天麻素对缺血缺氧大鼠星形胶质细胞MCP1表达的影响

目的:通过建立新生大鼠缺血缺氧脑损伤(HIBD)模型和体外星形胶质细胞系TNC1细胞糖氧剥夺(OGD)模型，从体内体外探索天麻素(GAS)对星形胶质细胞缺血缺氧损伤后单核细胞趋化因子1(MCP1)表达的影响。方法:将星形胶质细胞TNC1随机分为对照组(control)、糖氧剥夺组(OGD)、糖氧剥夺+天麻素(OGD+G)。将3 d新生SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(sham)、缺血缺氧脑损伤模型组(HIBD)、HIBD模型+天麻素干预组(HIBD+G)。使用免疫荧光双标染色和Western Blot检测各组细胞及大鼠左侧损伤皮质半暗区MCP1的表达变化。结果:体外免疫荧光染色和Western Blot结果显示，与control组相比，OGD组TNC1细胞MCP1表达明显增加(P<0.05),GAS可减轻OGD损伤后MCP1的表达(P<0.05);体内免疫荧光双标染色和Western Blot结果也显示：GAS干预显著降低了HIBD后星形胶质细胞MCP1的表达(P<0.05)。结论:GAS可以通过降低星形胶质细胞MCP1的表达对HIBD发挥保护作用。     

天麻素对缺血缺氧脑损伤新生大鼠小胶质细胞Sirt3表达的影响

目的:研究天麻素对缺血缺氧脑损伤(HIBD)新生大鼠脑内激活的小胶质细胞Sirt3表达的影响。方法:选取39只3 d龄SD幼年大鼠随机分为对照组(control)、缺血缺氧脑损伤组(HIBD)、天麻素组(HIBD+gastrodin)。采用左侧颈总动脉结扎结合缺氧法建立新生大鼠缺血缺氧性脑损伤(HIBD)模型,使用免疫荧光染色观察HIBD模型后新生大鼠大脑胼胝体区小胶质细胞的分布情况;使用免疫荧光双标染色及Western Blot检测大鼠大脑左侧胼胝体区小胶质细胞Sirt3的表达变化。结果:免疫荧光染色结果显示HIBD后新生大鼠大脑左侧胼胝体区小胶质细胞出现明显激活,确定模型建立成功。免疫荧光双标染色及Western Blot结果均显示,与对照组相比,HIBD模型组Sirt3的表达水平明显升高(P<0.05);与HIBD模型组相比,天麻素组Sirt3的表达进一步增强(P<0.05)。结论:天麻素可能通过促进新生大鼠脑内小胶质细胞Sirt3的表达,发挥其神经保护作用。     

中心体相关蛋白激酶7在小鼠中枢神经系统的分布

目的:观察小鼠中枢神经系统内中心体相关蛋白激酶7(NEK7)的表达和分布情况,为有丝分裂及炎症相关疾病的病理变化和后续治疗靶点提供形态学证据。方法:利用Western Blot检测C57BL/6J小鼠中枢神经系统各个区域的NEK7表达,利用免疫组织化学染色(IHC)方法观察NEK7分布情况;应用免疫荧光组织化学染色(IHF)方法观察NEK7的细胞定位情况。结果:Western Blot结果显示,NEK7在C57BL/6J小鼠嗅球、大脑皮质、海马、间脑、小脑、脑干和脊髓等区域均有表达;IHC结果显示,NEK7在C57BL/6J小鼠大脑皮质、海马、嗅球、杏仁核、丘脑、下丘脑、脉络丛、脊髓等区域广泛分布,但染色强度存在区域特异性;IHF双标结果显示,NEK7与微管相关蛋白2(MAP2)、离子钙接头蛋白(Iba-1)共表达,与胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)少量共表达。结论:C57BL/6J小鼠中枢神经系统中NEK7大量表达和分布,与神经元和小胶质细胞共定位。     

灯盏乙素对大鼠脑缺血后小胶质细胞cGAS/STING/NLRP3信号轴的调控

目的:探讨灯盏乙素对大鼠脑缺血后小胶质细胞环状GMP-AMP合成酶(cGAS)/干扰素基因刺激蛋白(STING)轴及NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NLRP3)表达的影响。方法:将36只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(sham)、大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)、MCAO+灯盏乙素干预组(MCAO+S)。开颅法制备大鼠脑缺血模型,分别用HE染色观察大鼠脑组织病理性变化,免疫荧光染色检测大鼠小胶质细胞中cGAS、STING、NLRP3表达的变化,Western Blot检测大鼠缺血后3 d脑内cGAS、STING、NLRP3蛋白表达的变化。结果:HE染色显示,灯盏乙素干预后,缺血区皮质中神经细胞数量减少、分布紊乱、细胞间隙大等病理现象较MCAO组明显改善;免疫荧光染色显示MCAO+S组中小胶质细胞的激活受到抑制,cGAS、STING、NLRP3在小胶质细胞中的表达水平下降;Western Blot结果显示,MCAO组中cGAS、STING、NLRP3表达显著增加,灯盏乙素干预后,上述指标明显下降。结论:灯盏乙素可抑制大鼠脑缺血后小胶质细胞中cGAS/STING/NLPR3的过表达,减轻小...     

醛糖还原酶基因敲除对小鼠脊髓损伤的保护作用及机制研究

目的:研究醛糖还原酶(AR)在小鼠脊髓损伤(SCI)的作用及分子机制。方法:利用野生型(WT)小鼠和AR敲除(AR KO)小鼠，制备小鼠脊髓钳夹伤模型，通过BMS评分对比观察损伤后两种小鼠在不同时间点(3、7、14和28 d)的运动功能恢复情况；采用免疫荧光染色观察小胶质细胞活化状态和损伤面积恢复程度；利用试剂盒和Western Blot检测损伤后小鼠脊髓组织中诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、磷酸化核因子-κB(NF-κB)家族p65、4-羟基壬烯醛(4-HNE)和活性氧(ROS)的表达。通过体外培养来源于小鼠小胶质细胞系BV2,给予脂多糖(LPS)及4-HNE联合刺激，利用免疫荧光染色观察BV2细胞极化状态，Western Blot检测iNOS和p-p65蛋白表达水平。结果:与WT小鼠相比，AR基因敲除促进小鼠脊髓损伤后的运动功能恢复，损伤区面积显著减小，并且抑制小鼠脊髓损伤区小胶质细胞活化，NF-κB信号通路相关炎性分子iNOS表达水平明显下调。WT小鼠和AR KO小鼠在脊髓损伤后ROS、4-HNE的含量逐渐上升，在损伤后7 d表达较高，并且具有相似的表达变化模式。LPS联合4-H...     

p-PDGFRα在小鼠黑质纹状体损伤周边的经时表达和定位

目的　探讨血小板衍生生长因子受体α（platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha,PDGFRα）在小鼠黑质纹状体损伤周边的经时表达和定位。 方法　取8周龄BALB/c小鼠,按文献制备小鼠黑质纹状体通路损伤模型,分别于术后第1、4、7、14 d取损伤脑组织（延及损伤部位前后2 mm）进行检测。应用免疫组织化学染色和Western blot检测p-PDGFRα蛋白的经时表达;采用免疫荧光双重染色检测p-PDGFRα的定位表达。 结果　免疫组化和Western blot检测均显示,损伤后4 d p-PDGFRα表达至高峰水平,免疫荧光双重染色结果显示其表达在星形胶质细胞,小胶质细胞,少突胶质细胞祖细胞和粒细胞上。 结论　脑损伤可以使PDGFRα活化并表达于损伤周围,活化的PDGFRα可能与星形胶质细胞,小胶质细胞,少突胶质细胞祖细胞和粒细胞的增殖有关。     

磷酸化细胞周期素依赖性激酶在局灶性脑缺血大鼠神经细胞中的表达

目的:观察磷酸化细胞周期素依赖激酶在大鼠局灶性脑缺血后神经元和星形胶质细胞的表达。方法:采用大脑中动脉阻塞（MCAO）方法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型,应用免疫荧光技术检测缺血后1 d、3 d、7 d、14 d大鼠缺血侧病灶周围神经元和星形胶质细胞中磷酸化周期素依赖激酶2（CDK2）、磷酸化细胞分裂周期激酶2（CDC2）的表达。结果:在神经元中,与正常对照组相比,缺血后1 d、3 d组磷酸化CDK2的表达量明显增加（P<0.05）,磷酸化CDC2在正常组及缺血组均无明显表达;在星形胶质细胞中,缺血后1 d、3 d、7 d均出现明显的磷酸化CDK2、CDC2的表达,与对照组相比有显著差异（P<0.05）。结论:大鼠局灶性脑缺血后早期部分神经元再次进入细胞周期,细胞周期调控机制可能参与了大鼠局灶性脑缺血后神经元的凋亡及星形胶质细胞的分裂增殖。     

短暂性脑缺血对C57BL/6小鼠海马区神经发生的影响

目的:利用小鼠急性全脑缺血模型观察急性脑缺血对海马神经发生的影响。方法:将C57BL/6雄性小鼠(6~8周)随机分为脑缺血组和假手术组。采用双侧颈动脉结扎法建立短暂性全脑缺血模型;利用HE染色观察脑缺血后不同时间(1周,2周)海马区形态学变化;采用免疫组织荧光染色观察缺血后海马区caspase-3表达变化;利用Ed U染色观察缺血3 d、7 d、14 d和28 d后,海马区神经干细胞增殖变化;利用免疫组织荧光染色观察缺血3 d、7 d、14 d和28 d后,海马区nestin、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及少突胶质细胞特异蛋白(OSP)等蛋白表达变化,判断脑缺血对海马区神经干细胞分化的影响。结果:脑缺血7 d后,小鼠海马CA1区神经元数目减少,caspase-3阳性细胞增加(P0.05)。海马DG区Ed U阳性细胞数量在第3 d开始增加(P0.05),第1周达到峰值(P0.05);海马CA1区Ed U阳性细胞数量在缺血后1周开始增加(P0.05),缺血2周后逐渐降低。海马DG区nestin、GFAP及OSP阳性细胞数量均在缺血3 d后开始增加(P0.05),缺血1周后达到峰值(P0.05),2周后逐渐降低。海马CA1区GFAP及OSP阳性细胞数量在缺血3 d后开始增加(P0.05),缺血1周后达到峰值(P0.05),2周后逐渐降低。结论:脑缺血激活了海马DG区神经干细胞,使干细胞增殖,并向神经元、星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞分化,同时逐渐向CA1区迁移。     

敲除toll样受体4基因对小鼠实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎的影响

目的:研究toll样受体4（TLR4）在小鼠实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）发病中的作用。方法:C57BL/6野生型（WT）和Tlr4敲除(Tlr4^-/-)小鼠注射髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55(MOG_35-55)建立EAE模型。定期记录神经功能评分及体重变化;苏木素-伊红（HE）和劳克坚牢蓝（LFB）染色观察脊髓组织内炎症细胞浸润及髓鞘脱失情况;免疫荧光染色检测髓鞘碱性蛋白（MBP）的表达。结果:MOG_35-55免疫后,与WT组相比,Tlr4^-/-小鼠体重下降程度较轻、发病时间延迟、神经功能评分降低、炎性细胞浸润减少、髓鞘脱失减轻、MBP表达增加。结论:敲除Tlr4可减轻EAE小鼠的病理症状。     

创伤性脑损伤后核因子E2相关因子2在星形胶质细胞中的表达

目的:探讨创伤性脑损伤后核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)在星形胶质细胞中的表达变化。方法:雄性昆明小鼠随机分成假手术组、创伤性脑损伤后1、4、7d组。采用免疫印迹检测脑损伤后Nrf2的表达,免疫荧光染色法检测Nrf2在星形胶质细胞中的定位表达。结果:免疫印迹结果显示脑损伤后Nrf2在4d时表达最高;免疫荧光染色结果显示在假手术组中Nrf2在细胞质中有少量表达,损伤后1d组Nrf2在细胞质和细胞核均有表达,4d时表达显著增高。结论:损伤后Nrf2表达升高并入核可能与对星形胶质细胞的活化有关。     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Intestinal helminthiasis in school children in Haiti in 2002

A survey on intestinal helminths in school children was conducted in Haiti in 2002. This first nationwide study involving the entire country was stratified by department according to urban and rural zones using the cluster method. Focusing on elementary school children (n=5792; age range 3 to 20 years), it involved 26 urban and 49 rural schools randomly selected. Stools were preserved in formalin and examined by the Ritchie technique. Thirty-four per cent of stools (1981/5792) tested positive for intestinal helminths with the following parasites identified: Ascaris lumbricoides (27.3%), Trichuris trichiura (7.3%), Necator americanus (3.8%), Hymenolepsis nana (2%), Taenia sp. (0.3%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.2%). The helminth prevalence was higher in rural (38.4%) compared to urban areas (30%). There was no significant difference in prevalence by sex and age. The importance of geohelminths changed from one department to another with the highest prevalence found in the Southern department of Grande Anse (73.7%) and the lowest prevalence in the Center department (20.6%). Five out of the country's nine departments had a similar prevalence varying from 25.5% to 28.2%. Intestinal helminthic polyparasitism was observed in a percentage of infested school children comprise between 3.4% and 28.6% according in relation to the geographical area. A program to fight against geohelminths in school children should be initiated as a public health priority. Albendazole is the drug of choice. Frequency of drug distribution should be based on the prevalence of geohelminths in each department.     

Experience in adult population in dengue outbreak in Delhi

A dengue outbreak has recently hit the Indian capital. We studied the clinical profile of adult patients. Five hundred and sixty patients of dengue infection were admitted in a specially created ward according to the criteria laid down by WHO. Haematemesis (28.28%), epistaxis (26.78%) and malena (14.28%) were some of the common presentations. Similarly lymphadenopathy, especially cervical (30.89%), palatal rashes (26.96%) and hepatomegaly (23.75%) were the most commonly encountered findings on physical examination. Most of the cases were of dengue fever with haemorrhage and only 2.5% cases were classified under dengue haemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. The average hospital stay was 3.4 days but only 9.8 hours in the eleven patients who died, suggesting their late arrival in preterminal situation giving little time for resuscitation. Thrombocytopenia was not a feature and only 12.85% patients had platelet count less than 70,000/cmm. Most of the patients who were admitted with thrombocytopenia, showed normalization in their platelet counts in next few days. Serological examination demonstrated evidence of recent dengue infection in 41.17% patients. Few patients required blood or platelet concentrate transfusion. Eleven patients died, three due to DIC, one of intracranial haemorrhage and seven due to massive gastric haemorrhage. Rest of the patients recovered completely. Thus we can conclude that recent outbreak in Delhi was of dengue fever with haemorrhage and mortality was very low in patients who came early to the hospital.     

Changes in the hypothalamic nuclei in in experimental allergy

Summary In rabbits subjected to prolonged sensitization and in which the Arthus phenomenon was induced there was a marked reaction of the hypothalamic nuclei. Staining by Gomori's method indicated a cellular swelling, loss of granules, and protoplasmic vacuolization in the supraoptic nucleus. There was a considerable increase in the size of the cross-sectional area of the cells. The same effects were much less well shown in the paraventricular nucleus. These results show that marked signs of increased neurosecretion developed in the animals at the height of the Arthus phenomenon.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten Éksperimental'noi biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 110–113, April, 1963.     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.