山东、宁夏《新型农村合作医疗基本药物目录》的内容及使用现状分析

目的:了解山东、宁夏<新型农村合作医疗基本药物目录>的内容及使用现状.方法:处方抽查、定性访谈相结合,共抽查处方3000份,访谈医务人员、相关管理人员49人.结果:两省门诊处方目录内药品使用率均较高,宁夏平均为93.5%,山东为84.7%;影响目录使用的主要因素有:新农合补偿方案、药品采购政策、外部监管、医德医风的指引.结论:目录已在各级医疗机构广泛使用,但仍需加强医德医风建设和外部监管,进一步促进目录合理正确使用.     

上海市某区基本药物制度实施后的现状、问题及思考

目的:了解基本药物制度实施后对上海市某区各级医疗机构医务人员工作及居民就医行为和满意度产生的影响.方法:采用定量和定性相结合的方法,对上海市某区各级医疗机构在基本药物制度实施后的现状、问题及医务人员与就诊居民的行为和满意度开展调查.结果:基本药物目录与基层需求存在差距,药品价格优惠不明显,部分药品质量明显下降,少数基本药物尤其是急救药品易出现缺货断货现象,二三级医院对基层医疗机构合理使用基本药物影响较大.结论:合理调整基本药物目录;完善药品招投标、质量监督、配送和流通领域监管体系;加大二、三级医疗机构优先使用基本药物的考核力度.     

16个省级基本药物增补目录的分析研究

目的:文章通过分析16个省级基本药物增补目录的药品收录情况,旨在为各省(区、市)合理制定省级增补目录和完善国家基本药物目录提供参考。方法:采用描述性分析法,总结省级增补目录在药品收录方面的特点与差异。结果:不同地区收录的药品数量和种类差异较大,东部地区增补的药品种类最多,中部地区次之,西部地区最少;各地增补药品目录以收录心血管系统用药、激素和内分泌系统用药、消化系统用药和血液系统用药等慢性病治疗药物为主;由于疾病谱和用药习惯不同,各地增补目录的药品重合性不高。结论:制定省级基本药物增补目录可缓解国家基本药物目录"不够用"的问题,但应适当控制省级基本药物的增补数量;对于重合性较高的省级基本药物可考虑收录到国家基本药物目录中;要进一步完善国家基本药物制度,使省级基本药物增补目录发挥应有作用。     

我院门诊处方基本指标评价及用药分析

目的了解我院门诊药物的使用情况,促进临床合理用药。方法采用回顾性分析方法,随机抽取医院2012年6月6个工作日的门、急诊、儿科处方2190张进行统计评价分析。结果门诊处方平均用药品种数2.30种;抗菌药物使用率为20.09%,注射剂处方率为12.26%,基本药物占处方用药的百分率为64.46%,药品通用名占处方用药的百分率为98.63%,单张平均处方金额103.42元。在这次抽查中,使用抗菌药物处方为440张,抗菌药物应用种类有29种,使用率较高的为β-内酰胺类和喹诺酮类。378张是单联用药占85.91%,62张是二联用药占14.09%,无三联及以上用药情况。抗菌药物使用不合理35张,占所有抗菌药物处方的7.95%。结论门诊处方用药基本合理,但仍存在一定问题,抗菌药物的选用还需进一步规范,以减少药品不良反应和耐药性的发生,促进医院合理用药。     

我国基本药物制度政策效果评价——基于山东、湖北、四川三省的监测数据

目的：从政策目标层面评价我国基本药物制度的实施效果。方法：文献法与问卷调查法相结合,内容包括基层医疗卫生机构的药品费用、合理用药情况及基本药物质量等。结果：2011年1—9月次均门诊药品费用和次均住院药品费用较2010年同期分别下降25.93%和25.22%,基本药物价格显著下降,基本药物可及性得到保障与提高;注射剂使用率、抗生素使用率、抗生素联用率、激素使用率及单张处方金额均有所降低,合理用药水平提高;通过基本药物电子码监管与国家药监局飞行检查两大途径,基本药物质量得到保障。结论：我国基本药物制度政策实施效果显著,但仍存在一些问题,需从药物目录调整、合理用药培训、药物质量监管、长效补偿机制以及药品采购机制等方面进行完善。     

基本药物制度对江西五所基层医疗卫生机构合理用药的影响

随机抽取江西省5家基层医疗卫生机构2009-2011年6月份的处方各100张,对其进行合理用药的分析,包括:平均处方用药数、抗生素处方使用比例、抗生素处方使用种类、注射剂处方使用比例、激素处方使用比例以及药品通用名使用比例等,通过合理用药的分析,反映基层医疗卫生机构实施基本药物制度前后合理用药的现状,为完善政策提供建议.     

中印基本药物和合理用药政策比较

“德里模式”是印度德里州为推行基本药物和合理用药政策而总结出的一套具体实施方法，文章从药品基本目录、药品集中管理中心、处方集、标准治疗指南和合理用药等10个方面进行具体介绍。由于我国的地理环境、经济基础、传统文化等方面与印度具有相似之处，因此，比较中印基本药物和合理用药政策对推行我国的基本药物政策与合理用药工作有重要的借鉴作用。     

基本药物制度对社区居民就医行为的影响研究

目的：了解基本药物制度对社区居民就医行为影响因素。方法：以分层随机抽样法对宁波市319名居民进行问卷调查,分析基本药物制度知识知晓、使用与评价等内容。结果：71.5%的居民知道基本药物制度,32.6%知道基本药物按零差率销售,52.7%居民认为现行基本药物种类能够满足用药需求,22.3%、16.6%的认为基本药物制度明显影响了用药与就医习惯,52.7%的居民遇到过在基层医疗机构配不到所需药品,70.8%的更愿意直接去上级医院就诊。结论：应建立健全基本药物目录调整机制,科学制定基层适宜的基本用药目录,加大宣传教育,引导居民合理用药,提高基本药物可及性。     

门诊处方不合理用药分析

目的分析医院门诊不合理使用药物情况,指出存在的问题,促进合理用药,提高医疗服务质量。方法采用回顾性调查,随机抽查2011年1～12月处方,共3 720张。根据有关规定、药品说明书及公开出版的文献资料进行处方用药分析。结果不合格处方为90张,处方不合格率为2.4%。其中药物和诊断不符合占0.7%,用法用量不合理占0.4%,联合用药不合理占0.3%,重复给药占0.2%,溶媒选择不合理占0.03%,选用药物不合理占0.2%,抗菌药物使用指征不明占0.5%。结论我院门诊处方基本合理,但也还存在一定的问题,临床医师及药师应重视合理用药,以确保患者用药安全。     

宁波市某区基层医疗机构门诊处方点评效果分析

对宁波市某区24家基层医疗机构2012—2018年门诊电子处方进行合理性评价,结果显示:处方合理率为93.45%,门诊患者抗生素处方比例、静脉输液处方比例、激素处方比例等呈现较为明显的下降趋势;平均处方金额从58.08元上升到79.74元。可见,宁波市某区基层医疗机构合理用药水平不断提升,但还存在抗菌药物不合理应用现象。建议进一步强化行政干预,加强基于HIS的处方集中点评,建立基层医疗机构抗菌药物使用目录,强化分级管理,加强居民合理用药宣传教育,不断提升合理用药水平。     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries