铜陵市建筑工人艾滋病预防的健康教育干预研究

目的了解铜陵市建筑工人艾滋病相关知识、态度和行为现状,以及健康教育的干预效果。方法采取整群抽样的方法 ,抽取铜陵市10个建筑工地近500名建筑工人,采取强化干预培训的方式进行健康教育,并通过现场问卷调查的方式收集强化干预前后工人对艾滋病相关知识的掌握情况以及态度和行为状况。结果干预前共收集问卷309份,干预后收集问卷487份,对照干预前后人群艾滋病相关知识总知晓率由干预前的46.3%提高到83.9%（P〈0.05）,对病毒感染者的态度干预前后也有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。结论对建筑工人实施健康教育干预,可有效地提高艾滋病相关知识水平,并改善他们对艾滋病病毒携带者的态度。下一步健康教育的重点是降低危险性行为的发生率和推广安全套使用。     

The limitations of generic AIDS educational programs for the health professions

Three major trends are driving the widespread need for continuing education in AIDS. First, with the spread of AIDS, increasing numbers of health care professionals are becoming involved in the care and treatment of AIDS, ARC and HIV positive individuals. Second, as the disease spreads beyond current AIDS epicenters, more persons with minimal information are required to have a baseline working knowledge of AIDS. Finally, the reluctance of many health care professionals to care for HIV-positive individuals, along with already existing staff shortages, limits access to care and makes the provision of responsive educational programs even more important. Generic programs to educate health professionals frequently lack sufficient specificity and sensitivity to address the needs of health professionals with varying levels of knowledge and role responsibility. This paper briefly summarizes the literature on the similarities and differences in knowledge and attitudes across and within professional groups. In addition, it presents specific research designed to provide initial direction for considering the circumstances under which health professionals, particularly nurses and physicians, may or may not profit from generic programs aimed at mixed levels and types of health care provider.     

Concern about AIDS among hospital physicians, nurses and social workers

In this study, the authors examine the worry and discomfort experienced by direct care health professionals in treating AIDS patients and how their profession, attitudes, knowledge, experience and demographic characteristics influence their emotional reaction to those patients. The research focuses on experienced emotion as distinct from expressed emotion, as an important factor in explaining health behaviors among professionals. To address these issues 536 health care professionals comprising 132 physicians, 378 nurses and 26 social workers employed at a University teaching hospital in Chicago were surveyed. The findings suggest that health care workers' emotional reactions to HIV depend on the type of patient interaction. We found for all three professions, as the invasiveness of contact increased, the level of worry and amount of discomfort also increased. Nurses however, on the whole were the most adversely affected by their patient contacts. We conclude that emotional reactions in the workplace cannot be explained by cognitions, beliefs and attitudes alone. This study suggests that work roles, work assignments, and professional authority contribute to emotional reactions to patients with AIDS.     

长泰县某企业职工艾滋病知识、态度和行为调查

目的了解长泰县企业职工艾滋病防治知识、态度和行为现状,为更好地开展企业职工艾滋病健康教育工作提供依据。方法采取随机抽样方法,随机抽取某企业职工进行艾滋病防治知识、态度和行为问卷调查。结果被调查的企业职工艾滋病知识总知晓率仅为74.1%;97.3%的人知道要关心、帮助、不歧视艾滋病患者或艾滋病病毒感染者,但只有42.7%的人愿意与艾滋病患者或艾滋病病毒感染者正常来往。结论长泰县企业职工对艾滋病基本知识掌握不够全面,不能正确对待艾滋病患者或感染者,存在着明显的歧视倾向。     

AIDS education in Tanzania: promoting risk reduction among primary school children.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to test the effects of an education program in Tanzania designed to reduce children's risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and to improve their tolerance of and care for people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). METHODS: A randomized controlled community trial including baseline and 12-month follow-up surveys was employed. Public primary schools in the Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions of Tanzania were stratified according to location and randomly assigned to intervention (n = 6) or comparison (n = 12) conditions. Of the 1063 sixth-grade students (average age: 13.6 years) who participated at baseline, 814 participated in the follow-up survey. RESULTS: At follow-up, statistically significant effects favoring the intervention group were observed for exposure to AIDS information and communication, AIDS knowledge, attitudes toward people with AIDS, and subjective norms and behavioral intentions toward having sexual intercourse. A consistent positive but nonsignificant trend was seen for attitudes toward having sexual intercourse and for initiation of sexual intercourse during the previous year (7% vs 17%). CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible and effective to train local teachers and health workers to provide HIV/AIDS education to Tanzanian primary school children.     

Knowledge and attitudes of AIDS health care providers before and after education programs

Analysis of the responses of 1,247 health care providers to questionnaires immediately before and after educational programs on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) revealed significant (P less than .05) improvements in accuracy of knowledge about 7 of 15 modes of transmission and 7 of 11 means of infection control. Sizeable percentages, however, continued to believe after the programs that AIDS could be transmitted by casual contact, such as sharing coffee cups. Provider attitudes about caring for persons with AIDS shifted in the direction desired (P less than .001) on six of nine questions. After programs, 92 percent believed that they had sufficient knowledge to protect themselves from getting AIDS, and 79 percent felt professionally competent to care for a person with AIDS. Both before and after programs, providers who established regulations for the care of persons with AIDS and outpatient care providers had the most accurate knowledge and felt most comfortable with persons with AIDS, while inpatient care providers had the least accurate knowledge and felt least comfortable. A 1-month followup of 159 providers revealed that postprogram changes in knowledge and attitudes were largely retained. Results point to the need for education at all levels of the health care system, to a persistent gap in knowledge and attitudes between those persons who establish regulations and those who carry them out, and to the possibility of creating significant changes through education.     

Knowledge and attitudes about AIDS among corporate and public service employees.

BACKGROUND. We examined the relationship between workplace AIDS education efforts and workers' knowledge about HIV transmission and their attitudes toward coworkers with AIDS. METHODS. Questionnaires were mailed to corporate and public service workers at 12 work sites to ascertain the extent of their knowledge about AIDS and their attitudes toward coworkers with AIDS. Each work site had offered an AIDS education program. The average response rate was 40%; 3460 workers returned questionnaires. RESULTS. Respondents' knowledge was largely consistent with available scientific evidence. However, a substantial minority still believe HIV infection can be transmitted through casual contact. Over 30% endorse the screening of new employees for AIDS, and 23% would fear contagion from an infected coworker. Thirty percent of the respondents expressed skepticism about the veracity of information from government sources and the scientific community. Work site comparisons show that where educational programs are minimal, employees know less about HIV transmission and hold more negative attitudes. CONCLUSION. Comprehensive workplace AIDS education programs can reinforce workers' knowledge about HIV transmission, thereby fostering more favorable views toward coworkers with AIDS.     

Rural School Nurses'Attitudes about AIDS and Homosexuality

ABSTRACT: The AIDS epidemic has spread to rural areas of the United States. Conservative rural communities are facing the challenge of having children with HIV entering school. School nurses, as the only health care providers in the schools, are in a strong position to facilitate the education of children with HIV and to provide AIDS education to students, faculty, and parents. School nurses' knowledge and attitudes about AIDS and people with AIDS influence their effectiveness in prevention activities and care of HIV-infected children. This study examined the relationship between specific demographic, practice, and cultural variables and rural school nurses' attitudes about AIDS and homosexuality. Sixty-nine school nurses responded to a mailed questionnaire as part of a larger study of rural nurses. Results indicate attitudes about homosexuality were related to nurses' homosexual knowledge and religious beliefs while attitudes about AIDS were related to nurses' willingness to care for people with AIDS and feeling prepared to do so.(J Sch Health. 1997;67(8):341–347)     

贵州省黔南地区受艾滋病影响的农村少数民族已婚妇女健康教育干预效果

目的:评价参与式生活技能教育模式在受艾滋病影响的农村少数民族已婚妇女中的适宜性与有效性,为相关健康促进工作及政策制定提供依据。方法:采用分层整群抽样的方法获得样本,对干预组进行为期6个月的多种形式健康教育干预,采用统一问卷调查,比较干预前后干预组和对照组少数民族已婚妇女对艾滋病的认识态度的变化。结果:干预后受艾滋病影响的已婚妇女对艾滋病认识态度明显提高,干预组妇女艾滋病知识、关爱态度、自尊量表(SES)、个人评价问卷(PEI)得分明显高于对照组。干预组和对照组艾滋病相关知识知晓率分别提高了59.28%和20.35%,干预组的干预效果好于对照组,相对干预效果为41.86%。接受过干预民族为布依族、苗族、水族和毛南族,妇女接受过艾滋病健康教育培训、丈夫接受过艾滋病健康教育培训、艾滋病知识得分低是影响妇女认识态度的正向因素,尤其对接受过艾滋病健康教育干预妇女的认识态度影响最大(OR=1.852)。结论:参与式教育模式是改善民族地区已婚妇女对艾滋病认识态度的有效措施。     

Caring for persons with AIDS: Knowledge and attitudes of 1,047 health care workers attending AIDS action committee educational programs

Thirty-six educational programs on AIDS for 1047 massachusetts health care providers were evaluated by pre-and post-program questionnaires. Providers' knowledge about modes of transmission and means of preventing transmission were ascertained, as were professional and personal attitudes about persons with AIDS. Providers included 149 who established regulations, 345 supervisors, 468 inpatient care and 85 outpatient care providers. Results suggest 1. a need for provider education; and 2. significant differences among the four groups in knowledge and attitudes, both before and after programs, with regulators having the most accurate knowledge and inpatient care providers the least. Suggestions are made for development of effective education to prevent AIDS among caregivers and to prevent the emotional injuries associated with being an AIDS patient.     

Physicians' attitudes toward preventive care services: a seven-year prospective cohort study.

We report results of a seven-year prospective cohort study of physicians' attitudes about and intentions to provide 27 preventive care services in their future practices. Respondents in the cohort were surveyed three times: first, during orientation to medical school; second, during their third year of medical school; and finally, following completion of their third-year of residency training. The majority of preventive care services were viewed as more important to clinical practice in primary care than in non-primary care specialties. Positive attitudes toward preventive care services generally persisted among both primary and non-primary care physicians. Respondents expressed only fair to medium levels of confidence in the ability of physicians in their specialty areas to provide any of the preventive services examined. Respondents reported low levels of confidence in the ability of primary care physicians to provide nutritional counseling, though they ranked it as important. Respondents were fairly or moderately confident in the ability of primary care physicians to provide counseling about smoking cessation, health, AIDS education, and substance abuse. Participants ranked smoking cessation counseling, health counseling, AIDS education, cancer detection education, and substance abuse counseling and education as very important. In general, physicians were less likely to plan on providing preventive services than they were to expect their residency programs to prepare most or all to provide the services. Findings document the need to prepare physicians better to provide preventive services.     

Knowledge,attitudes and practices of Greek health professionals,in relation to AIDS

In order to improve educational programmes directed at health care workers we investigated their knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to HIV/AIDS.An anonymous self-administered questionnaires was distributed to 609 health care workers. Of these, 59.6% agreed to participate (42.4% of the medical doctors, 74.3% of the nurses and 79.6% of the laboratory technicians, health visitors and other health care workers).All studied groups believed that their knowledge of HIV modes of transmission (84.3%) was sufficient. In contrast, a relatively small percentage reported knowledge of the clinical spectrum of HIV infection (48.8%) and the diagnostic assays (57.6%). Nearly all the study participants believe (92.8%) that there is a risk of acquiring HIV infection during the hospitalization of HIV/AIDS patients. Obligatory screening of all patients was reported by nearly all participants (90.6%) as a chance to minimize their occupational risk.Although health care workers reported satisfactory knowledge of safety measures (87.0%), only 56.7% used gloves and 38.8% accept the hospitalization of HIV/AIDS patients.In spite of the educational programmes for AIDS in Greece, this study demonstrates that health professionals' knowledge and precautionary measures are not sufficient. As a result, a small percentage of them treat AIDS patients without discrimination. There is an urgent need to implement specific educational programmes for health professionals so that they will safely provide high quality care to people affected by HIV/AIDS.Corresponding author.     

口腔专业学生对艾滋病的知识与态度

口腔疾患是HIV/AIDS患者重要和早期的临床表现之一,口腔医疗服务不仅有利于治疗患者的口腔疾患,改善患者的生活质量,而且可以降低HIV的传播.口腔专业医学院校的学生是未来提供HIV/AIDS患者口腔医疗服务的重要卫生资源,他们的HIV/AIDS认识和态度对未来提供的服务具有重要的影响.此文对口腔专业医学院学生的HIV...     

The role of AIDS volunteers in developing community-based care for people with AIDS in Thailand

The present study analyses the effectiveness of AIDS volunteers in mitigating the stigma attached to People With AIDS (PWAs) within the context of developing community-based care (CBC) in Thailand. A total of 86 trained village health volunteers (T-VHVs) and 99 non-trained village health volunteers (N-VHVs) were enrolled in the study. In addition, 58 villagers in the T-VHV's intervention area and 72 villagers in the non-intervention area were also enrolled. Both T-VHVs and N-VHVs as well as villagers were assessed to determine their level of knowledge with respect to HIV/AIDS and attitudes toward PWAs. Furthermore, we also determined the village health volunteers' level of activity in distributing knowledge of HIV/AIDS in order to prevent and reduce stigma in the community. Although T-VHVs showed a greater depth of knowledge of HIV/AIDS than N-VHVs (p < 0.05), positive attitudes toward PWAs and the level of practice of village health volunteers did not differ significantly between T-VHVs and N-VHVs. While the level of health knowledge of villagers did not differ significantly between the T-VHV's intervention and control areas, a significant difference was observed between the two areas in terms of the villagers' attitudes towards PWAs (p < 0.01). Villagers in the intervention area attached less stigma to PWAs; therefore, T-VHVs played a role in providing basic information on AIDS to the villagers and in mitigating the stigma attached to PWAs. However, these volunteers need to undergo further training through a well-organized training programme in order to obtain a greater depth of knowledge. This is essential for the development of community-based care for PWAs.     

Primary care physicians and barriers to providing care to persons with HIV/AIDS

Primary care physicians play an increasingly important role in the care of persons with HIV/AIDS due to the rising number and changing geographic distribution of persons infected with HIV/AIDS. The study explored the relationship between barriers to health services and the experience and willingness of primary care physicians to care for persons with HIV/AIDS. The study was based on a random survey of primary care physicians in South Carolina. The results indicate that although primary care physicians' willingness to treat persons with HIV/AIDS is significantly associated with many self-reported barriers (i.e., financial, structural, knowledge, and attitudinal), their HIV/AID care experience was most significantly correlated with self-reported knowledge that overrides financial and structural barriers. The results emphasize the importance of programs and policy initiatives aimed at enhancing the primary care physicians' knowledge level and improving their attitudes related to HIV/AIDS.     

健康教育课对工科大学生艾滋病防治知识和态度即时效果评价

目的了解健康教育课对大学生艾滋病相关知识、态度、行为的影响,评估培训后即时效果,为今后制定合理的健康教育和干预方案提供依据。方法对选修大学生健康教育课的245名学生在授课前后分别进行匿名问卷调查,内容包括艾滋病相关知识、态度、行为、艾滋病知识需求等。结果大学生健康教育授课前、后艾滋病基本知识知晓率分别为92.24%和96.67%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.438,P0.05)。结论健康教育课可即时提高大学生艾滋病相关知识水平、改善其对待艾滋病及感染者的态度。高校开展健康教育课有助于艾滋病预防工作。     

Education to meet the challenge of AIDS.

Studies of health care providers' attitudes have revealed that many have misconceptions and fears about AIDS and possess negative attitudes about caring for people with the disease. Merely transmitting the basic facts about AIDS is insufficient to prepare health care workers to deal with AIDS patients. This article discusses the need for continuing education for health care professionals and educators and offers a model for the development of educational programs. The model is being developed in the School of Allied Health Professions, State University of New York at Stony Brook. Principles of "andragogy"--involvement of both the learner and the educator in identifying students' needs, planning learning experiences, and ongoing evaluation of the learning process--are discussed.     

艾滋病诊疗医务人员对艾滋病态度分析

目的 了解艾滋病诊疗医务人员对艾滋病的态度。分析影响态度的深层原因。方法 对87名艾滋病诊疗医务人员进行匿名问卷调查,并采用换位和代言的方法讨论产生这些态度的深层原因。结果 在20个观点中,艾滋病诊疗医务人员仅对“艾滋病儿童是无辜的受害者,应该给他们提供免费治疗”等7个观点呈大体一致的态度（达到75％以上）,其余观点均有较大分歧。艾滋病知识的缺乏、不了解艾滋病的严峻形势、缺乏正确的、一致的艾滋病防治观和行为观是导致以上分歧的主要原因。结论 艾滋病诊疗医务人员具有一定的艾滋病传播及预防基本知识,但缺乏艾滋病的专业知识和正确的、一致的艾滋病防治观和行为观。应加大艾滋病专业知识的普及和注重理性态度及行为的培养。     

Home health care workers' attitudes toward the elderly

This study examined home health care workers' attitudes toward the elderly and their elderly clients. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 106 home health care workers in South Central Florida in October 1994, using the Attitudes Toward the Elderly Questionnaire (ATE). Estimated internal consistency reliability of the scale was .60, using Cronbach's alpha. Findings suggest that home health care workers have positive attitudes toward the elderly, their elderly clients, and provide a reasonable level of service for them. Also, findings suggest that overall the attitudes and perceptions among urban and rural home health care workers are similar.     

云南边境少数民族艾滋病低流行地区预防保健工作者相关知识、态度及需求

目的了解云南边境少数民族艾滋病低流行地区预防保健工作者艾滋病知识、态度、开展宣传教育的困难及对艾滋病知识和信息的需求.方法选择怒江傈僳族自治州福贡县全体预防保健工作者作为调查对象,进行问卷调查及个人访谈,并对问卷进行统计分析.结果预防保健工作者对艾滋病传播知识掌握较好,但对艾滋病深入一点的专业知识知晓率却很低,问卷平均得分为56.71,知识知晓状况与是否参加过培训相关.结论应加强边境少数民族艾滋病低流行区预防保健工作者艾滋病的教育,传授宣传教育的技能.