Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Japanese rural communities]

BACKGROUND: In Japan, a national survey indicated that only 7% of hypertensive patients had a blood pressure less than 140/90 mmHg. There have been no reports of studies investigating all of the prevalence of hypertension, the percentage of subjects who are aware of hypertension, the percentage being treated, and the percentage that are well-controlled (awareness, treatment and control, respectively) among hypertensives in the Japanese general population. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of hypertension, and awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among hypertensives in a Japanese rural population. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis of base-line data of the Jichi Medical School Cohort Study. SETTING: Twelve rural communities is 8 prefectures in Japan. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling people who participated in the health examination program in 1992-1995. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Blood pressure (BP) measured once in the sitting position after a 5-minute rest using oscillometric automatic BP monitors (BP203RV-II; Nippon Colin, Japan), and history of hypertension assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 11,302 subjects (4,415 men and 6,887 women). The mean (standard deviation) age was 55(12) years for men and 55(11) years for women. Mean systolic BP and diastolic BP levels were, respectively, 131(21) mmHg and 79(12) mmHg for men and 128(21) mmHg and 76(12) mmHg for women. Prevalence of hypertension (systolic BP > or = 140 mmHg or diastolic BP > or = 90 mmHg or on antihypertensive medication) was 37% for men and 33% for women. Percentages for awareness (on medication or present past history), treatment and control (both systolic BP < 140 mmHg and diastolic BP < 90 mmHg) were, respectively, 39%, 27% and 10% for men and 46%, 38% and 13% for women. CONCLUSIONS: About one third of the study popUlation were hypertensive, and awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among the hypertensives were 43%, 34% and 12%, respectively. Less than half of the hypertensives were well-controlled even when measurement bias was considered. In the rural Japanese population, improvements are required with regard to awareness, treatment and control of hypertension.     

中国成年人高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗和控制状况

目的　评估中国成年人高血压的患病率、高血压知晓率、治疗和控制状况。方法　亚洲国际心血管病合作研究 (InterASIA)于 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 1年进行 ,应用多阶段抽样方法选择有代表性的样本。共调查了 35～ 74岁的成年人 15 838人。测量血压时 ,先让调查对象休息 5min ,由经过培训合格的调查人员应用标准水银柱血压计测量 3次血压。应用标准问卷询问高血压病史及高血压的治疗情况。高血压定义为收缩压≥ 140mmHg、舒张压≥ 90mmHg或正在服用降压药。结果　 35～ 74岁的中国成年人的高血压患病率为 2 7 2 %,即全国约有 1 3亿高血压患者。 35～ 44、45～ 5 4、5 5～ 6 4和 6 5～ 74岁年龄组的高血压患病专率分别为男性 17 4%、 2 8 2 %、 40 7%和 47 3 %;女性为 10 7%、2 6 8%、38 9%和 5 0 2 %。在高血压病人中 ,44 7%知道自己患有高血压 ,2 8 2 %正在服用降压药 ,8 1%的人血压得到了控制 ( <140 / 90mmHg)。在过去 10年中 ,高血压知晓、治疗和控制率的增长百分率分别为 86 2 %、92 6 %和 145 4%。结论　在过去的 10年中 ,高血压知晓、治疗和控制率有显著的提高。中国成年人高血压的患病率比较高 ,而高血压的知晓率偏低 ,治疗率和控制率又非常低。在我国迫切需要改善高血压的预防、检测和治疗状况     

2010年上海市15岁以上居民高血压流行现状

[目的]了解上海市15岁以上居民高血压流行现状。[方法]于2010年8—9月采用多阶段分层概率随机抽样的方法,对15808名常住居民进行问卷调查和血压测量,最终获得有效问卷15732份。[结果]通过人口加权,被调查人群的平均收缩压和平均舒张压分别为129．05mmHg（95％CI：128．47-129．63mmHg）、79．71mmHg（95％C,：79．44～79．99mmHg）;高血压患病率为31．15％（95％CI：29．79％-32．54％）、疾病知晓率为74．19％（95％CI：71．93％。76-33％）、治疗率为59．95％（95％C1：57．58％-62．28％）、控制率为30．59％（95％C1：28．32％～32．96％）。知晓率、治疗率和控制率为中心城区高于非中心城区、女性高于男性,差别均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。[结论]上海市15岁以上居民平均血压偏高,患病情况严重。知晓率水平较高,治疗率、控制率水平需进一步提升。     

高校教职工高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率和停药后血压变化情况

目的：了解高校教职工高血压的患病率、知晓率、治疗率和停止服用降压药后血压变化情况.方法：采用问卷调查与健康查体相结合的方式对高校教职工高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗情况进行调查,对高血压患者服用降压药时、停药时及未服药的高血压患者血压水平进行对比分析.结果：我校教职工高血压的患病率为31.16%,知晓率为44.24%,按时服药率为37.69%,间断服药率为5.50%,未服药率为56.81%.男性高血压患者知晓率、按时服药率明显低于女性.男性35岁以下、女性45岁以下年龄组知晓率、按时服药率最低.服用降压药的高血压患者SBP平均水平为148.11mmHg,与未服药的高血压患者基本持平,DBP低于未服药的高血压患者.正常服药的高血压患者停药后SBP、DBP平均水平显著高于按时服药时的水平.结论：高校教职工高血压的患病率较高,而知晓率、服药率较低,且服药治疗的高血压患者血压仍处于较高水平,高血压已成为危害高校教职工身体健康的重要疾病.     

Distribution of blood pressures in Gemlik District,north-west Turkey

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension among individuals over 30 years of age and to plan a follow-up programme for the same age group. A community-based sample of 1992 individuals (952 men and 1,040 women) was selected randomly. Out of the total study population, 1,388 (69.7%) individuals had normal blood pressure according to World Health Organisation criteria (systolic blood pressure < 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg), and the rest (n = 604, 30.3%) had hypertension to varying degrees. Since 61 individuals with normal blood pressure were using antihypertensive medication, the overall hypertension prevalence was 33.4%. Among the study subjects with hypertension, 44.4% were aware of their condition, 37.7% were using medication and 9.2% had controlled hypertension. One out of five individuals (n = 399, 20.0%) had never had their blood pressure measured before. Females had a higher hypertension prevalence than males (36.7% and 29.7%, respectively). Hypertension prevalence increased with age and individuals with a body mass index > 25 were at greater risk. The present findings suggest that there is a need to implement an effective, community-based and low-cost management programme.     

Migration, blood pressure pattern, and hypertension: the Yi Migrant Study.

Rural-urban migration provides an ideal opportunity to examine the effects of environment and genes on blood pressure. The effect of migration on the Yi people of China was studied. The Yi people live in a remote mountain area in southwestern China. In 1989, blood pressure was measured in 14,505 persons (8,241 Yi farmers, 2,575 urban Yi migrants, and 3,689 Han urban residents) aged 15-89 years. Different patterns were seen for men and women. Among the men, Yi farmers had the lowest mean blood pressure, the least rise in blood pressure with age (systolic blood pressure, 0.13 mmHg/year; diastolic blood pressure, 0.23 mmHg/year), and the lowest prevalence of hypertension (0.66%). In contrast, both Yi migrant men and Han men had higher levels of mean blood pressure, rise in blood pressure with age (Yi migrants: systolic pressure, 0.33 mmHg/year; diastolic pressure, 0.33 mmHg/year; Han: systolic pressure, 0.36 mmHg/year; diastolic pressure, 0.23 mmHg/year), and prevalence of hypertension (Yi migrants, 4.25%; Han, 4.91%). Among the women, however, mean systolic pressure was higher in Yi farmers than in Yi migrants or in Han. Diastolic pressure was similar among the three groups. However, the Yi farmer women's age-related rise in blood pressure (systolic pressure, 0.06 mmHg/year; diastolic pressure, 0.14 mmHg/year) and their prevalence of hypertension (0.33%) were lower than those in the other two groups. Yi migrant women had an intermediate rise in blood pressure with age (systolic pressure, 0.37 mmHg/year; diastolic pressure, 0.23 mmHg/year) and prevalence of hypertension (2.40%). Han women had the greatest rise in blood pressure with age (systolic pressure, 0.56 mmHg/year; diastolic pressure, 0.36 mmHg/year) and the highest prevalence of hypertension (4.76%). For both men and women, the above differences were only partially explained by age, body mass index, heart rate, smoking, and alcohol use. This study, using standardized methods, demonstrates an important effect of migration on rise in blood pressure with age and on the prevalence of hypertension.     

Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Malaysia: a national study of 16,440 subjects

STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted in all states of Malaysia to determine the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension. A stratified two-stage cluster sampling design with proportional allocation was used. METHODS: Trained nurses obtained two blood pressure measurements from each subject. Hypertension was defined as mean systolic blood pressure >140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure >90 mmHg, or a self-reported diagnosis of hypertension and taking antihypertensive medication. All data were analysed using Stata 9.2 software and took the complex survey design into account. A two-sided P-value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of hypertension for subjects aged 15 years was 27.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 26.9-28.8). The prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in males (29.6%, 95% CI 28.3-31.0) compared with females (26.0%, 95% CI 25.0-27.1). Multivariate logistic regression showed that the odds of having hypertension increased with increasing age, in males, in subjects with a family history of hypertension, with increasing body mass index, in non-smokers and with decreasing levels of education. Only 34.6% of the subjects with hypertension were aware of their hypertensive status, and 32.4 were taking antihypertensive medication. Amongst the latter group, only 26.8% had their blood pressure under control. The prevalence of hypertension amongst those aged 30 years has increased from 32.9% in 1996 to 40.5% in 2004. CONCLUSION: In Malaysia, the prevalence of hypertension is high, but levels of awareness, treatment and control are low. There is an urgent need for a comprehensive integrated population-based intervention programme to ameliorate the growing problem of hypertension in Malaysians.     

Trends in blood pressure and the prevalence and treatment of hypertension in young adults in the Netherlands, 1974–1986

To investigate trends in blood pressure and the prevalence and treatment of hypertension in the Netherlands between 1974 and 1986, data from two screening projects on cardiovascular risk factors were used. Between 1974 and 1980 about 30,000 men and women aged 37–43 were screened. Between 1981–1986 about 80,000 men aged 33–37 were examined. An increase in average systolic blood pressure by 2 mmHg in men in the period 1974–1980 was followed by an insignificant change during the period 1981–1986. Average diastolic blood pressure increased by 4 mmHg between 1974 and 1980 but decreased by the same amount between 1981 and 1986. The prevalence of hypertension in 40-year-old men increased from 12.7% in 1974 to 17.8% in 1980. The prevalence of hypertension in 35-year-old men did not change between 1981 and 1986 and amounted to 9.6%. Treatment of 40-year-old hypertensive men increased from 8% in 1974 to 21% in 1980 and from 9% in 1981 to 13% in 1986 among 35-year-old men. Average systolic blood pressure did not change in 40-year-old women between 1974–1980 but average diastolic blood pressure increased by 2 mmHg during that period. The percentage of hypertensive women was 8.5% and did not change between 1974 and 1980. Also, the percentage of treated hypertensive women did not change and amounted to 28%. It can be concluded that the prevalence of hypertension did not change in 40-year-old women while in 40-year-old men it increased between 1974–1980. In 35-year-old men the prevalence of hypertension did not change between 1981–1986. Treatment of hypertension was more common in young adult women than in young adult men. However, an increase in treatment of hypertension in young adult men was observed in both periods.     

2018年中国成年居民高血压患病与控制状况研究

目的 了解中国≥18岁居民高血压患病、知晓、治疗与控制以及血压测量现况。方法 2018年中国慢性病及危险因素监测在全国31个省（直辖区、自治市）的298个县（区）,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法抽取≥18岁常住居民194 779人,以面对面问卷调查和身体测量方法收集调查对象的人口统计学、高血压诊断与治疗和血压测量状况等信息,并采用经认证的医用上臂式电子血压计测量调查对象的血压值。本研究将其中完成调查且高血压相关信息完整的179 873人作为研究对象。按性别及年龄、城乡、文化程度、地理区域等分组分别计算血压均值、高血压患病率、患病知晓率、控制率、治疗率以及血压测量率等指标。所有结果采用基于设计的复杂抽样加权调整,以更好地估计中国成年人的状况。结果 2018年,中国≥18岁居民SBP均值为（127.7±18.8） mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）,DBP为（76.8±11.2） mmHg。未诊断高血压的居民中,正常高值血压流行率为50.9%（95%CI：49.9%~51.9%）。成年居民高血压患病率为27.5%（95%CI：26.6%~28.4%）,男性［30.8%（95%CI：29.8%~31.9%）］高于女性［24.2%（95%CI：23.3%~25.1%）］,农村［29.4%（95%CI：28.4%~30.3%）］高于城市［25.7%（95%CI：24.4%~27.1%）］,华北地区［33.3%（95%CI：31.5%~35.2%）］和东北地区［32.7%（95%CI：28.1%~37.4%）］高于其他地区,组间差异均有统计学意义（P<0.000 1）。高血压患者的患病知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为41.0%（95%CI：39.7%~42.4%）、34.9%（95%CI：33.6%~36.1%）和11.0%（95%CI：10.2%~11.8%）,女性和城市高血压患者的患病知晓率、治疗率和控制率均分别高于男性和农村居民（P<0.000 1）。未诊断高血压的居民中,41.9%（95%CI：40.7%~43.2%）曾在近3个月内主动或被动测量血压。结论 中国成年居民较高的高血压患病水平和较低的血压测量率,以及高血压患者未见明显改善的知晓、治疗和控制状况,提示高血压防治工作从危险因素干预到患者管理的各个环节仍有待加强,尤其是农村地区。     

Change in cardiovascular risk factors in France, 1985–1997

The change in the main cardiovascular risk factors in France was assessed using the MONICA population surveys conducted in the Urban Community of Lille, Bas-Rhin and Haute-Garonne. Trends in obesity, tobacco smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and self-reported diabetes were established for the first (1985-1988) and the last (1995-1997) survey. The results indicate that the prevalence of overweight and obesity remained stable in both genders; tobacco smoking decreased in men but increased in women. Prevalence of hypertension decreased, and preventive measures improved in both genders. Prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia remained stable, and preventive measures improved only in men. Prevalence of self-reported diabetes increased solely in women, and preventive measures improved in both genders. However, in 1995-1997 still 40% of the treated hypertensive and 30% of the treated hypercholesterolaemic subjects were not adequately controlled. We conclude that prevalence and prevention of the main cardiovascular risk factors have evolved favourably in France, but the management of hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension can still be improved.     

Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in a Spanish population

A cross-sectional population survey using a random, stratified sample into phases was conducted in order to assess the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Albacete (a south-eastern province in Spain) with 248 000 inhabitants over 18 years of age. The sample size was of 1322 people. Both systolic and diastolic BP were higher in men than in women and showed an increasing trend with age independently of gender. Assuming a cut-off for hypertension of <140/90 mm Hg and <160/95 mm Hg, we found a prevalence of hypertension of 32.7% and 23.1%, respectively. Overall, 56.5% of hypertensive subjects were aware of their condition. The degree of this awareness was significantly higher in women and in the elderly. The percentage of patients who were receiving antihypertensive treatment was 49.1%. This proportion was also higher among women, elderly people, and subjects living in urban areas. High BP was successfully controlled in 10.9% of the total hypertensive population which accounted for 24.4% of the treated patients. The corresponding figures for the <160/95 mm Hg cut-off were 38.5% and 60.6%, respectively. In the logistic regression model, male gender and size of the local community were significantly associated with a better pharmacological control of hypertension. We found a high prevalence of hypertension with low degree of awareness and control, despite the general progress made in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in Spain. Specific intervention programs are necessary to increase the extent of control of hypertension in our country.     

Hypertension in a Brazilian Urban Slum Population

Low- and middle-income countries account for the majority of hypertension disease burden. However, little is known about the distribution of this illness within subpopulations of these countries, particularly among those who live in urban informal settlements. A cross-sectional hypertension survey was conducted in 2003 among 5649 adult residents of a slum settlement in the city of Salvador, Brazil. Hypertension was defined as either an elevated arterial systolic (≥140 mmHg) or diastolic (≥90 mmHg) blood pressure. Sex-specific multivariable models of systolic blood pressure were constructed to identify factors associated with elevated blood pressure. The prevalence of hypertension in the population 18 years and older was 21 % (1162/5649). Men had 1.2 times the risk of hypertension compared with women (95 % confidence intervals (CI), 1.05, 1.36). Increasing age and lack of any schooling, particularly for women, were also significantly associated with elevated blood pressure (p < 0.05). There was also a direct association between men who were black and an elevated blood pressure. Among those who were hypertensive, 65.5 % were aware of their condition, and only 36.3 % of those aware were actively using anti-hypertensive medications. Men were less likely to be aware of their diagnosis or to use medications (p < 0.01 for both) than women. The prevalence of hypertension in this slum community was lower than reported frequencies in the non-slum population of Brazil and Salvador, yet both disease awareness and treatment frequency were low. Further research on hypertension and other chronic non-communicable diseases in slum populations is urgently needed to guide prevention and treatment efforts in this growing population.     

成都市＞35岁流动人口高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率与控制情况分析

目的 分析成都市＞35岁流动人口高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率以及控制情况。方法 采用应答推动抽样（RDS）方法调查成都市2017年6月到2018年6月的流动人口数据。统计分析不同特征人群高血压知晓率、治疗率以及控制情况的差别。结果 共有1574人纳入分析。成都市流动人口高血压患病率为38.37%,其中男性43.22%,女性则为34.09%。性别（x2=13.86,P＜0.001）、年龄（x2=42.53,P＜0.001）、职业（x2=30.40,P＜0.001）、月收入（x2=13.61,P=0.003）、高血压家族史（x2=21.28,P＜0.001）、糖尿病史（x2=16.06,P＜0.001）、体质指数（BMI）（x2=46.76,P＜0.001）、吸烟（x2=13.84,P=0.003）和饮酒（x2=9.21,P=0.027）都是高血压的危险因素。高血压知晓率为26.15%,治疗率为19.87%,控制率为9.10%。结论 成都市流动人口高血压患病率较高,但知晓率、治疗率和控制率仍处于较低水平。为此,应针对流动人口特点,加强对流动人口的高血压知识健康宣教,降低患病风险,提升高血压管理水平。     

Prevalence and control of hypertension in a large cohort of occupationally-active Israelis examined during 1985-1987: the Cordis Study.

In view of the many changes in the approach to the detection and management of hypertension that have occurred, the paucity of current data on this subject in Israel limits the possibilities of making international comparisons or evaluating trends. This study contributes recent information on the occupationally-active population. Between 1985 and 1987, blood pressures were measured and interview data obtained on awareness and treatment of hypertension in a sample of 3677 male and 1573 female employees in 21 Israeli industries, examined in the CORDIS Study. In the age group 35-64 years, the age-standardized prevalence of hypertension (greater than or equal to 160/95 mm Hg or treated) using the same standard population as the WHO MONICA Study was 17.1% for men and 16.1% for women. The prevalence for men was somewhat below the median country compared with the MONICA centres, whereas for women it was closer to the median. Marked ethnic differences were evident, with those of Western origin having the highest prevalence, and those of Asian origin, the lowest. Of the hypertensives, 35.6% of the men and 33.3% of the women were unaware of their condition. Among men aware, 82.8% were receiving treatment and 59.8% of them were under control; the corresponding percentages for women were 86.2% and 72.8%. Older people were more likely to be aware of their hypertension and receiving treatment. Beta-blockers and diuretics were the predominant drugs of choice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

河北省成年居民高血压患病及分布特征

目的了解河北省居民高血压的患病及分布情况。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样,通过问卷调查和体检等探讨河北省4200名18～69岁居民高血压患病及分布特征、高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率。结果样本人群高血压患病率为39.6%(标化率30.7%),其中男性为42.3%(标化率32.7%),女性为37.7%(标化率29.1%)。男女性患病水平随着年龄的增长而升高。农村居民高血压患病率(40.4%)高于城市(37.6%)。血压正常高值患病率为38.8%,其中男性为41.2%,女性为37.1%。无论城市还是农村,不同体质指数人群的高血压患病率差别均有统计学意义。高血压患者知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为27.8%,24.8%,5.2%。结论河北省居民高血压患病率较高,应作为河北省慢性病防治重点。     

Prevalence, detection, and control of hypertension in a biethnic community. The San Antonio Heart Study

A survey was carried out on a random sample of 1,288 Mexican Americans and 929 Anglos living in three socially distinct neighborhoods in San Antonio, Texas. Hypertension was defined as diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 95 mmHg or currently taking antihypertensive medication. Overall age-adjusted prevalence rates of hypertension were similar for Mexican-American and Anglo men (10.0 and 9.8%, respectively); for women, the Mexican-American rate was slightly lower than that for Anglos (7.8 and 9.7%, respectively). After adjustment for obesity differences, Mexican Americans have a tendency toward lower hypertension rates than Anglos of the same socioeconomic level. Only among women was a decline in the prevalence of hypertension with increasing socioeconomic status observed. Mexican Americans have a higher proportion of newly diagnosed hypertension, and, among previously diagnosed cases, a lower proportion are on antihypertensive medication than Anglos. The rates of hypertension control found in this survey are among the highest reported in the United States at the community level. Despite this, Mexican Americans still lag somewhat behind Anglos of the same socioeconomic level in awareness, treatment, and degree of hypertension control, suggesting the possibility of sociocultural barriers to adequate medical care.     

使用不同避孕措施妇女血压均值的变化及其影响因素的研究

对999例连续服用国产1号避孕片5～25年的健康农村育龄妇女及1065例同期应用宫内节育器妇女的血压均值的变化及影响因素进行分析。结果表明:长期服用1号片者收缩压均值为16.86kPa(126.42mmHg),高于节育器组的15.98kPa(119.85mmHg)(P<0.01);舒张压均值为11.1lkPa(83.32mmHg),高于节育器组的10.68kPa(80.08mmHg(P<0.01);长期服用1号片期间有3.90％的妇女出现高收缩压症,是使用节育器妇女的4.59倍。多元分析结果表明消除混杂因素后妇女年龄对收缩压有较大影响,收缩压升高的危险性在曾使用过高剂量避孕片的妇女中更为明显。     

中国部分中年人群糖尿病患病率、知晓率、治疗率及控制率现况调查

目的描述中国14组中年人群空腹血糖受损（IFG）患病率、糖尿病（DM）患病率、知晓率、治疗率、控制率现状及其近年的变化趋势。方法1998年对14组35～59岁人群进行整群抽样调查，测定空腹血糖并询问DM史及治疗史，用于现况研究。对其中4组曾在1993—1994年进行相同调查的人群进行变化趋势研究。结果14组人群IFG和DM年龄标化患病率分别为0．5％～15．6％（平均4．8％）和0．2％～10．6％（平均4．3％），无性别差异，城市高于农村（P〈0．01），年龄越大患病率越高（P〈0．01）。DM知晓率、治疗率、控制率分别为0％～46．2％（平均33．3％）、0％～46．2％（平均27．2％）和0％～15．4％（平均9．7％）；女性大于男性（P〈0．01），城市高于农村（P=0．031）．年龄越大上述三率越高（P〈0．05），与文化程度无显著关联。在DM知晓者中治疗率平均为81．6％，在治疗者中控制率平均为35．6％，且男女、城乡、年龄组问差异无统计学意义。1993-1994年到1998年4组人群DM患病率平均由3．8％上升到4．6％（P=0．037），知晓率、治疗率、控制率有上升趋势但变化无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论中国14组中年人群DM患病率两性之间差异无统计学意义．地区之间差异明显，近年呈上升趋势。DM知晓率、治疗率、控制率总体处于较低水平。解决DM人群防治的关键是改善检出机会和提高治疗效果两个环节。     

北京市2013-2014年15岁及以上居民高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率调查

目的 调查2013-2014年北京市≥ 15岁城乡居民高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率。方法 应用分层多阶段随机抽样方法抽取北京市≥ 15岁13 057名个体进行横断面调查,并测量血压值,应用标准问卷调查高血压病史及其治疗情况。结果 样本人群中有4 663人患高血压,标化患病率为32.7%,其中男性和女性分别为34.6%和30.8%,城区和农村地区分别为33.3%和24.6%。高血压患病率男性显著高于女性（P<0.000 1）,城区居民显著高于农村居民（P<0.000 1）,且高血压患病率随年龄增加而显著升高（P<0.001）。高血压病例中,高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率分别为66.8%、64.6%和31.6%。结论 北京市≥ 15岁人群高血压患病率较高,而高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率相对较低。     

Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in a working Bulgarian population

Arterial hypertension is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease and stroke mortality. Few data exist on prevalence, awareness, and management of hypertension in Bulgaria, precluding development of potentially beneficial risk reduction initiatives. Between September 1996 and July 1997, an age-sex stratified sample of 847 male and 771 female employees (age 18–64 y) of the national transport industry resident in Sofia was recruited during their annual physical examination. A structured interview was conducted and resting blood pressure (BP) measured. Prevalence: Elevated BP (mean of two consecutive readings SBP 140 mmHg and/or DBP 90 mmHg) was observed among 24% of women and 58% of men (p < 0.001). Prevalence increased with age in both men and women. Awareness: Among 722 employees with elevated BP, 49% of women and 33% of men (p < 0.001) reported history of hypertension. Awareness increased with age. Management: Among 345 employees with history of hypertension, 37% of women and 36% of men (p > 0.05) reported taking antihypertensive treatment. The proportion under management increased with age. Control: Normal BP was measured in only 6% of men and 7% of women taking antihypertensive medication (p > 0.05; no consistent trends by age). Elevated BP is widespread and hypertension is underdiagnosed and poorly controlled in this urban working-age Bulgarian population, especially among those under 40 y. This may contribute to the high rates of coronary heart disease and stroke incidence and mortality in Bulgaria.