小鼠海马NONO基因沉默对焦虑样行为的影响

目的:探索小鼠海马区不含POU结构的八聚核苷酸结合蛋白（NONO）基因沉默后突触相关基因的表达及行为学变化。方法:构建并包装表达NONO基因靶向shRNA的重组慢病毒（LV-NONO）,海马区显微注射重组慢病毒干扰NONO基因的表达,实验小鼠分为对照组（control）,对照病毒组（LV-Con）和NONO慢病毒干扰组（LV-NONO）。慢病毒感染5 d检测海马NONO的表达,14 d检测海马γ-氨基丁酸A型受体α2亚基(GABA_A2)和桥尾蛋白（gephyrin）的表达,旷场实验和O迷宫实验检测实验小鼠的行为学变化。结果:LV-NONO组小鼠海马区NONO、GABA_A2和gephyrin的表达显著低于对照组小鼠。旷场实验和O迷宫实验结果显示,LV-NONO组小鼠进入开放臂的次数和中央区（开放臂）停留时间显著低于对照组小鼠。结论:海马区注射NONO干扰病毒抑制NONO基因的表达可以下调GABA_A2和gephyrin的表达,进而增强小鼠焦虑样行为。     

突触结合蛋白I和Ⅳ在小鼠背海马表达的区域差异及年龄相关性变化

目的:探讨昆明小鼠背海马突触前囊泡蛋白(Syt)Ⅰ和Ⅳ的分布差异及其年龄相关性变化.方法:选取3个年龄段昆明小鼠22月龄17只、11月龄22只和6月龄28只作为研究对象,采用免疫组织化学技术检测其背海马Syt Ⅰ和Syt Ⅳ含量.结果:SytⅠ与Syt Ⅳ在不同年龄组小鼠背海马锥体细胞和颗粒细胞中均有表达,其中SytⅠ在CA3区透明层和齿状回(DG)门区呈高表达,而Syt Ⅳ在锥体细胞和颗粒细胞胞膜呈高表达.22月龄鼠在海马CA1、 CA3和DG中Syt Ⅰ的相对含量高于11月龄和6月龄鼠,而Syt Ⅳ的相对含量低于6月龄鼠.结论:相对于中、青年鼠而言,老年昆明小鼠背海马Syt Ⅰ水平升高而Syt Ⅳ水平降低;Syt Ⅰ的优势表达可能在苔藓纤维及其与CA3区锥体细胞顶树突形成的轴-树或树-树型突触,Syt Ⅳ的优势表达可能在锥体细胞和颗粒细胞的轴-体或树-体型突触.     

创伤性脑损伤后大鼠皮质AQP4表达的变化

目的 观察创伤性脑损伤后大鼠皮质水通道蛋白4(aquaporin4,AQP4)表达的变化.方法 采用Feency法建立脑损伤大鼠模型,取成年健康雄性wistar大鼠60只,随机分为6组,So、S1、S4、S1W、S2W及正常对照组.采用免疫组化和免疫印迹方法进行各组AQP4表达变化的观察及检测,进行图像分析和统计学处理...     

海洛因暴露对小鼠前额叶皮层、海马和伏核caspase 3表达的影响

目的: 观察海洛因暴露对小鼠前额叶皮层(PFC)、海马(HP)和伏核(Acb)脑组织caspase 3表达的影响, 探讨发育期海洛因暴露是否干扰了学习记忆和成瘾脑区的细胞凋亡.方法: 于胚胎鼠E8～E18 d时, 给孕鼠皮下注射海洛因10 mg/(kg*d), 建立子宫内海洛因暴露的小鼠模型.按出生前处理将小鼠分为盐水(Sal) 组和海洛因(Her) 组, 待其14 d脑凋亡高峰期时取PFC、 HP和Acb脑区组织, 采用RT-PCR和Western blot法检测caspase 3表达变化.结果: 与Sal组相比, Her组小鼠的caspase 3 mRNA在PFC、 HP和Acb脑区的表达明显增加(P<0.05); 激活的caspase 3蛋白表达也明显增加(P<0.05).结论: 海洛因暴露可增加小鼠PFC、 HP和Acb脑区caspase 3的表达, 提示海洛因可通过诱导相关脑区细胞凋亡增多而发挥其神经毒性作用.     

脑外伤小鼠海马水通道蛋白-9表达的变化

目的探讨脑外伤小鼠海马水通道蛋白-9(aquaporin 9,AQP9)表达的变化。方法40只Balb/c小鼠随机分为假手术组(10只)和脑外伤组(30只)。脑外伤组依据脑外伤的不同时间点再分6 h、1 d、3 d三个小组,每组10只。免疫组化和Western blot检测各组小鼠海马AQP9蛋白的表达。RT-PCR方法检测各组小鼠海马AQP9 mRNA的表达变化。结果免疫组化和Western blot结果发现,脑外伤组小鼠海马AQP9蛋白表达量明显高于假手术组(P<0.05);RT-PCR结果也发现,脑外伤组小鼠海马AQP9 mRNA表达量明显高于假手术组(P<0.05)。结论脑外伤小鼠海马AQP9表达明显升高。     

大鼠脑损伤后SSeCKS的表达变化

目的:探讨大鼠脑损伤后,SSeCKS(Src抑制的蛋白激酶C的底物)在脑组织中的表达变化及其意义。方法:制备成年SD(Sprague-Dawley)大鼠脑损伤模型。通过Western blot和RT-PCR方法检测脑损伤后SSeCKS表达的时相变化,免疫组织化学方法检测SSeCKS在脑组织中的细胞定位。结果:Western blot显示,大鼠脑损伤后,SSeCKS的表达逐步降低,伤后3d降至最低点,之后逐渐上升,7d达到高峰,14d后趋于平稳;RT-PCR的结果与Western blot一致。免疫荧光双标记结果显示SSeCKS与星形胶质细胞的标记物GFAP、神经元的标记物NeuN共定位。结论:大鼠脑损伤可以改变SSeCKS的表达,这种改变可能参与脑损伤后星型胶质细胞的活化和增殖过程,并与神经元的凋亡、轴突再生有关。     

大鼠创伤性脑损伤后海马齿状回中脑脂结合蛋白的表达变化

Objective To investigate the change of brain lipid binding protein(BLBP) expression in hippocampus dentate gyrus(DG) at different time points after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods Seventy-two rats were divided into the injured group, sham group and control group randomly, and then were subjected to a lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI). Western blotting was used to detect BLBP expression. Brains were sectioned for immunofluorescence staining of BLBP and Vimentin at the time points of 1, 3, 7, 14 days after TBI.Results The results of Western blotting showed that the BLBP expression was lower than that of control group at 1 day post injury（EM>P/EM><0.01） and reached the peak compared with the other groups at 7 days after injury（EM>P/EM><0.01）, then descended at 14 days compared with control group after injury（EM>P/EM><0.01）. The changes of BLBP and Vimentin double-label positive cells were consistent with the results of Western blotting. The BLBP and Vimentin double-label positive cells were found mainly at the subgranular zone of ipsilateral injured hippocampus DG, and most of them were radial glia like cells; BLBP and Vimentin double-labelled positive cells were found at the hilus of DG at 7days after injury, and most of them looked like reactive astrocytes. Conclusion The expression of BLBP in DG after TBI decreased firstly, then increased and reached peak at 7 days after injury, decreased dramatically again at last. The     

解偶联蛋白在肝性脑病小鼠黑质和前额叶皮层中表达变化

目的:观察不同时间内肝性脑病(Hepatic encephalopathy,HE)小鼠黑质和大脑前额叶皮层中线粒体解偶联蛋白2/4(Uncoupling Protein 2/4,UCP2/4)的变化及可能的关系。方法:取C57/BL小鼠,随机分为sham组、HE 1 d、4 d、7 d四组。HE组小鼠腹膜腔内注射硫代乙酰胺(TAA),sham组注射同等剂量的Na Cl。用Elisa检测小鼠血清中血清氨水平;随后分别运用Western Blot和RT-q PCR测定UCP2/4在黑质和前额叶皮层全组织蛋白和线粒体蛋白水平变化以及mRNA水平中的表达差异。结果:(1)肝性脑病组小鼠血氨水平较对照组小鼠明显升高(P0.01);在蛋白水平检测发现,(2)肝性脑病黑质中UCP2在总组织和线粒体水平表达均明显增加(P0.001),而UCP4却无明显变化(P0.05);(3)在肝性脑病前额叶皮层中UCP2和UCP4在总蛋白水平和线粒体提纯蛋白水平中均明显增加(P0.05);在RT-q PCR水平检测,(4)肝性脑病小鼠黑质中UCP2水平显著增加(P0.01),而UCP4未见明显变化(P0.05);(5)肝性脑病小鼠前额叶皮层发现UCP2(P0.001)和(P0.01)UCP4在mRNA水平均显著升高。结论:肝性脑病小鼠黑质和前额叶皮层中线粒体解偶联蛋白2和4发挥着重要的作用。     

吗啡诱导的CPP复燃大鼠前额叶皮层和海马区EAAT3蛋白表达的变化

目的: 观察吗啡诱导的条件性位置偏爱(CPP)复燃大鼠前额叶皮层和海马区兴奋性氨基酸转运蛋白3(EAAT3)的表达变化,探讨前脑皮层及海马区EAAT3在阿片类药物复吸过程中的作用。方法: 成年雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分为对照组(control)、CPP建立(Es)、消退(Ex)、复燃2 h(Re2)、复燃4 h(Re4)组,每组8只。腹腔注射吗啡(10 mg/kg)连续10 d,建立CPP模型;停止给药使CPP逐渐消退;单次腹腔注射吗啡 2.5 mg/kg诱导已消退的CPP复燃。Western blotting检测各组大鼠前额叶皮层和海马区EAAT3蛋白表达变化。 结果: (1)腹腔注射恒定剂量的吗啡10 mg/kg, Es组大鼠在伴药箱的停留时间比control组明显延长(P<0.05),成功建立CPP模型;待CPP消退后,吗啡2.5 mg/kg腹腔注射诱发Re2和Re4组大鼠在伴药箱的停留时间再次比control组明显延长(P<0.05),CPP复燃。(2)Es组前额叶皮层EAAT3比control组表达减少(P<0.05),CPP消退的Ex组表达回升,在Re4组表达再次减少(P<0.05)。(3)海马区EAAT3在各组表达水平未见明显变化(P>0.05);而Es、Ex组海马CA1区EAAT3比control组表达明显升高(P<0.05)。 结论: 吗啡诱导CPP复燃时,前额叶皮层EAAT3的蛋白表达水平降低,重现CPP建立时的变化,提示阿片类药物复吸行为的形成可能与前脑皮层EAAT3的表达减少有关。     

PEBP在切割穹窿海马伞大鼠海马中的表达变化

切割大鼠右侧穹窿海马伞,应用Western blot、免疫组化技术,观察切割后海马中磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白(phosphatidyle-thanolamine binding protein,PEBP)的表达的时空变化。Western blot结果显示:PEBP在切割后3 d表达开始上升,7 d达最高水平,随后缓慢下降,28 d时降至正常。免疫组化结果显示:术后各时间点切割侧海马CA1～CA3区的锥体细胞层和齿状回颗粒层的PEBP阳性细胞数与正常侧相比无显著性差异(P>0.05),但切割侧PEBP阳性细胞染色加深,7 d时最为明显,两侧比较灰度值有显著性差异(P<0.01)。切割侧齿状回门区和颗粒下层中可见较多深染的PEBP阳性细胞,其细胞数和灰度值与正常侧相比均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结合本课题组以往的工作,本结果提示切割穹窿海马伞后PEBP的高表达可能与海马神经再生有关。     

Sources of endothelin-1 in hippocampus and cortex following traumatic brain injury

Endothelin 1 (ET-1) exerts normally a powerful vasoconstrictor role in the control of the brain microcirculation. In altered states, such as following traumatic brain injury (TBI), it may contribute to the development of ischemia and/or secondary cell injury. Because little is known of ET-1's cellular compartmentalization and its association to vulnerable neurons after TBI, we assessed its expression (both mRNA and protein) in cerebral cortex and hippocampus using correlative in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical techniques.Sprague-Dawley male rats were killed at 4, 24 or 48 h after TBI (450 g from 2 m, Marmarou's model). Semiquantitative analysis of our in situ hybridization results indicated a 2.5- and a 2.0-fold increase in ET-1 mRNA content in the hippocampus and cortex respectively which persisted up to 48 h post TBI. At 4 and 24 h after TBI enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed a tendency for increased ET-1 synthesis. In animals subjected to TBI, qualitative immunocytochemical analysis revealed a shift in ET-1 expression from astrocytes (in control animals) to endothelial cells, macrophages and neurons. Astrocytes and macrophages were identified unequivocally by using double immunofluorescence revealing ET-1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein or ED-1, respectively, the markers being specific for these cellular types. While this redistribution was most prominent at 4 and 24 h post TBI, at 48 h the endothelial cells remained strongly ET-1 immunopositive.The results suggest that cellular types which in the intact animal synthesize little or no ET-1 provide novel sources of the peptide after TBI. These sources may contribute to the sustained cerebrovascular hypoperfusion observed post TBI.     

Cullin 5 gene expression in the rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus following traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Cullin-5 (Cul-5), a member of the cullin gene family of scaffold proteins of E3 ubiquitin-ligase complexes, has a role in proteolysis and cell cycle regulation. We recently demonstrated that cul-5 mRNA is ubiquitously expressed in the central nervous system. The present study used quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting to measure changes in cul-5 mRNA and Cul-5 protein expression, respectively, in the injured CNS in response to traumatic brain injury (TBI). cul-5 mRNA levels were significantly decreased in the ipsilateral rat cerebral cortex on Days 1 and 7, but not on Day 3 following TBI. In the ipsilateral hippocampus, cul-5 mRNA was significantly reduced on Day 1 after TBI. Cul-5 protein levels were significantly decreased in the ipsilateral rat cerebral cortex on Days 1–7 post-TBI while levels were significantly lower in the ipsilateral hippocampus on Days 3–7 post-TBI. Since Cul-5 is ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells and is linked to proteasome-mediated protein degradation, it may have a role in CNS cell fate determination under conditions of traumatic stress.     

Behavioral consequences of minimal traumatic brain injury in mice

Victims of minor traumatic brain injury (mTBI), who show no clear morphological brain defects, frequently manifest cognitive, behavioral and emotional difficulties that can be long-lasting. In this paper we present a modified weight drop model used to deliver a closed head minimal traumatic brain injury to mice, which closely mimics real-life injuries and the symptoms observed in mTBI patients. Our choice of impact force does not produce structural damage to the brain and its surrounding tissue (as examined by MRI), any skull fracture, no edema and no evident damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Moreover, our mTBI mice show no abnormal behavior on recovering from the weight drop, or any change in other brain functions such as reflexes, balance, exploration, strength, locomotor activity and swim speed. Since our mTBI model does not produce neurological, motor or sensory damage to the mice, it allows the direct evaluation of mTBI sequelae on the mice behavior and cognitive abilities. Using a variety of cognitive and behavioral tests (Morris water maze, staircase test, passive avoidance test, water T-maze, hot palate, elevated plus maze and forced swimming test) we assessed the short- and long-term sequelae induced by our model. Our results indicate that our closed head mTBI cause profound and long-lasting, irreversible learning and memory impairments, accompanied by a depressive-like behavior in mice that are evident even 90 days post injury. Our results indicate that the closed head mTBI model presented here may be useful in the development of novel therapeutic approaches, such as neuroprotective agents, for mTBI.     

孕酮对大鼠脑损伤后大脑皮质及海马CA1区环氧合酶-2和诱导型一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的: 观察孕酮对大鼠脑损伤后皮质及海马CA1区COX-2和iNOS表达的影响.方法: 雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、脑损伤组和孕酮治疗组,按照改良的Feeney自由落体损伤装置制作大鼠脑损伤模型.孕酮治疗组伤后1h、 6h腹腔注射孕酮16mg/kg.各组于伤后24h取材.用免疫组织化学法及免疫蛋白印迹法,观察大鼠皮质及海马CA1区COX-2、iNOS的免疫阳性细胞数和蛋白表达水平变化.结果: 与假手术组大鼠相比,脑损伤组大鼠皮质及海马CA1区COX-2、 iNOS阳性细胞数和蛋白表达水平较假手术组增加;孕酮治疗组与脑损伤组比较,大鼠皮质及海马CA1区COX-2、 iNOS阳性细胞数和蛋白表达水平减少,差异有统计学意义.结论: 孕酮可能通过降低COX-2、 iNOS的表达发挥脑损伤保护作用.     

Expression of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 in human traumatic brain injury and brain tumors

Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are potent proinflammatory mediators. CysLT receptor 1 (CysLT(1)) is one of the two CysLT receptors that has been cloned. Although the expression of CysLT(1) in the brain has been demonstrated by Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses, the location of CysLT(1) in the brain remains unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the distribution of CysLT(1) by immunohistochemical analysis in human brains with traumatic injury or tumors. CysLT(1) was expressed intensely in the microvascular endothelial cells in both normal and abnormal conditions. At 8 days after traumatic injury, microvascular regeneration was found and all of the endothelial cells highly expressed CysLT(1). In gray and white matters of the normal regions of the brain, CysLT(1) was expressed weekly or not at all. However, the CysLT(1) expression increased in the neuron- and glial-appearing cells in gray and white matters after traumatic brain injury. CysLT(1) was also detected in astrocytoma, ganglioglioma and metastatic adenocarcinoma, and the expression in the neuron- and glial-appearing cells around brain tumors increased robustly.     

小鼠颅脑爆震伤模型制作及大脑皮层早期病理变化

目的:建立小鼠颅脑爆震伤模型研究其早期大脑皮层病理变化。方法:60只雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、爆震伤组。小鼠麻醉后,置于距离爆炸源40 cm处,爆炸源为纸质外壳球形5 g TNT炸药,通过电子引爆线引爆,制作小鼠颅脑爆震伤模型。爆震伤后观察动物的存活率及神经功能变化,并在损伤后不同时间点(6 h、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d)取材,通过H.E.染色的方法观察小鼠爆震伤后大脑皮层早期的病理变化:淋巴细胞浸润、嗜酸样变性、空泡样变性,通过尼氏染色研究小鼠爆震伤后大脑皮层神经元形态的变化。结果:5 g TNT爆震组存活率下降(65.0%±3.2%);爆震伤后早期可见淋巴细胞浸润,统计显示在爆震伤后6 h明显升高(21.5%±4.0%),并维持至损伤后3 d(20.4%±3.9%),随后5~7 d有所下降。H.E.染色结果显示,与对照组(3.3%±1.3%)相比,爆震伤组嗜酸样变性细胞数在伤后6 h明显增加(23.5%±5.4%),持续至损伤后3 d(24.9%±4.4%),至损伤后5 d(16.3%±4.4%)、7 d(16.3%±5.2%)有所下降,但仍高于对照组。而对于空泡样变性,与对照组(6.9%±5.2%)相比,在爆震伤后6 h明显升高(30.6%±12.3%),至爆震伤后3 d进一步升高(37.5%±7.7%),并继续升高至损伤后7 d(44.7%±17.9%)。尼氏染色发现爆震伤后随着时间的延长,神经元胞体水肿,空泡变性增多,尼氏小体染色变浅且数目逐渐减少。结论:5 g TNT爆震伤可模拟冲击波原发效应,根据不同时间点病理变化,说明5 g TNT小鼠爆震伤可以用来模拟研究颅脑爆震伤。