秦山核电站运行前周围环境放射性调查和居民所受剂量估算

本文调查了1983～1988年秦山核电站周围5km、20km, 80km范围内天然辐射外照射水平,20km范围内的土壤、食品和水中总β、⁹⁰Sr,¹³⁷Cs活度.估算了当地居民所受的外照射剂量和因食入⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs造成的内剂量.结果表明:5km,20km和80km的天然辐射外照射剂量相近，其人均年有效剂量当量1.0mSv,由食品所致居民⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs的年有效剂量当量分别为0.62μSv.a^-1和0.19μSv.a^-1,其结果与浙江省全省环境调查结果基本一致.     

全国首台AP1000核电机组安装后周围生活饮用水及食品中90Sr和137Cs放射性水平调查

目的 调查分析全国首台AP1000核电机组安装后周围生活饮用水中⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs及食品中¹³⁷Cs放射性水平及变化。方法 2012—2019年,选取全国首台AP1000核电机组所在的三门核电站周围的4个生活饮用水监测点,分别在丰水期和枯水期采集并测定⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs放射性活度浓度;采集当地产大米、包菜、鲫鱼和鲻鱼,测定分析¹³⁷Cs放射性活度浓度。结果 2012—2019年,生活饮用水中⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs放射性活度浓度范围分别为1.2~9.8、0.2~8.1 mBq/L;食品中¹³⁷Cs放射性活度浓度为1.1×10^-2~2.8×10^-1 Bq/kg,小于《食品中放射性物质限制浓度标准》（GB 14882-94）限制浓度。结论 全国首台AP1000核电机组安装后周围生活饮用水中⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs及食品中¹³⁷Cs放射性水平平稳,调查数据显示未发现对环境带来影响。     

新疆核试验场周围土壤中90Sr137Cs水平

用放射化学分析方法,对新疆核试验场周围10个调查区和远离核试验场位于上风向的5个对照区采取的土壤样品进行了⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs分析测定。核试验场周围调查区土壤中⁹⁰Sr累积平均沉降量为1.5×10³Bqm^-2,¹³⁷Cs为4.9×10³Bqm^-2;对照区⁹⁰Sr累积平均沉降量为1.3×10³Bqm^-2,¹³⁷Cs为3.9×10³Bqm^-2。调查区和对照区表层土壤中州⁹⁰Sr,¹³⁷Cs放射性平均水平无显著性差异。通过估算得出了调查区⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs对居民产生约定有效剂量当量分别为78.3μSv(集体剂量当量负担为23.9人·sv)和270μSv(集体剂量当量负担为82.3人·sv),对照区分别为70.5μSv,(集体剂量当量负担为14.1人·sv)和220μSv(集体剂量当量负担为14.1人·sv)。两个地区居民受到来自核试验产生的⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs给予人体的内照射剂量当量负担基本上是一样的。可认为⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs对新疆核试验场周围没有造成严重的局部污染。对居民的身体健康不致于产生不良影响。     

切尔诺贝利核电站事故对哈尔滨地区环境放射性的影响

自5月1日起,我站开始监测苏联切尔诺贝利核电站的泄漏物。除增加了大气沉降灰总β和气溶胶的监测频度外,还对大气沉降灰、羊甲状腺、菠菜、白菜、牛奶、牧草、土壤和松花江水中¹³¹I做了测定。部分样品测定了¹³⁷Cs和⁹⁰Sr浓度。各类样品中均发现有¹³¹I的污染。大地生长的菠菜和牧草中¹³⁷Cs浓度略高于本地区本底水平。各类样品中未发现⁹⁰Sr浓度的增高。     

三门核电站周围环境2015—2019年辐射水平调查结果与分析

目的 调查三门核电站周围环境辐射累积剂量水平及周边海水海产品中¹³⁷Cs含量。方法 2015—2019年，在三门县境内设置60个监测点，监测环境辐射累积剂量；以核电厂排水口为起点，5 km范围内设置6个监测点采集海水，测定海水中¹³⁷Cs；采集核电站周围海域的当地居民经常食用的紫菜、带鱼、鲻鱼，测定海产品中¹³⁷Cs。结果 2015—2019年，核电站周围环境辐射累积剂量范围为0.321~0.411 mSv；5 km范围内海水中¹³⁷Cs活度浓度范围为0.579~2.119 mBq/L；附近海域紫菜、带鱼、鲻鱼中¹³⁷Cs的活度浓度范围分别为0.498~0.672、0.399~0.493、0.267~0.371 Bq/kg，均低于《食品中放射性物质限制浓度标准》（GB 14882-94）指导值。结论 三门核电站周围环境辐射累积剂量及周边海水海产品中¹³⁷Cs的浓度处于本底水平。     

2016—2020年四川省五市饮用水源地放射性水平监测与分析

目的 了解四川省成都、宜宾、绵阳、广元、乐山五个重点市水源地的放射性水平,评价其水源地辐射水平的安全性。方法 于2016—2020年间对成都、宜宾、绵阳、广元、乐山五市饮用水源地进行布点、采样,并分析水中总α[参照《水中总α放射性浓度的测定厚源法》(EJ/T 1075-1998)]、总β[《水中总β放射性测定蒸发法》(EJ/T 900-1994)]、⁹⁰Sr[参照《水和生物灰中锶-90的放射化学分析方法》(HJ 815-2016)]、¹³⁷Cs[参照《水和生物样品样品灰中铯-137放射化学分析方法》(HJ 816-2016)]、²²⁶Ra[参照《水中镭-226的分析测定》(GB 11214-1989)]、U[参照《环境样品中微量铀的分析方法(3激光荧光法)》(HJ 840-2017)]、Th[参照《食品安全国家标准食品中放射性物质检验天然钍和铀的测定》(GB 14883.7-2016)]的放射性水平。结果 五市饮用水源地的总α放射性浓度范围值为0.011~0.076 Bq/L,总β放射性浓度范围值为0.027~0.098 Bq/L,¹³⁷Cs的放射性浓度范围值为0.21~0.45 mBq/L,⁹⁰Sr的放射性浓度范围值为1.0~2.4 mBq/L,²²⁶Ra的放射性浓度范围值为6.1~16.0 mBq/L,Th的放射性浓度范围值为0.06~0.21 μg/L,U的放射性浓度范围值为0.73~3.3 μg/L。不同水源地、不同年份之间的总α、总β、⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs、²²⁶Ra、U、Th放射性浓度之间的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),不同水期的总α、总β、⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs、²²⁶Ra放射性浓度之间的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不同水期的U放射性浓度差异有统计学意义(H=16.53,P<0.05),不同水期的Th放射性浓度差异有统计学意义(H=15.61,P<0.05)。结论 本次调查显示四川省成都、宜宾、绵阳、广元、乐山五个重点市饮用水源地的总α、总β、⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs、²²⁶Ra、U、Th放射性水平,与1995年国家环境保护局发布的《中国环境天然放射性水平》中的相关数据处于同一水平,均在生态环境部辐射环境监测技术中心发布的2013—2021年全国辐射环境监测质量报告的数据范围内,五个重点市的水源地放射性水平处于安全水平。     

切尔诺贝利核事故泄漏放射性物质对武汉地区的影响

为了解切尔诺贝利核电站事故对我省环境污染的情况,我院于5月2日8时开始对武汉地区环境放射性进行监测。着重监测沉降灰、雨水、气溶胶、东湖水、牛奶、蔬菜等样品的总口和¹³¹I放射性活度,同时进行了羊甲状腺中¹³¹I和沉降灰中¹³¹I、⁸⁹Sr、⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs等核素的分析。     

切尔诺贝利核电站事故对石家庄市环境的影响

切尔诺贝利核电站事故,向大气中释放出大量的放射性核素,造成了大面积的环境污染。为了解此事故对石家庄地区的影响,我所对沉降灰中⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs、¹³¹I总β日和雨水中总日进行了放射性监测,对鲜牛奶中的¹³¹I进行了分析测定。分析结果说明,此次事故对石家庄市有一定程度污染。     

西北地区陆生典型昆虫剂量学模型的建立及应用

目的 通过对西北地区某内陆厂址进行生态环境调查,选定厂址附近优势昆虫物种中华牛角螽（Damalacanthavaccasinica B.-Bienko）作为建立剂量学模型参考物种,将计算结果与电离辐射的环境危害：评价与管理（ERICA）软件计算结果进行比较,验证本次建立昆虫剂量学模型可行性。方法 针对中华牛角螽,建立基于解剖学和几何学的简化解剖学模型和基于CT断层扫描获得中华牛角螽断层序列图像建立体素模型;结合蒙特卡罗粒子输运过程,得到放射性核素粒子在昆虫组织/器官中沉积能。根据经验公式,得到昆虫剂量系数（DCs）,计算出⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs对中华牛角螽的剂量率。结果 ⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs对中华牛角螽简化解剖学模型整体平均内照射剂量率结果分别为8.58×10^-2、4.25×10^-3μGy/h;外照射剂量率结果分别为2.81×10^-2、2.56×10^-1μGy/h。⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs对中华牛角螽体素模型整体平均内照射剂量率结果分别为3.91×10^-2、2.91×10^-3μGy/h;外照射剂量率结果分别为1.18×10^-2、1.12×10^-1μGy/h。ERICA软件⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs对生物整体内照射剂量率结果分别为1.46×10^-1、1.46×10^-2μGy/h,外照射剂量率结果分别为5.79×10^-2、2.58×10^-1μGy/h。结论 本次建立的昆虫剂量学模型计算结果与ERICA软件结果总体相当,证明本次建立的剂量学模型所得结果可靠。随着建立模型精确度提高,计算结果也更接近实际情况,说明本次建立的剂量学模型计算结果可信。     

2015—2019年三门核电站周围近海海水与三类海产品中90Sr放射性水平调查及人群剂量评估

目的 调查分析2015—2019年三门核电站周围近海海域海水与海产品中⁹⁰Sr放射性水平，估算食入海产品所致年待积有效剂量。方法 2015—2019年，在近海海域采集海水样品，并结合当地居民饮食习惯，采集三门当地3类常见海产品，测定分析⁹⁰Sr放射性水平，结合浙江省沿海地区居民海产品消费量估算人群年待积有效剂量。结果 2015—2019年，三门核电站近海海域海水中⁹⁰Sr放射性活度浓度范围为2.4~4.1 mBq/L，处于本底水平；3种海产品⁹⁰Sr放射性活度浓度范围为6.7×10^-2~1.3 Bq/kg （鲜重），均低于《食品中放射性物质限制浓度标准》（GB 14882-94）指导值。三门县居民食用海产品摄入⁹⁰Sr所致年待积有效剂量为2.2×10^-4~4.2×10^-4 mSv，远低于全球内照射所致年待积有效剂量。结论 2015—2019年期间三门核电站周围海水及海产品中⁹⁰Sr放射性水平平稳，人群剂量负担轻微。     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Die rechtsmedizinische Identifizierung — Bedeutung und Beweiswert —

Zusammenfassung Bei der rechtsmedizinischen Identifizierung kann die Identität im strengen Sinn allenfalls bei lebenden Personen festgestellt werden; sonst läßt sich nur von Teilen auf das Ganze (vom Untersuchungsobjekt auf die Person) schließen, wobei die verschiedenen Merkmale des Untersuchungsobjektes entsprechend der Hdufigkeit ihres Vorkommens eine unterschiedliche Beweiskraft haben. Bei der Schädelidentifizierung mit Hilfe moderner photographischer oder elektronischer Superprojektionsverfahren ergeben sich unter Berücksichtigung der Weichteildicken so viele (fiktive) Vergleichspunkte, daß bei geeignetem Vergleichsmaterial (Photographien) Identität wegen der Vielzahl übereinstimmender Bezugspunkte in den meisten Fällen evident ist.     

Imaging of abdominal nodal spread in malignant disease

This is a review of the role of imaging procedures for the assessment of abdominal and pelvic lymph nodes. The diagnosis of malignant lymphatic spread is rarely the sole purpose of imaging, because it is usually part of a general abdominal examination, most frequently with CT or US, or increasingly with MRI. These studies are often requested in order to obtain information about the situation to be encountered during surgery, or to alert the surgeon to irresectability or to unexpected metastases outside the initially planned area of exploration. In most surgically treated tumours the role of imaging for preoperative staging is limited, due either to its insufficient sensitivity or because the initial treatment is independent of the lymph node stage. Imaging is commonly used to verify treatment response to chemo- or radiotherapy and for follow-up.Correspondence to: S. Delorme