。结论在SAP发病过程中，APACHEⅡ评分增高、低氧血症和腹腔室隔综合征可能是导致ARF发生的危险因素。维持病人全身状态稳定、防止肾脏低灌注损害、预防低氧血症的发生以及手术引流腹腔减压可能有预防ARF发生的作用。     

Discogenic pain in acute nonspecific low-back pain

Acute nonspecific low-back pain is characterized by the sudden onset and severe unendurable low-back pain without radicular pain or neurological deficit in the lower extremities. The study was carried out using 55 patients who visited our hospital for acute nonspecific low-back pain, who exhibited degeneration on T2-weighted MR images, and underwent intradiscal injection of local anesthetics,steroid and contrast medium. Intervertebral disc sites with an obvious enhanced region in the posterior annulus of the disc on enhanced T1-weghted MR images was selected for intradiscal injection. When no enhaced region was detected, the most severely degenerated disc on T2-weighted MR images was selected. Acute nonspecific low-back pain with an improvement rate of 70% or higher 5min after injection was judged to be discogenic. The clinical characteristics and pathogenesis of discogenic acute nonspecific low-back pain were investigated. Forty of the 55 patients (73%) had discogenic acute nonspecific low-back pain. As for the characteristics of patients, the mean age was 37 years, and onset occurred upon casual daily movements in 18 patients (45%). Nineteen patients (48%) had bilateral low-back pain, and 29 patients (73%) had no tenderness in the paravertebral muscles. On plain X-ray radiograms, degeneration of the disc was normal or mild in 36 patients(91%). On the discograms, a radial tear extending to the posterior annulus was noted in all patients, but epidural leakage was seen only in six patients (15%). The degree of disc degeneration on T2-weighted MR images (Gibsons classification) was grade 3 in 30 patients (75%). Gadolinium-DTPA enhanced T1-weighted MR images showed an obvious enhanced region in the posterior annulus of the intervertebral disc in 19 patients (48%). As for the clinical characteristics of discogenic acute nonspecific low-back pain, the relatively young adult patients had no tenderness in the paravertebral muscles, and showed moderately degererated intervertebral discs. The pathogenesis of discogenic acute nonspecific low-back pain is mostly considered to be a re-rupture in an asymptomatic ruputured region in the posterior annulus, repaired by granulation tissue, in a moderately degenerated intervertebral disc with a radial tear.     

急性胰腺炎过度治疗与干预不足

在急性胰腺炎临床诊治过程中,从来没有这么多的科室和专科医师参与和试图主导急性胰腺炎的治疗.临床上急性胰腺炎的治疗十分混乱,过度治疗和干预不足的现象普遍存在,尤以前者为甚.在急性胰腺炎治疗上仍然有不少的问题存在着疑惑和争论.本文复习了相关文献,运用循证医学证据进行了研究分析,为急性胰腺炎的合理治疗提供依据.

Abstract：

There was never a time in history that so many disciplines and specialists participate and try to lead the clinical management for acute pancreatitis. Chaos remains at bedside, and episodes of under-intervention and especially over-treatment frequently happened. Physicians are easily confused by questions and controversies in management for acute pancreatitis. We have reviewed the articles in acute pancreatitis and made our recommendations based on the latest evidences.     

A case of a giant cystic lymphangioma mimicking acute appendicitis

Cystic lymphangiomas are rare tumours that can mimic various causes of acute abdomen including appendicitis. They exhibit variations in two characteristics on presentation: they can arise from a wide range of organs including various intra-abdominal structures and they can have a wide variation in size on presentation. We report a case of a gigantic cystic lymphangioma presenting as an acute abdomen closely mimicking acute appendicitis and we conduct a review of the relevant literature.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

The application of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Lap. C) for acute cholecystitis (AC) remains controversial from the viewpoint of its higher rate of morbidity, and conversion to open surgery, in spite of the worldwide acceptance of Lap. C as the gold standard for the treatment of patients with symptomatic gallbladder diseases. The conversion rate has been reported to decrease with experience. Local and overall complication rates were shown to correlate with the time delay between the onset of acute symptoms and the operation. Although percutaneous gallbladder drainage (PGBD) has been reported to be a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of AC, it should be limited to high-risk groups such as elderly or critically ill patients. Early cholecystectomy within 4 days from the onset is strongly recommended to minimize surgical complications and to increase the chance of a successful laparoscopic approach. Received: April 29, 2002 / Accepted: May 30, 2002 Offprint requests to: S. Kitano     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

Summary Because laparoscopic cholecystectomy reduces hospitalization time and postoperative disability, it is being offered to an increasing number of patients with symptomatic gallstones. Nevertheless, acute cholecystitis is still considered by many surgeons to be a relative contraindication. Our standard approach has been to perform laparoscopy on all patients considered candidates for cholecystectomy. From June 1990 to October 1991, the authors personally performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy on 110 patients, 29 (26%) of whom had pathologically confirmed acute cholecystitis. Of these, nine had evidence of gangrene, perforation, or abscess formation. It was necessary to convert to open cholecystectomy in four (14%) patients. In each, inflammation or dense adhesions precluded the performance of a safe operation. The hepatorenal space was drained in 12 (41%) and cystic dust cholangiograms were performed selectively. The mean operating time was 108 min. There were no intraoperative complications. One patient developed a prolonged postoperative paralytic ileus and two patients were noted to have postoperative common duct stones. There were no deaths. The average postoperative stay for laparoscopic cholecystectomy was 2.6 days. We conclude that the advantages of laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be safely and effectively extended to the majority of patients with acute cholecystitis.