结肠癌肝转移物理消融治疗的新进展

物理消融治疗是一种局部治疗，它可以有效地原位破坏结肠癌肝转移病灶，同时保留周围正常肝组织。与手术相比，消融治疗创伤较小、易于开展且可以重复。对于不能切除的结肠癌肝转移患者有较好的局部控制，对于肝功能较差或存在严重合并症的患者可以作为替代治疗。它可以人为地增大手术切缘，增加手术切除率。当结合肝切除时可以清除肝多发病灶和外科手术不能切除的病灶。消融治疗的主要限制在于局部复发和治疗相关并发症，将其作为多学科治疗的一部分可以提高治疗效果。      

新辅助治疗在局部晚期乳腺癌中的应用

目的：探讨新辅助治疗在局部晚期乳腺癌治疗中的应用。方法：回顾性分析36例局部晚期乳腺癌患者进行新辅助治疗的临床资料：结果：36例患者中29例(80％)经新辅助治疗后病情缓解，可以手术。其中27例由化疗获得，2例由内分泌治疗获得。结论：大多数局部晚期乳腺癌患者可以在1—2个疗程的新辅助治疗后病情缓解，便于手术治疗，从而改善预后。     

放疗联合肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗肝癌的研究进展

对于不能手术的原发性肝癌患者，放射治疗配合肝动脉栓塞化疗（TACE）的疗效明显好于单纯放疗或单纯化疗，治疗并发症的发生率和程度可以接受，大多数患者可以耐受。放疗配合动脉栓塞化疗是治疗不能手术的原发性肝癌患者的非常有发展前途的治疗方法。现综述这二种治疗方法的技术特点、疗效和协同作用研究的现状及最新进展。     

该不该“放弃治疗”？

那些患者一发现就出现颅脑转移、骨转移及全身多处转移的晚期患者，也可以通过各种治疗手段减轻患者的痛苦，改善患者的生活质量。近年来，肺癌治疗无论在手术、放疗、药物治疗上都有很多很长足的进步。     

癌症治疗过程中心理干预的研究进展

癌症患者存在各种心理问题，在癌症治疗过程中的各种心理干预治疗，可以使癌症患者保持正常的心理状态，增强应激能力，提高免疫功能，改善生存质量。     

前列腺癌骨骼转移的治疗策略

前列腺癌是骨转移肿瘤最常见的原发肿瘤。骨转移也是前列腺癌患者致死的主要原因之一，由于前列腺癌患者骨转移治疗后仍有较长的生存时间，合理选择治疗手段不仅可以改善患者生存质量，同时提高临床疗效。本文从骨转移发生的机理，可能性，治疗前临床评估，目前采用治疗手段的优劣等方面剖析了前列腺癌骨转移患者治疗策略的制定，对临床的治疗方法的选择有一定的参考价值。     

进展期乳腺癌诊疗优化和ABC1指南部分解读

在威胁女性健康的肿瘤中乳腺癌排名首位，其发病率高，发病的中位年龄多在50岁左右，严重影响患者的家庭生活。乳腺癌治疗手段较多，并且均有一定的疗效，所以部分患者可以维持较长的生存期。乳腺癌复发转移之后，虽然不能治愈，但仍可治疗，而且由于发现的新药疗效显著，使进展期乳腺癌（advancedbreastcancer，ABC）患者的中位生存期达2～3年，但部分患者可以生存很长时间，有的可以超过5年或更长。     

建设规范化放疗营养示范病房的必要性和意义

放疗是肿瘤综合治疗最重要的手段之一。营养不良是肿瘤放疗患者最常见的合并症之一，可以降低患者的放疗 疗效，增加放疗不良反应等。因此，开展规范化的营养治疗对肿瘤放疗患者的治疗和预后具有重要积极意义。近年来，越来越 多的放疗营养学者开始关注并对如何开展肿瘤放疗患者的营养治疗进行了探索，逐渐取得了理论成果和实践的经验。肿瘤放 疗患者一线营养治疗的理念已经逐渐被放疗医师接受，但是不同地区、不同医院、不同医师营养治疗开展的水平参差不齐，部 分地区和人员营养治疗的落实还存在较多问题。另外，放疗患者由于住院周期长、病情变化快、病程中和病程后可能出现急慢 性放疗不良反应等的特殊性，其营养治疗的具体策略和方法与其他肿瘤患者既具有一定共通性，但又具有自己本身的特点。 因此，有必要建立规范化放疗营养示范病房，以对区域内其他放疗病房的规范化营养治疗起到示范、引导作用，以点带面，必然 可以有效防治肿瘤放疗患者营养不良，推动营养治疗的真正落地，提升肿瘤治疗水平，维护患者医疗安全，提高患者生活质量， 节约医疗费用，让患者真正获益。     

化疗相关周围神经病变诊治的研究进展

摘 要：化疗相关周围神经病变（chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy，CIPN）是肿瘤患者中常见的一种治疗相关毒副作用，多种化疗药物与之相关。患者通常出现手脚麻木、疼痛的症状，严重降低生活质量。由于CIPN发病机制不明，缺乏诊断评估手段和预防治疗策略，困扰了众多临床医师和患者。近年来相关研究表明，临床上可以识别CIPN高危患者以进行预防，诊断和评估需要联合患者的病史、症状体征以及神经电生理进行综合考量，除降低化疗药物剂量和（或）延长用药间隔外，度洛西丁可以缓解疼痛症状；一些物理治疗策略，如冷冻治疗、加压治疗、针灸等取得了一些有意义的结果；中医也凸显了一定优势，为临床治疗决策提供了更多选择。     

乳腺癌患者辅助内分泌治疗依从性研究进展

激素受体阳性乳腺癌患者辅助内分泌治疗的价值，已被多项大型临床研究所证实。其可以减少复发转移风险，降低患者的病死率。为达到治疗目的，患者需长期服药，疗程一般在5～10年，因此患者的依从性非常重要。与化疗相比，     

Multicenter clinical trial of mitoxantrone in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease

In this phase II multicenter trial, the efficacy and safety of mitoxantrone (Novantrone; Lederle Laboratories, Wayne, NJ) were evaluated in the treatment of 206 patients with relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) or Hodgkin's disease (HD) previously treated with other agents. Sixty-nine percent of the patients had received prior therapy with doxorubicin. The patients received 14 mg/m2 of mitoxantrone every 3 weeks. Nineteen (12%) of the NHL patients and two (7%) of the HD patients had complete responses (CRs). The combined CR and partial response (PR) rates were 37% (60 of 163) for NHL patients and 36% (10 of 28) for HD patients; the median duration of response was 323 days for NHL patients and 209 days for HD patients. The median survival times were 337 days for patients with NHL and 469 days for patients with HD. The median survival time for patients with low-grade NHL was 589 days compared with 298 days for patients with intermediate-grade NHL and 167 days for patients with high-grade NHL. The median time to treatment failure was 73 days for NHL patients and 98 days for HD patients. The major toxicity was myelosuppression, which was moderate and reversible. Nausea, vomiting, and alopecia were mild. There were two cases of congestive heart failure (CHF) considered related to treatment; both patients had received prior treatment with doxorubicin. In this group of heavily pretreated patients, mitoxantrone was effective and well tolerated. Responses were seen with mitoxantrone in patients who had relapsed after prior therapy with doxorubicin and in patients who had failed to respond to prior therapy with doxorubicin. Mitoxantrone should be evaluated in less heavily pretreated patients and should be considered for incorporation into combination chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of malignant lymphoma.     

Sinonasal malignancies with neuroendocrine differentiation: patterns of failure according to histologic phenotype

BACKGROUND: Sinonasal neuroendocrine tumors are rare malignancies that are represented by a spectrum of histologies, including esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB), sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC), neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), and small cell carcinoma (SmCC). The authors reviewed their institutional experience to determine whether sinonasal neuroendocrine tumors of different histologies have distinct clinical characteristics that warrant individualized treatment approaches. METHODS: The authors treated 72 adults with pathologically proven, nonmetastatic, primary sinonasal neuroendocrine tumors from 1982 to 2002. There were 31 patients with ENB, 16 patients with SNUC, 18 patients with NEC, and 7 patients with SmCC. Patients with ENB usually were treated with local therapy alone (surgery and/or radiotherapy); only 3 of 31 patients (9.7%) received treatment (radiation) to regional lymphatics, and only 5 of 31 patients (16.1%) received chemotherapy. In contrast, patients with non-ENB histologies usually received chemotherapy (10 of 16 patients with SNUC, 12 of 18 patients with NEC, and 5 of 7 patients with SmCC), and nonsurgical locoregional therapy was used more frequently (6 of 16 patients with SNUC, 4 of 18 patients with NEC, and 5 of 7 patients with SmCC). RESULTS: The median follow-up for surviving patients was 81.5 months (range, 6-266 months). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of overall survival at 5 years was 93.1% for patients with ENB, 62.5% for patients with SNUC, 64.2% for patients with NEC, and 28.6% for patients with SmCC (P = 0.0029; log-rank test). The local control rate at 5 years also was superior for patients who had ENB (96.2%) compared with patients who had SNUC (78.6%), NEC (72.6%), or SmCC (66.7%) (P = 0.04). The regional failure (RF) rate at 5 years was 8.7% for patients with ENB, 15.6% for patients with SNUC, 12.9% for patients with NEC, and 44.4% for patients with SmCC. Additional late events increased the RF rate for patients with ENB to 31.9% at 10 years. The distant metastasis rate at 5 years was 0.0% for patients with ENB, 25.4% for patients with SNUC, 14.1% for patients with NEC, and 75.0% for patients with SmCC. CONCLUSIONS: This spectrum of malignancies with neuroendocrine features shares a common site of origin within the head and neck, but their natural histories appear to diverge into two main groups: ENB and non-ENB. Patients with ENB had excellent local and distant control rates with local therapy alone. Given the higher rates of systemic failure for patients with SNUC, NEC, and SmCC, the authors favor the use of combined-modality therapy for these patients.     

Patterns of recurrence and outcome for patients with clinical stage II non-small-cell lung cancer

Forty-six patients with pathologic clinical stage II non-small-cell lung carcinoma underwent resection with or without adjuvant radiotherapy from 1989 through 1994. These patients were analyzed to determine patterns of recurrence and survival. Surgery consisted of pneumonectomy for 11 patients, bilobectomy for two patients, lobectomy for 29 patients, and wedge or segmental resection for four patients. Adjuvant radiotherapy was delivered to 29 patients, and the median total dose was 54 Gy (range, 44-60 Gy). Median follow-up time was 23 months for all patients and 25 months for surviving patients. Twenty-six of 46 patients have had recurrence. The site of first recurrence was locoregional for 9 of 46 patients (20%) and distant for 17 of 46 patients (37%). The median time to locoregional recurrence was 18 months for patients treated with radiotherapy and 13 months for patients treated without radiotherapy. An isolated locoregional recurrence (with no simultaneous distant recurrence) was seen in 2 of 28 evaluable patients (7%) treated with radiotherapy compared with 3 of 17 patients (18%) not treated with radiotherapy. For all patients, the 3-year disease-free survival rate was 52%, and the overall survival rate was 52%. Among patients treated with radiotherapy, the 3-year disease-free survival and overall survival rates were 56% and 56%, respectively, compared with 46% and 43%, respectively, for patients who did not receive radiotherapy (p values were not significant). The locoregional recurrence rate was 33% for patients with adenocarcinoma and 15% for those with squamous cell carcinoma. The distant recurrence rates by histologic characteristic were 56% and 20%, respectively. For patients with clinical stage II non-small-cell lung cancer, postoperative radiotherapy appears to improve locoregional control. However, the preponderance of recurrences remains distant. Further study is warranted with special emphasis on control of systemic disease.     

Experience with the surgical treatment of adrenal cortical carcinoma.

We report on a series of 20 consecutive patients (10 males, 10 females) with adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) who were treated by surgery between 1987 and 2001. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome and the role of surgery in the management of this tumour. RESULT: One patient was at stage I, five patients at stage II, five patients at stage III and nine patients at stage IV of disease. Ten patients suffered from a functioning tumour, whilst ten patients revealed non-functioning tumours. In all patients a transabdominal approach was performed for the complete resection of the tumour, adjacent organs or metastases. The medium survival after surgical resection, calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, was 45 months for the overall group, 65 months for patients at stage I or II, 38 months for patients at stage III and 19 months for patients at stage IV of disease. The 5-year survival rate for all patients was 23%, for patients at stage I or II 33%, for patients at stage III 20%, and for patients at stage IV around zero. CONCLUSION: Radical surgery with a complete resection of the tumour, adjacent organs, solitary metastases and loco-regional recurrence wherever possible improves survival, even at advanced stages of disease.     

Home hospice care for the urological cancer patients

In order to clarify the clinical characteristics along with practical care of home hospice care for urological cancer patients, we analyzed 62 terminal ill urological cancer patients who died at home, and these patients were compared with 737 non-urological cancer patients in the period from July 2003 through June 2010. There was a tendency to have a longer homecare period for urological terminal cancer patients. However, no significant statistical differences in age, gender and a frequency of home death were observed among the urological and non-urological cancer patients. The frequency of medical treatments for urological cancer patients, such as home oxygen therapy, management of nephrostomy and a placement of indwelling bladder catheter, was much higher for the urological cancer patients. On the other hand, there was no big difference for consumption of strong opioid usage among the urological and non-urological cancer patients. In conclusion, although ordinary medical treatments for urological cancer patients showed no significant differences compared with non-urological cancer patients, professional special assistance such as a change of the nephrostomy catheter were required for urological cancer patients.     

皮肤恶性黑素瘤的外科治疗

目的:探讨皮肤恶性黑素瘤的外科治疗方式.方法:回顾性分析2007年10月—2011年12月共93例皮肤恶性黑素瘤患者的临床资料、外科手术方式和预后.按照美国癌症联合委员会(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)外科分期标准: ⅠA期1例, Ⅰ B期2例,Ⅱ A期8例,Ⅱ B期9例,Ⅱ C期20例,Ⅲ A期18例,Ⅲ B期17例,Ⅲ C期16例,Ⅳ期2例;外科手术方式:广泛切除术26例,广泛切除术十游离植皮或转移皮瓣重建术7例,截指(趾)8例,髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫术32例,腋窝淋巴结清扫术3例,广泛切除术十一期髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫术15例,广泛切除术十一期腋窝淋巴结清扫术2例;术后辅助化疗53例,干扰素或白细胞介素治疗78例.对77例患者进行了随访,平均随访时间为20 (2～50)个月.结果:Ⅰ期3例患者均存活;Ⅱ期获随访的28例患者中,8例于术后12个月时出现腹股沟淋巴结转移,2例于术后18个月时出现骨转移,6例于术后36个月时出现皮内转移;Ⅲ期获随访的44例患者中,11例于随访期间死于肺转移,5例死于肝转移;Ⅳ期2例患者中,1例于术后12个月时因肺转移而死亡,1例于术后11个月时因肝转移而死亡.随访期间,77例患者中的43例患者为无进展生存.结论:早期发现以及早期手术治疗皮肤恶性黑素瘤可以获得较好的疾病控制率,规范化的区域淋巴结清扫术是控制疾病进展的重要手段,术后辅助治疗可使生存获益.     

Does stereotactic eligibility for the treatment of glioblastoma cause selection bias in randomized studies?

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential selection bias using stereotactic eligibility as a criteria for participation in studies of glioblastoma multiforme. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 90-06 comparing 60 Gy in 30 fractions with BCNU and 72 Gy in 60 fractions with BCNU was analyzed based on eligibility criteria used to enter patients on RTOG 93-05 using a stereotactic boost for patients with glioblastoma. Five hundred nine patients with histopathologically confirmed glioblastoma multiforme were analyzed; of these, 137 met criteria for 93-05 and 372 did not. Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) was used to evaluate for differences. The RPA distribution in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)-eligible and -ineligible patients was similar. The median survival for RPA class 3 SRS-eligible patients was 1.4 years and -ineligible patients 1.4 years. For RPA class 4, the median survival was 1.0 years for eligible patients and 0.9 years for ineligible patients (P = 0.0421). For class 5 patients, the median survival was 8.3 months versus 7.2 months (P = 0.09). RPA class 6 patients had a median survival of 1.7 months versus 2.7 months for ineligible patients (P = 0.199). By analyzing previously randomized patients in a study not using a stereotactic boost, there does not appear to be a survival benefit for those patients who fit the criteria for consideration of a stereotactic boost in patients with glioblastoma multiforme.     

5-Fluorouracil, 4-epidoxorubicin, and mitomycin C (FEM) combination chemotherapy for advanced gastric carcinoma. A phase-II trial by the "chemotherapiegruppe gastrointestinaler tumoren (CGT)"

In a phase-II-trial 40 patients with advanced gastric cancer were treated with 5-fluorouracil, 4-epidoxorubicin, mitomycin C (FEM) combination therapy. Twenty-five out of 30 patients with measurable disease were evaluable for response after 8 weeks of treatment. Seven patients achieved a partial remission (PR), suggesting a response rate of 28%. Ten patients had no change (NC) and 8 patients showed progression (P). The median time to progression for patients with PR was 7.2 months and for patients with NC 6.3 months. Median survival time for all patients was 5.3 months, for patients with PR and NC 9.9 months. WHO grade 3 toxicity appeared in 3% (WBC and nausea/vomiting) and 15% (alopecia) of patients. The data suggest that this regimen is not more active, but is better tolerated than the original FAM schedule. Therefore it seems suitable for out-patient treatment, for elderly patients and for those who cannot be treated by more aggressive drugs.     

The clinical use of staging bone scan in patients with breast carcinoma: reevaluation by the 2003 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system

BACKGROUND: Using the new 2003 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system, the authors evaluated the usefulness of the staging bone scan in patients with primary breast carcinoma. METHODS: The authors examined 1939 patients with primary breast carcinoma for staging bone scan who were treated at a single institution. Pathologic stage was assigned retrospectively according to the 1988 and the 2003 AJCC staging systems. RESULTS: Bone metastasis rates were 0.7% (4 of 586) for patients with Stage I disease, 0.7% (5 of 699) for patients with Stage IIA disease, 2.1% (10 of 479) for patients with Stage IIB disease, 4.5% (7 of 154) for patients with Stage IIIA disease, and 10.5% (2 of 19) for patients with Stage IIIB disease according to the 1988 AJCC staging system. The authors found a significant difference in the bone metastasis rate between patients with Stages IIA and IIB disease in the 1988 staging system (P = 0.039). Reevaluating the patients by the 2003 system resulted in significant upstaging, especially for patients with Stage II/III disease. According to the 2003 staging system, bone metastasis rates were 0.7% (4 of 586) for patients with Stage I disease, 0.6% (4 of 648) for patients with Stage IIA disease, 0.6% (2 of 310) for patients with Stage IIB disease, 4.0% (9 of 225) for patients with Stage IIIA disease, 16.7% (2 of 12) for patients with Stage IIIB disease, and 4.4% (7 of 158) for patients with Stage IIIC disease. It was noteworthy that there was a significant difference between Stages IIB and IIIA in the 2003 staging system (P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: Stage reclassification using the new AJCC staging system resulted in upstaging of high-risk patients, as well as a significant decrease in the bone metastasis rate in patients with Stage IIB breast carcinoma. Considering the cost-effectiveness of staging bone scan, the data suggested that it was of little value for patients with Stage I and II breast carcinoma, but was highly recommended for patients with worse than Stage III disease by the new 2003 staging system.     

Clonal cytogenetic abnormalities in bone marrow specimens without clear morphologic evidence of dysplasia: a form fruste of myelodysplasia?

Cytogenetic abnormalities suggestive of a myeloid disorder are occasionally observed in the bone marrow (BM) cells of patients with morphologically and immunohistochemically unremarkable marrow aspirates and biopsies. Between 1994 and 2000, 55 such patients were seen at our institution (34 men; median age of 66 years). The indications for BM sampling included unexplained cytopenias (31 patients), staging or follow-up of a lymphoproliferative disorder or a plasma cell dyscrasia (18 patients), or another miscellaneous reason (6 patients). Specific cytogenetic abnormalities included a 20q deletion or monosomy 20 (10 patients), a chromosome 7 deletion (8 patients), +8 (5 patients), del(5q) or a 5q translocation (4 patients), and del(13q) (2 patients). Eleven patients had a complex karyotype. As of January 2002, 23 of the 55 patients were dead; median follow-up for living patients is 20 months. Of the 23 dead patients, 1 died of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and 6 of complications related to cytopenias. This study provides support for obtaining cytogenetic studies in patients with unexplained cytopenias if a morphologic explanation for the cytopenias is lacking. Continued follow-up of this heterogeneous cohort and further studies of similar patients will more clearly define the disease processes and prognosis for this constellation of laboratory findings.