Diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough due to gastro-esophageal reflux disease and postnasal drip syndrome

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) and postnasal drip syndrome (PNDS) are common causes of chronic cough. In patients with normal chest radiographs, GERD most likely causes cough by an esophageal-bronchial reflex. When GERD causes cough, there may be no gastrointestinal symptoms up to 75% of the time. While 24-h esophageal pH monitoring is the most sensitive and specific test in linking GERD and cough in a cause and effect relationship, it has its limitations. There is no general agreement on how to best interpret the test and it cannot detect non-acid reflux events. While some patients improve with minimal medical therapy, others require intensive regimens. Surgery may be efficacious when intensive medical therapy has failed. Because there are no pathognomonic findings of PNDS, the diagnosis is inferential and is based upon a combination of clinical findings, the results of ancillary testing, and the response to specific therapy. Specific therapy depends upon the rhinosinus disease(s) causing the PND. A common error in managing PNDSs is to assume that all H(1)-antagonists are equally efficacious. The second-generation, relatively non-sedating H(1)-antagonists have been found to be less effective than the first-generation agents in treating cough due to non-histamine-mediated PNDSs.     

Chronic cough, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) causes chronic cough and triggers asthma. Mechanisms of reflux-associated chronic cough include micro- and macroaspiration, laryngeal injury, and a vagally mediated reflex. An empiric trial of a proton pump inhibitor in patients without other etiologies of cough found through diagnostic testing may be an effective diagnostic strategy for GERD-associated cough. In GERD-associated asthma, there is evidence of neurogenic inflammation. Medical or surgical therapy of GERD results in asthma symptom improvement in about 70% of patients. A 3-month empiric trial of omeprazole, 20 mg daily, followed by esophageal pH testing in drug nonresponders, is the most cost-effective way of diagnosing asthma triggered by GERD.     

The association of gastroesophageal reflux disease with asthma and chronic cough in the adult

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition which is particularly prevalent in patients with asthma and chronic cough. Physiologic changes caused by asthma and chronic cough promote acid reflux. GERD is also considered by many investigators as a factor contributing to airway inflammation. An etiological relationship between GERD and asthma/chronic cough and vice versa has been supported by a large number of experimental and clinical findings and refuted by others. Although further controlled studies are needed to clarify this relationship, GERD and asthma/chronic cough appear to be linked to each other. The association of GERD with asthma and chronic cough involves nerve reflexes, cytokines, inflammatory and neuroendocrine cells and, in some patients, tracheal aspiration of refluxing gastric fluids. GERD may present with typical symptoms but can also be asymptomatic. Sensitive methods for diagnosing GERD are available, which include esophageal pH monitoring, acid provocative tests, modified barium swallow and endoscopy. Consideration of the association of GERD with asthma and chronic cough is of practical value in the management of chronic cough or asthma resistant to treatment. Treatment of GERD in patients with asthma has been consistently shown to improve respiratory symptoms but not necessarily pulmonary function tests. Surgical treatment can be a useful and cost-effective approach in selected patients with asthma and GERD.     

感觉神经肽在鼻后滴漏综合征性咳嗽中的作用

目的探讨感觉神经肽在鼻后滴漏综合征(PNDs)性咳嗽患者中的作用。方法收集2004年3月至2005年9月就诊于暨南大学附属第一医院呼吸内科的PNDs性咳嗽患者23例和PNDs患者16例,采用放射免疫法测定诱导痰上清液P物质(SP)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)的质量浓度,另有8名健康成人为对照组。结果PNDs性咳嗽组SP(345.14±72.58)mg/L、CGRP(573.78±210.96)mg/L,与健康对照组[SP(168.14±56.97)mg/L、CGRP(227.69±70.84)mg/L]相比,差异具有显著性意义(P<0.01);与PNDs组[SP(270.98±36.25)mg/L、CGRP(362.13±73.67)mg/L]相比,差异亦具有显著性意义(P<0.05);PNDs组SP和CGRP亦高于对照组,差异具有显著性意义(P<0.05);PNDs性咳嗽组治疗后SP降至(261.09±37.04)mg/L、CGRP降至(335.73±55.07)mg/L,与治疗前相比,差异具有非常显著性意义(P<0.01),与对照组的差异也具有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论感觉神经肽参与了PNDs的发病过程,同时可能是PNDs引起慢性咳嗽的机制。     

Temporal correlation between chronic cough and gastroesophageal reflux disease

Reflux disease (GERD) and chronic cough often coexist, but a temporal correlation using the symptom association probability has not been reported. Our aim was to determine if a temporal correlation exists between cough and GERD. Sixty-one patients with chronic cough had esophageal pH monitoring with sensors 5 and 20 cm above the LES. The symptom (SI) and symptom sensitivity (SSI) indices and the symptom association probability (SAP) were used to test cough–reflux association. Pathological reflux was defined as the percentage of time pH <4 exceeded 4.2%. A significant temporal association between cough and distal reflux was made in 35% of patients by SAP compared with only 14.8% by SI and SSI alone (P < 0.002). Patients with pathologic reflux had a greater likelihood of a temporal symptom correlation (57.1%) when not on acid-blocking medications. In conclusion, a temporal association between cough and distal reflux exists in one third of patients, especially those with pathological reflux. The SAP is a more sensitive measure of temporal association than SI or SSI.     

胃食管反流病与慢性咳嗽的关系

胃食管反流病(GERD)临床表现分为食管症状和食管外症状,后者包括肺部症状(即哮喘、咳嗽、呼吸困难和支气管炎等)和耳鼻咽喉症状(即慢性咽喉炎、声嘶、声带结节、声带息肉和鼻窦炎等),易误诊.近年来国内外研究比较关注GERD对呼吸系统的损害及其诊治,此文就此作一综述.     

老年鼻后滴漏综合征所致慢性咳嗽患者的临床探讨

目的提高对老年鼻后滴漏综合征（PNDS）患者的重视,使老年PNDS患者也能够得到及时、针对性的治疗。方法对确诊的52例老年PNDS患者进行详细的临床分析。结果 82.7%（43/52）的老年PNDS患者需多次就医方能到正确诊断;80.8%（42/52）老年PNDS患者无明显的鼻后滴漏感;32.7%（17/52）患者没有明确的鼻炎,或鼻窦炎病史。结论老年PNDS患者临床症状不典型和临床医师对老年PNDS病认识不足是造成延误诊断的主要原因,鼻咽部专科检查和鼻窦X线检查是确诊老年PNDS重要手段。     

咳嗽变异型哮喘与胃食管反流的关系

目的许多研究发现支气管哮喘与胃食管反流有关，通过本文研究明确咳嗽变异型哮喘与胃食管反流的关系，并指导其治疗。方法将咳嗽变异型哮喘患者200例进行筛选，伴有胃食管反流108例，根据治疗方法分为对照组52例，实验组56例。结果两组比较，实验组缓解率大于对照组，差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论大约54％的咳嗽变异型哮喘伴有胃食管反流。抑酸及增加胃动力可以明显缩短缓解时间。     

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1定义鼻后滴漏综合征(PNDs)是指由于鼻部疾病引起泌物倒流至鼻后或咽喉部,或反流入声门及气管,导致咳嗽为主要表现的综合征[1]。除了咳嗽症状外,患者通述咽喉部有滴漏感、口咽黏液附着、频繁清嗓、咽部不或鼻痒、鼻塞、流涕、打喷嚏等[2]。通常发病前有上呼道疾病史。引起PNDs的常见疾病为慢性鼻炎(过敏性非过敏性)、慢性鼻窦炎。在鼻腔、鼻窦炎症性疾病时鼻及鼻窦黏膜具有同下呼吸道相似的炎症反应,它的感神经末梢含有气道刺激感觉神经、增加咳嗽反射敏感性产生咳嗽的神经肽和神经递质。鼻和鼻窦分泌物的流滴咽喉部或呼吸道,刺激此处咳…     

以慢性咳嗽为主要表现的胃食管反流病患者的食管功能及反流特点

目的 通过对以慢性咳嗽为主要表现的胃食管反流病(GERD)患者行高分辨食管内压力-阻抗联合测定(MII-HRM)及24h联合多通道腔内阻抗-pH( MII-pH)监测的结果分析,探讨此类患者食管运动功能及胃食管反流的特点.方法 选取2010年3-11月在首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院就诊的19例GERD伴慢性咳嗽患者为研究对象.应用MII-HRM及24 h MII-pH监测系统测定上食管括约肌(UES)和下食管括约肌压力、食管体部蠕动功能、对液体和黏液性物质的传输功能、立位及卧位酸及非酸反流的次数、近端反流的次数、酸暴露时间、酸清除时间以及食团清除时间.以同期仅表现为典型胃食管反流症状的17例GERD患者作为对照,比较两组间食管运动功能以及胃食管反流参数的差异.结果 与仅表现为典型胃食管反流症状的GERD患者相比,以慢性咳嗽为主要表现的GERD患者的UES静息压力明显更低[(122.55 ±60.48)mm Hg比(86.37±41.35) mm Hg(1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa),P＜0.05],食管体部异常蠕动的比例更高[(9.47±15.63)％比(22.16±17.45)％,P＜0.05],食管体部对液体物质传输能力减低[(88.82±12.23)％比(71.68±23.06)％,P＜0.05],卧位时酸及非酸反流次数及卧位近端非酸反流次数明显增多(P＜0.05),卧位食团清除时间延长(P＜0.05).结论 以慢性咳嗽为主要表现的GERD发病机制可能与单纯典型GERD不同,其与UES静息压力减低、卧位酸及非酸反流、近端反流的增多以及食管清除功能障碍密切相关.     

Clinical impact of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with subacute/chronic cough

BackgroundWhile gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the commonest causes of subacute/chronic cough along with cough-variant asthma (CVA) and rhinosinusitis, its clinical impact remains unknown. Therefore, we sought to investigate the impact of GERD in patients with subacute/chronic cough.MethodsBetween April 2012 and March 2018, a total of 312 patients presenting subacute or chronic cough lasting for ≥3 weeks [median cough duration, 4.9 (0.7–434) months] underwent diagnostic tests. GERD symptoms and cough-specific QoL were evaluated through the Frequency Scale for Symptoms of Gastroesophageal reflux (FSSG) and the Japanese version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (J-LCQ). According to the FSSG domains, patients with GERD were arbitrarily categorized into 3 groups; acid-reflux predominant, dysmotility predominant, and pauci-symptoms groups, respectively.ResultsThe average scores of J-LCQ was 12.5 (SD3.7). One hundred-forty three were diagnosed as having GERD-related cough based on classical reflux symptoms including heartburn and characteristic triggers of cough such as phonation, rinsing, lying, and eating. Most of them (89.8%) had other causative diseases including CVA. Cough lasted longer (p = 0.019) and required a longer time until alleviation (p = 0.003) in patients with GERD than in those without GERD. They also scored lower J-LCQ than counterpart group (p < 0.0001). In terms of symptom stratification, dysmotility predominant group showed significant more response to specific GERD treatments than the remnants (p = 0.002).ConclusionsThese results indicate that GERD is associated with the aggravation of other causes including CVA. Particularly, dysmotility symptoms may be potential therapeutic target for GERD-related cough.     

Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background and Aim: It is speculated that the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) might increase with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of GERD in patients with asthma and COPD in an area representative of developing countries. Methods: A validated GERD questionnaire was conducted face‐to‐face with 308 consecutive asthma (240 women) and 133 COPD (35 women) patients in the tertiary referral pulmonary outpatient clinic, and 694 controls from the research area. Detailed histories of patients and pulmonary function tests were also recorded. Results: The prevalence of GERD (heartburn/regurgitation once a week or more) was 25.4%, 17.0%, 19.4% and occasional symptoms (less than weekly) were 21.2%, 16.3% and 27.0% of patients with asthma, COPD and controls, respectively. The prevalence was higher in the asthma group compared with the controls and the COPD group. No significant difference was found between the COPD group and the controls. Heartburn started following pulmonary disease in 24.1% of the asthma group, and 26.4% of the COPD group. The majority of additional symptoms were significantly higher in asthmatics compared with the controls. No difference was found in the consumption of pulmonary medications in asthmatic patients in groups with different symptom frequency. Heartburn was increased 13.8% by the consumption of inhaler medications. Conclusions: These results implicate that the prevalence of GERD in asthma and COPD are lower than in published reports in a tertiary referral center. These differences might be related to the characteristics of developing countries, increased consumption of powerful medications in GERD and pulmonary diseases, or methodological flaws in earlier studies.     

胃食管反流相关性慢性咳嗽并咽喉反流患者的反流特征

目的探讨胃食管反流相关性慢性咳嗽（GERC）并伴喉咽反流（LPR）患者的反流特征。 方法选取2019年1月至2019年6月间在新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院住院收治的60例慢性咳嗽患者。对所有患者进行反流症状指数（RSI）问卷调查，分析咳嗽症状评分以及高分辨率食管测压和24 h pH监测。 结果按照食管24 h pH监测反流次数、酸暴露时间百分比及DeMeester评分，对患者进一步分为非酸性GERC组（n=32）和酸性GERC组（n=28）。在非酸性GERC组中，RSI评分25.00（8.00）显著高于酸性GERC组16.00（6.50），且差异有统计学意义（Z=-3.105，P＜0.05）。此外，非酸性GERC患者的“持续清嗓”和“呼吸困难或窒息发作”比酸性GERC患者更明显。 结论LPR与GERC部分重叠，RSI评分较高的非酸性GERC患者可能表现出更多的非酸性反流和呼吸困难。     

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胃食管反流性咳嗽(gastroesophagealrefluxcough,GERC)也有人称为“胃食管反流相关性咳嗽”,是慢性咳嗽常见的原因之一。不同作者报道,GERC约占慢性咳嗽病因的10%～40%。1概念GERC是因胃酸和其他胃内容物反流进入食管,导致以慢性咳嗽为主要临床表现,超过8周以上,胸部X线检查正常的慢性咳嗽。胃食管反流(gastro-oesophagealreflux,GOR)是指胃内容物反流入食管。GOR可以引起临床症状,甚至组织病理学的改变。当出现胃烧灼、反酸、胸骨后疼痛等临床症状和(或)组织病理学的改变时,也被称为胃食管反流病(gastro-esophagealrefluxdisease,G…     

Gastroesophageal reflux disease and chronic cough

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common cause of unexplained chronic cough. This article reviews important clinical considerations regarding association, diagnosis, and treatment of GERD in the setting of chronic unexplained cough.     

Therapy Insight: treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in adults with chronic cough

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the second most common cause of chronic cough in immunocompetent patients who are nonsmokers, not on angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and have normal chest radiographs. Identification of GER in chronic cough patients can be difficult; most patients with GER-related cough have no esophageal symptoms and no esophageal test is adequate to make this diagnosis. Post-hoc analysis of four prospective intervention trials has identified a clinical patient profile that can predict the presence of GER-related cough 91% of the time. Clinical practice guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians and the British Thoracic Society recommend initiating an initial empiric GER therapy trial, with esophageal testing being reserved for nonresponders. The empiric trial should include conservative measures and PPIs twice daily for 3 months. Selected patients who have dysphagia might benefit from the addition of a prokinetic agent. Esophageal manometry and pH testing with impedance monitoring (if available) should be performed in nonresponders while they are on therapy. It can take more than 50 days for cough to respond to medical GER therapy. Surgical fundoplication might be helpful in very carefully selected patients. Careful evaluation and treatment resolves cough in approximately 80% of patients with GER-related cough.     

Extra-esophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease and asthma: understanding this interplay

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition that develops when there is reflux of stomach contents, which typically manifests as heartburn and regurgitation. These esophageal symptoms are well recognized; however, there are extra-esophageal manifestations of GERD, which include asthma, chronic cough, laryngitis and sinusitis. With the rising incidence of asthma, there is increasing interest in identifying how GERD impacts asthma development and therapy. Due to the poor sensitivity of endoscopy and pH monitoring, empiric therapy with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is now considered the initial diagnostic step in patients suspected of having GERD-related symptoms. If unresponsive, diagnostic testing with pH monitoring off therapy and/or impedance/pH monitoring on therapy, may be reasonable in order to assess for baseline presence of reflux with the former and exclude continued acid or weakly acid reflux with the latter tests. PPI-unresponsive asthmatics, without overt regurgitation, usually have either no reflux or causes other than GERD. In this group, PPI therapy should be discontinued. In those with GERD as a contributing factor acid suppressive therapy should be continued as well as optimally treating other etiologies requiring concomitant treatment. Surgical fundoplication is rarely needed but in those with a large hiatal hernia, moderate-to-severe reflux by pH monitoring surgery might be helpful in eliminating the need for high-dose acid suppressive therapy.     

Chronic cough and hoarseness in patients with severe gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux may be responsible for atypical symptoms such as chronic cough and hoarseness. Our aim was to evaluate and treat patients with severe gastroesophageal reflux and chronic cough or hoarseness with intensive antireflux therapy. Twenty-seven patients with typical heartburn symptoms in addition to significant cough or hoarseness were treated with aggressive antireflux therapy. We recorded the response of each symptom to the antireflux therapy. Two patients were lost to follow-up. Twenty of the 25 (80%) patients showed some improvement in cough or hoarseness, nine (36%) had no atypical symptoms at follow-up. The response of heartburn to therapy was strongly predictive of successful therapy for the atypical symptoms. Cough and hoarseness improved in only two of the five patients with residual heartburn symptoms compared to 18 of 20 patients with no heartburn (P<0.04). Only patients with no heartburn symptoms at follow-up had complete resolution of atypical symptoms. There were no important differences on ambulatory pH monitoring between partial and complete responders. Improvement in atypical reflux symptoms, such as chronic cough and hoarseness, is common with aggressive antireflux therapy. There are no findings on ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring that uniquely identify patients who are likely to respond to antireflux therapy.