直肠癌Miles术后局部复发的CT表现

目的：探讨CT在直肠癌行腹会阴联合直肠切除术后局部复发的早期诊断及其与术后肉芽肿、纤维化的鉴别。资料与方法：选择32例经随访、手术或穿刺证实直肠癌局部复发的CT表现进行分析，并与15例术后正常改变作比较。结果：32例局部复发病例表现：骶前和／或会阴部均见结节或肿块，除3例外，25例骶前肿块呈不对称性分布，增强后大部肿块有明显均匀或不均匀强化，肿块累及邻近肌肉、器官有23例，其他表现有骶骨侵犯、盆壁淋巴结肿大或有远处转移。15例术后无复发病例CT表现：12例见骶前斑片、索条状阴影，3例见软组织块影，左右对称或呈均匀分布，无会阴部肿块，无肌肉或邻近器官侵犯。结论：CT可以较早期检出直肠癌术后局部复发，以及与术后肉芽肿及纤维化的鉴别。     

直肠癌术后局部复发的CT诊断

目的：探讨CT在直肠癌行腹会阴联合直肠切除术后局部复发的早期诊断及其术后肉芽肿、纤维化的鉴别。资料与方法：选择20例经随访、手术或穿刺证实直肠癌局部复发的CT、表现进行分析。并与10例术后正常改变作比较。结果：20例局部复发病例表现：骶前或含阴部均见结节或肿块，除2例外，15俐骶前肿块呈不刘。柞分布，增强后大部肿块有明显均匀或不均匀强化，肿块累及邻近肌肉、器官有10例，其他表现有骶骨侵犯，盆壁淋巴结肿大或有远处转移。10例术后无复发病例CT表现：8例见骶前斑片、索条状阴影、2例见软组织块影，左右对称或呈均匀分布，无邻近组织器官侵犯。结论：CT可以对直肠癌术后局部复发作出早期诊断，以及与术后肉芽肿及纤维化作鉴别。     

髂内动脉化疗栓塞联合经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗晚期膀胱癌17例

目的评价经髂内动脉灌注化疗并栓塞治疗后联合经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除治疗晚期膀胱癌的疗效。方法对17例经CT检查及膀胱镜下肿块活检病理证实为肌层浸润的晚期膀胱移行细胞癌的患者,采用行经皮穿刺股动脉插管,用选择性插管技术经髂内动脉灌注化疗栓塞后再行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切治疗膀胱癌17例。结果 17例晚期膀胱癌患者行经髂内动脉化疗栓塞治疗后,14例肿瘤体积有不同程度的缩小,3例术后肿块无明显改变,但血尿症状有明显减轻。17例患者均行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切治疗,术后存活10～62(平均43.5)个月。结论对于老年晚期膀胱癌患者,可选择采用髂内动脉化疗栓塞治疗能缩小肿瘤体积,明显减少围手术期出血,结合经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术,能延长患者的生存时间,改善其生活质量,可以最大限度保留膀胱功能,并发症较少,是一种安全有效的姑息性治疗方法。     

胃肠道间质细胞瘤CT表现

目的：描述胃肠道间质细胞瘤的CT表现，复习相关文献，探讨CT在肿瘤的良恶性鉴别及术后追踪中的作用。方法：回顾性复习10例经病理学及免疫组化证实的胃肠道间质细胞瘤患者的临床资料和CT表现，其中5例还行术后CT随访。结果：肿瘤6例起源于小肠，其中1例伴有结肠病变，2例源于胃，2例源于小肠系膜。CT平扫大多数为密度不均匀的类圆形软组织肿块，肿块中心见液化坏死区，3例密度均匀，平均径线为86．7mm。所有病变均未见钙化和出血征象。1例多发；较大2个病灶分别位于回肠和结肠。1例肿块与左侧腰大肌分界不清，腰大肌肿大。8例增强均表现为轻、中度不均匀外周强化。2例可见远处转移灶，1例伴肝多发性转移，1例见左肺孤立持移灶和脑多发转移灶。5例术后追踪CT检查中2例见肿瘤局部复发，3例见肝多发转移。结论：尽管胃肠道间质细胞瘤CT表现无特异性，但CT对病变的定位，良恶性鉴别及术后追踪观察有一定的价值。     

PET/CT显像在探测卵巢癌术后复发、转移中的应用

目的探讨PET／CT在探测和诊断卵巢癌术后复发、转移中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析54例卵巢癌术后患者全身或局部PET／CT显像结果。临床随访时间3～20个月。确诊依据为手术病理检查、多种影像学检查和临床随诊。结果54例中41例有肿瘤复发、转移，13例无肿瘤复发。PET／CT诊断肿瘤复发、转移的灵敏度为90．2％，特异性为84．6％。与PET／CT显像前的CT、B超检查结果比较，9例腹腔及盆腔常规CT和（或）B超检查阴性者，PET／CT显像于腹腔及盆腔发现1处或多处隐匿性恶性肿瘤病灶，31．7％的患者PET／CT显像发现多处病灶且提示肿瘤广泛转移，从而改变临床分期和治疗方案。转移灶的分布以腹腔和盆腔为主，远处转移较少。19例患者糖类抗原（CA）125升高，PET／CT显像阳性率为89．4％。结论PET／CT显像能灵敏、准确地检出卵巢癌术后复发和转移病灶，使分期更准确、更全面。     

椎旁原始神经外胚层瘤CT和MRI诊断

目的:研究椎旁外周性原始神经外胚层瘤(pPNET)的CT及MR表现,提高对该病的认识。方法:报道5例经手术病理证实的pPNET的临床、CT、MRI及组织学所见,并复习相关文献。结果:5例均见单侧椎旁肿块,累及椎管内硬膜外,肋骨骨质侵蚀,胸髓受压变形;CT显示肿块形态不规则、密度均匀;MRI示T1WI肿块信号均匀、略高于邻近骨骼肌信号,T2WI呈不均匀高信号,增强后肿块明显均匀强化。术后MRI显示局部肿块复发和胸腔积液,CT发现肺部、纵隔多发转移结节。结论:pPNET为少见的起源于胸壁、椎旁的恶性肿瘤,其CT、MRI表现无特征性,但可明确肿瘤的范围、进行手术切除可能性评估及治疗后随访。CT易显示肋骨、椎体骨质破坏、肺部小转移灶,MRI则可显示胸壁受累、胸髓受压变形的程度和范围等。     

骨巨细胞瘤复发的影像学表现及影响因素

目的:探讨骨巨细胞瘤术后复发的影像学表现及影响因素。方法:搜集本院收治的骨巨细胞瘤术后复发病例37例,其中男18例,女19例,年龄17~50岁,复发平均时间间隔为22个月(范围3个月~14年)。回顾性分析所有局部复发病例的临床资料及影像学检查(包括X线平片、CT及MRI)、病灶解剖部位、第一次手术方法等相关影响因数。所有病例摄X线正侧位片及CT检查,19例行MRI检查。结果:骨巨细胞瘤术后复发的影像学表现主要有移植骨吸收、病灶填充骨水泥周围溶骨破坏及病灶周围软组织肿块。X线、CT及MRI等影像学检查能先于临床症状检出复发,CT、MRI增强检查可鉴别肿瘤复发和手术疤痕。骨巨细胞瘤术后复发率与手术方法、病灶部位有一定关系,与肿瘤的病理分级无明显相关。结论:结合X线平片、CT、MRI等影像检查可对骨巨细胞瘤复发及早做出诊断;影像学检查在骨巨细胞瘤术后随访复查中有重要作用。     

浸润性膀胱癌48例钬激光综合治疗疗效分析

目的 探讨肌层浸润性膀胱癌保留膀胱手术即钬激光肿瘤汽化剜除术＋膀胱内灌注化疗治疗的临床疗效。方法对2006年4月~2010年6月经尿道膀胱肿瘤钬激光剜除术后确诊为肌层浸润性膀胱癌（T2N0M0）并保留膀胱的48例患者,术后给予膀胱灌注化疗并进行回顾性分析。结果48例患者均获得随访,随访时间36个月,平均32.0个月。46例患者无复发及转移。2例术后复发。复发患者均行全膀胱切除术,无死亡病例。无明显并发症。结论对采用钬激光剜除术保留膀胱手术的肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者,术后采用膀胱内灌注化疗的治疗方法,能有效减少肿瘤复发,提高患者的生活质量。     

^99Tc^m-HL91乏氧显像在恶性肿瘤治疗后随访中的应用

目的评价^99Tc^m-4,9-二氮-3,3,10,10-四甲基十二烷-2,11-二酮肟（HL91）乏氧显像在恶性肿瘤治疗后随访中的价值。方法37例胸部和头颈部恶性肿瘤患者在治疗结束后3—12个月的临床随访中,CT检查怀疑肿瘤残余、复发或转移,再行^99Tc^m-HL91乏氧显像。目测定性分析,判定乏氧显像阳性病例,再用感兴趣区（ROI）技术对阳性病例进行半定量分析,计算肿瘤部位（T）与对侧相应部位或头皮（NT）的放射性比值（T／NT）,并采用成组设计两样本均数t检验进行比较。以鼻咽内镜检查、病理活组织检查结果和12个月的临床随访资料作为判断肿瘤残余、复发或转移的依据,计算^99Tc^m-HL91显像和cT的诊断效能。结果37例患者中,无肿瘤局部残余或复发病灶者19例,存在肿瘤局部残余或复发病灶者11例,有远处转移病灶者7例。（1）无肿瘤局部残余或复发组与肿瘤局部残余或复发组的T／NT比值分别为1．18±0．14和1．58±0．16,两者差异有统计学意义（t=4．87,P〈0．001）。（2）^99Tc^m-HL91显像监测肿瘤局部残余或复发的灵敏度72．73％（8／11）,特异性89．47％（17／19）,准确性83．33％（25／30）;CT监测肿瘤局部残余或复发的灵敏度63．64％（7／11）,特异性84．21％（16／19）,准确性76．67％（23／30）。^99Tc^m-HL91显像与CT结果一致的有21例患者,^99Tc^m-HL91显像与CT联合监测此21例肿瘤残余或复发的灵敏度4／4,特异性94．12％（16／17）,准确性95．24％（20／21）。（3）7例转移患者,^99Tc^m-HL91显像阳性4例,CT均阳性。结论^99Tc^m-HL91乏氧显像对恶性肿瘤治疗后局部残余、复发或转移灶的鉴别有一定价值,与CT联合可有效提高对恶性肿瘤治疗后局部残余、复发或转移灶的早期诊断效能。     

卵巢纯颗粒细胞瘤的CT诊断、分期与随访

卵巢纯颗粒细胞瘤(pure granulosa cell tumor)15例均经组织学与免疫学证实。随诊时间1～33年,平均10年。15例中FIGO分期Ⅰ期8例,Ⅱ期4例,Ⅲ期3例。初诊CT典型表现为边缘清楚、低密度、大径线的软组织肿块,病理可见实性肿瘤内多发出血性囊变。术后复发13例,平均复发时间为5.4年,表现为盆腔内低密度、边界清楚的肿块,伴腹腔转移7例,9例同时有盆腔和/或腹腔淋巴结肿大,2例伴腹壁转移,出现腹水3例。其中1期复发病人治疗后病变均     

Evaluation of FDG uptake by renal malignancies (primary tumor or metastases) using a coincidence detection gamma camera.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of FDG scanning using an ordinary gamma camera equipped with coincidence detection (CDET) for 2 renal cancer indications: characterization and staging of renal masses before nephrectomy and search for recurrence after nephrectomy. METHODS: Between September 1997 and June 1998, a whole-body scan and at least 1 tomoscintigram were obtained on 23 occasions in 22 patients (fasting for at least 6 h) using a Prism XP 2000 CDET gamma camera; scanning was begun 45 min after intravenous injection of 150-250 MBq FDG. RESULTS: Postoperative histologic evidence was obtained from 13 of 16 patients who underwent FDG using a CDET gamma camera before renal surgery; 4 renal masses did not accumulate FDG (3 true-negatives, 1 false-negative), whereas 9 renal tumors accumulated FDG (8 true-positives, 1 false-positive). In the other 3 patients, only 1 extrarenal site of FDG uptake was checked and confirmed on histologic examination: a bone metastasis from renal cell carcinoma in 2 cases and lymph node metastasis from a squamous cell carcinoma (3 true-positives). The primary local and regional staging of the malignant renal tumors was accurate in the 9 patients who underwent nephrectomy (8 true-negatives, 1 true-positive). The primary distant staging was positive in 1 case (focus in the chest corresponding to a probable true-positive on follow-up). In the 7 examinations performed because of suspected recurrence of renal cell carcinoma several months after nephrectomy, metastases were visualized by FDG in 4 patients, confirmed by biopsy in 2 patients, and confirmed by conventional imaging or follow-up (or both) in 2 patients. The other 3 patients had negative FDG scans, corresponding to probable true-negative results on follow-up. CONCLUSION: FDG using a CDET gamma camera can be used effectively for the staging and restaging of renal tumors and might be useful for characterization of the primary renal tumor in doubtful cases.     

非小细胞肺癌患者体部伽玛刀治疗后局部复发的多因素分析

目的 分析非小细胞肺癌患者体部伽玛刀治疗后局部复发的影响因素,探讨规范化治疗方案.方法 332例非小细胞肺癌患者行体部伽玛刀治疗,并定期随访,对患者的性别、年龄、卡氏评分、临床分期、病理类型、肿瘤分化程度、肿瘤体积、肿瘤部位、靶区勾画、分次剂量、等效生物剂量、化疗方案等进行单因素分析(采用χ2检验或t检验),对单因素分析有意义的临床因素应用COX模型进行多因素分析.结果 在定期随访过程中,332例患者有22例出现局部复发.多因素分析结果显示年龄大、等效生物剂量低与局部复发有关.结论 非小细胞肺癌患者体部伽玛刀治疗的等效生物剂量低是导致局部复发的重要原因.行根治性治疗的患者局部宜给予大于80Gy的等效生物剂量.     

Bilateral synchronous renal cancer

Six cases of concurrent bilateral renal cancer are reported. These cases represented 3.7% of 163 renal cancers in our institute during the period 1965-1983. Five of the six cases were examined by CT. One earlier case received only selective renal arteriography. Three patients who had extrarenal metastases at the initial presentation showed poor prognoses and died within a year. The other three showed better prognoses. One had bilateral multiple renal cell cancer which was not associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease. One survived 4.5 years after unilateral nephrectomy and chemotherapy. One received unilateral total embolization combined with partial embolization of the contralateral kidney and is still well 1.5 years after initial diagnosis, without evidence of remote metastases. The smaller tumors of bilateral renal cancer were early in stage and were detected by CT. CT is thought to be the best method for detecting small asymptomatic tumors amenable to conservative surgery. Angiography is thought to be essential for the planning of embolization and partial nephrectomy. Although it is an interesting question whether each tumor has a multicentric origin or whether one is a metastasis of another, no criteria seem to exist which are completely satisfactory for making this distinction.     

飞行人员肾癌临床诊治及医学鉴定——附病例报告六例

目的探讨分析飞行人员肾癌临床诊治经验和医学鉴定方法。方法回顾分析2002年3月至2008年12月我院收治的6例空军现役飞行人员肾癌病例资料并复习相关文献。结果患者均为男性,年龄43-54岁,平均47．3岁;左肾癌4例,右肾癌2例,肿瘤直径1．8-5．2cm,平均3．6cm;5例于年度体榆行超声检查时发现,1例因出现腰腹部疼痛伴肉眼血尿,行影像学检查发现。6例患者术前均经超声、泌尿系平片（plainfilm of kidneys,ureter and bladder,KUB）＋静脉尿路造影（intravenous urography,IVU）、CT平扫及强化等系统检查明确诊断。肾癌临床分期均为TlNoMo,均行手术治疗。其中3例行根治性肾切除术,1例行保留肾单位手术,2例行后腹腔镜肾癌根治术。6例手术均获成功,术后恢复良好,术后病理提示均为肾透明细胞癌。3例患者鉴定飞行合格,1例尚处观察期,2例术后临近退休未再飞行。术后随访2-5年,肿瘤无复发和转移。结论对于飞行人员早期局限性肾癌,手术疗效好,可帮助飞行人员重返飞行岗位。     

Computed tomography of prostatic and bladder rhabdomyosarcomas

Rhabdomyosarcoma represents the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. The CT findings in five patients with pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma are reported. In the three male patients the primary tumor originated in the prostate gland whereas in the two female patients the bladder was the primary site. The CT findings in the prostatic tumors included an enlarged, inhomogeneous prostatic mass with invasion of the perirectal fat. In two of these patients there was thickening of the levator ani muscle and one showed tumor invasion through the ischiorectal fossa and sciatic and obturator foramina into the pelvic musculature and bone. In the two patients with bladder tumors, one showed a large mass adjacent to the lateral aspect of the bladder and ascites, suggesting an ovarian primary tumor. The other patient with sarcoma botryoides (a subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma) had a diffusely thickened bladder. Two patients have had a follow-up CT demonstrating tumor regression posttherapy. The characteristically large size of these masses and propensity for local invasion in a young patient are typical features of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma.     

CT引导下经皮穿刺氩氦刀靶向冷冻治疗肾癌

目的初步建立氩氦超导手术系统(简称氩氦刀)靶向冷冻治疗肾癌的技术和探讨其原理、安全性及近期疗效。方法7例肾癌患者采用氩氦刀,在CT引导下经皮穿刺对肿瘤病灶行冷冻治疗。结果7例患者冷冻治疗后未出现出血、皮肤冻伤、感染或穿刺道种植转移等严重并发症。7例在冷冻治疗后1个月,CT显示病灶区内出现低密度坏死区,5例肿瘤大小无改变,2例瘤体有不同程度缩小。结论CT引导经皮穿刺氩氦刀冷冻治疗肾癌是一种安全、有效、微创治疗,特别是对于不能行手术切除的肾癌病例。     

全身伽玛刀适形放疗非小细胞肺癌169例临床分析

目的 分析非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)全身伽玛刀适形放疗的疗效及并发症.方法 采用全身伽玛刀治疗的NSCLC 169例,根据病程、肿瘤部位、性质、体积确定放射总剂量、分割次数、时间.小靶区(肿瘤＜3cm),5～10Gy/次,40～50Gy/4～10次;中靶区(肿瘤3～5cm),4～8Gy/次,48～56Gy/4～16次;大靶区(肿瘤≥5cm),3～4Gy/次, 40Gy/10～14次后缩野,追加剂量10～30Gy.结果 完全缓解率(CR)41.6%,部分缓解率(PR)42.8%,无变化率(NC)13.8%,总有效率(CR PR)84.4%.1年局部控制率92.3%,1、2年生存率75.1%、46.2%,放射性肺炎发生率Ⅰ～Ⅱ级为15.4%,Ⅲ级为3.1%.结论 全身伽玛刀治疗NSCLC近期疗效好,副作用轻微,能显著提高肿瘤的局部控制率.     

前列腺横纹肌肉瘤的影像学表现分析(附3例报道并文献复习)

目的 探讨前列腺横纹肌肉瘤的影像学表现.资料与方法 回顾性分析3例前列腺横纹肌肉瘤患者的临床及影像学资料并作文献复习.结果 3例表现为前列腺明显增大,伴软组织肿块形成,CT和MR增强后均有明显强化,肿瘤内部有不规则坏死区.DSA造影可见新生肿瘤血管和明显的肿瘤染色征.对盆腔邻近组织、结构仅1例主要表现为膀胱受压,其余均表现为不同程度侵犯,膀胱和精囊腺是极易受侵犯的器官.1例发生肺和盆腔转移.结论 前列腺横纹肌肉瘤常见于青少年,CT和MR能显示前列腺肉瘤的表现以及对邻近结构的侵犯情况.     

Efficiency of [<Superscript>18</Superscript>F]FDG PET in characterising renal cancer and detecting distant metastases: a comparison with CT

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficiency of fluorine-18 fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in the characterisation and primary staging of suspicious renal masses, in comparison with computed tomography, the current standard imaging modality. Fifty-three FDG PET studies were performed within the framework of a prospective study: 35 for both characterisation and staging of a suspicious mass, and 18 for staging early after surgical removal of a renal cancer. In the characterisation of renal masses, a high rate of false negative results was observed, leading to a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 47%, 80% and 51% respectively, versus 97%, 0/5 and 83% respectively for CT. FDG PET detected all the sites of distant metastasis revealed by CT, as well as eight additional metastatic sites, leading to an accuracy of 94% versus 89% for CT. However, 36/53 patients (68%) did not have any distant metastasis on either CT or on PET. All but one of these patients had a low Fuhrman histological grade and a limited local stage (pT2). We conclude that FDG PET does not offer any advantage over CT for the characterisation of renal masses but that it appears to be an efficient tool for the detection of distant metastasis in renal cancer. However, our data suggest that a selection process could be implemented to determine which patients should undergo PET. FDG PET could be performed in the event of a solitary metastasis or doubtful images on CT. Selection could also be based on adverse histological findings from nephrectomy specimens in order to perform staging early after nephrectomy.     

18F-FDG PET/CT delayed images after diuretic for restaging invasive bladder cancer.

PET with (18)F-FDG has been considered of limited value for detection of bladder cancer because of the urinary excretion of the tracer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of PET/CT in the detection and restaging of bladder cancer using furosemide and oral hydration to remove the excreted (18)F-FDG from the bladder. METHODS: Seventeen patients with bladder cancer (11 without cystectomy, 6 with total cystectomy and urinary diversion) underwent (18)F-FDG PET/CT from head to the upper thighs 60 min after the intravenous injection of 370 MBq of (18)F-FDG. Additional pelvic images were acquired 1 h after the intravenous injection of furosemide and oral hydration. PET/CT findings were confirmed by MRI, cystoscopy, or biopsy. RESULTS: PET/CT was able to detect bladder lesions in 6 of 11 patients who had not undergone cystectomy. These images changed the PET/CT final reading in 7 patients: Recurrent bladder lesions were detected in 6 patients, pelvic lymph node metastases in 2 patients, and prostate metastasis in 1. This technique overcame the difficulties posed by the urinary excretion of (18)F-FDG. Hypermetabolic lesions could be easily detected by PET and precisely localized in the bladder wall, pelvic lymph nodes, or prostate by CT. Seven of 17 patients (41%) were upstaged only after delayed pelvic images. CONCLUSION: Detection of locally recurrent or residual bladder tumors can be dramatically improved using (18)F-FDG PET/CT with delayed images after a diuretic and oral hydration.