胶质纤维酸性蛋白基因调控及其在胶质瘤诱导分化中的作用

胶质纤维酸性蛋白（ｇｌｉａｌｆｉｂｒｉｌａｒｙａｃｉｄｉｃｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ，ＧＦＡＰ）是星形细胞胞质内特异性蛋白，它在星形细胞源性胶质瘤的诊断上已发挥出重要作用。不仅如此，人们对ＧＦＡＰ表达与胶质细胞分化和瘤细胞生物学特性的关系、ＧＦＡＰ基因的结构和功...     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的自分泌与反应性星形细胞胶质化

目的观察碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（ｂＦＧＦ）的自分泌现象及其与反应性星形胶质化的关系。方法在大鼠星形胶质细胞（ＡＳ）原代培养的机械损伤模型上，以免疫细胞化学及原位杂交技术检测ｂＦＧＦ、ＰＣＮＡ、ＧＦＡＰ和ＧＦＡＰ－ｍＲＮＡ的动态变化。结果（１）损伤边缘的ＡＳ于伤后２小时起表达ｂＦＧＦ，１２小时达高峰，２天后回落；（２）损伤边缘的ＡＳ于伤后６小时起表达ＧＦＡＰ－ｍＲＮＡ，１天达高峰，２天后回落；（３）伤后１天起，ＧＦＡＰ表达明显增强，ＡＳ胞体肥大并向损伤区伸出粗大突起，２天时ＧＦＡＰ表达至高峰；（４）损伤边缘的部分ＡＳ从伤后２小时起表达ＰＣＮＡ，１天时达到高峰。结论（１）受损的ＡＳ能自分泌ｂＦＧＦ，这是ＡＳ受损后的早期反应之一，具有促进反应性星形胶质化的作用；（２）反应性星形胶质化时，ＧＦＡＰ表达增强是转录水平上ＧＦＡＰ－ｍＲＮＡ增加的结果；（３）反应性星形胶质化以ＡＳ肥大为主，增生为辅。     

星形胶质细胞谱系及星形细胞瘤起源的研究

各种神经胶质细胞中数目最多、分布最广的星形细胞担负了神经胶质细胞的大部分功能。根据对两种神经组织标志物─ＧＦＡＰ、Ａ－２Ｂ－５抗体的反应不同，将星形细胞分为１型（ＧＦＡＰ＋Ａ－２Ｂ－５－）和２型（ＧＦＡＰ＋、Ａ－２Ｂ－５＋）。研究指出两型星细胞来源于不同祖细胞，而存在两个谱系，星形细胞胶质瘤与星形细胞具有同样的谱系源。对小胶质细胞在星形细胞发生和分化中的作用亦予以阐述。     

反应性星形胶质化的形成机制及研究进展

脑损伤后修复过程中，小胶质细胞释放出多种多肽，神经元和星形胶质细胞分泌的ｂＦＧＦ以及星形胶质细胞释放的ＧＭＦ均参与和调节星形胶质细胞的激活。与此同时，脑源性抑制因子活性降低。反应性星形胶质化以细胞肥大为主，其ＧＦＡＰ含量增加。ＧＦＡＰ的生成，受到ｇｆａ基因的控制     

星形细胞瘤的胶质纤维酸性蛋白和波形蛋白免疫组织…

应用图像分析仪对２５例Ⅱ－Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤进行ＧＦＡＰ，ＶＩＭ免疫组织化学定量研究。结果表明：２５例星形细胞瘤全部呈ＧＦＡＰ，ＶＩＭ阳性反应，ＧＦＡＰ，ＶＩＭ免疫反应强度与肿瘤组织的分化程度有关，高分化的星形细胞瘤（Ⅱ级），ＧＦＡＰ反应强，ＶＩＭ反尖弱，而低分化的星形细胞瘤（Ⅲ，Ⅳ级）中，ＶＩＭ反应强，ＧＦＡＰ反应弱，即ＧＦＡＰ与肿瘤恶性度负相关；ＶＩＭ与肿瘤组织恶性程度正相关。     

星形细胞瘤的胶质纤维酸性蛋白和波形蛋白免疫组织化学定量研究

应用图像分析仪对２５例Ⅱ～Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤进行ＧＦＡＰ，ＶｌＭ免疫组织化学定量研究。结果表明：２５例星形细胞瘤全部呈ＧＦＡＰ、ＶＩＭ阳性反应，ＧＦＡＰ、ＶＩＭ免疫反应强度与肿瘤组织的分化程度有关，高分化的星形细胞瘤（Ⅱ级），ＧＦＡＰ反应强，ＶＩＭ反应弱，而低分化的星形细胞瘤（Ⅲ、Ⅳ级）中，ＶＩＭ反应强，ＧＦＡＰ反应弱，即ＧＦＡＰ与肿瘤恶性度负相关；ＶＩＭ与肿瘤组织恶性程度正相关。     

微丝重组对细胞增值作用的研究

用罗丹明－鬼笔环肽（ｒｈｏｄａｍｉｎｅ－ｐｈａｌｌｏｉｄｉｎ）显示微丝（ｍｉｃｒｏｆｉｌａｍｅｎｔｓ，ＭＦ）的荧光染色法对Ｇ期小鼠Ｃ３Ｈ１０Ｔ１／２成纤维细胞向Ｓ期过渡过程中，ＭＦ结构的变化及ＭＦ重组对ＤＮＡ合成的影响进行了研究，Ｇ期细胞在血清刺激１ｈ后ＭＦ解聚，３ｈ后重新组装，并恢复原来的分布。我们发现细胞松弛素Ｂ（ｃｙｔｏｃｈａｌａｓｉｎＢ，ＣＢ）使ＭＦ解聚并与蛋白激酶Ｃ（ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｋｉｎａｓｅＣ，ＰＫＣ）激活剂──佛波酯（ｐｈｏｒｂｏｌｅｓｔｅｒ，ＴＰＡ）同样可促进Ｇ期细胞提前进入Ｓ期，促进ＤＮＡ合成，但ＴＰＡ和ＣＢ的刺激作用必需依赖于血清的存在，而ＰＫＣ抑制剂Ｈ７则阻断Ｇ期细胞进入Ｓ期，ＭＦ稳定剂ｐｈａｌｌｏｉｄｉｎ对ＤＮＡ合成具有一定的抑制作用，实验结果表明，Ｇ期细胞向Ｓ期过渡的早期阶段存在ＭＦ重组过程，ＣＢ促使Ｇ细胞ＭＦ解聚并可促进ＤＮＡ合成，提示ＭＦ重组是Ｇ期细胞向Ｓ期过渡的一个重要的早期事件。     

激光损伤视网膜后神经元凋亡及GFAP表达的研究

目的 观察兔视网膜激光损伤后神经元细胞有无凋亡改变及视网膜Ｍｕｌｌｅｒ细胞胶质纤维酸性蛋白（ＧＦＡＰ）的表达变化。方法 应用末脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的ｄＵＴＰ－Ｘ切口末标记法（ＴＵＮＥＬ法）标记凋亡细胞。应用免疫组化染色显示视网膜Ｍｕｌｌｅｒ细胞ＧＦＡＰ表示。结果伤后６ｈ、１、３、７ｄ视网膜各层可见散在分布的ＴＵＮＥＬ阳性凋亡细胞,尤以外核层多见,伤后３ｄ,视网膜可见Ｍｕｌｌｅｒ细胞ＧＦＡＰ表达;伤     

脑啡肽对早期反应性胶质增生形态及其神经营养功能的影响

目的　研究脑啡肽对早期反应性胶质细胞形态、增殖及神经营养功能的影响。方法　在相差显微镜下观察反应性胶质细胞形态,３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入实验检测反应性胶质细胞增殖,以Ｇｒｉｅｓｓ反应测定亚硝酸盐含量表示一氧化氮（ＮＯ）量,原位杂交实验检测生长相关蛋白（ｇｒｏｗ ｔｈ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ,ＧＡＰ－４３）ｍ ＲＮＡ 的表达。结果　脑啡肽能促进损伤边缘的胶质细胞向损伤裸露区伸出宽大扁平的突起,增强反应性胶质细胞３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ的掺入（Ｐ＜０．０５）,抑制其ＮＯ的生成（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）;经脑啡肽处理的反应性胶质细胞能增强神经元ＧＡＰ－４３ ｍ ＲＮＡ 的表达（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论　脑啡肽增强反应性胶质增生的同时抑制了反应性胶质细胞ＮＯ 的生成而增强反应性胶质细胞的神经营养功能。     

海马区星形胶质细胞的活化状态与缺血耐受性关系的研究

目的：观察海马区星形胶质细胞的活化与缺血耐受性的关系。方法：钳夹沙土鼠的双侧颈总动脉制造脑缺血模型,尼氏染色及免疫荧光法染色,观察海马锥体细胞迟发性神经元坏死及抗胶质纤维酸性蛋白（ＧＦＡＰ）染色的改变。结果：脑缺血组,ＣＡ１区锥体细胞几乎全产中丧失,只见很量少的细胞残存,零星散在分布;预缺血组,ＣＡ１区锥体细胞少部分丧失,大部分幸存。对照组有少量微弱的ＧＦＡＰ染色阳性细胞;脑缺血组有些ＧＦＡＰ染色     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.     

A comparative study of the effects of dimebon,obsidan, finoptin,and cordaron on the functional state of ischemic focus and size of necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction

Dimebon, an antihistamine agent, exerts a moderate antianginal effect, improving the function of ischemic focus in the myocardium and decreasing the necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction. Dimebon is less active than obsidan, finoptin (except for the size of the necrotic zone), and cordaron. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 12, pp. 642–644, December, 1996     

Effects of sex steroid hormones on lipid peroxidation and glutathione antioxidant system in rat skin

Effects of estradiol and testosterone on the intensity of lipid peroxidation and contents of glutathione redox system components in the dermis and epidermis of rat skin were studied. Only estradiol induced considerable dose-dependent and tissue-specific biphasic antioxidant effects on the skin. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 12, pp. 663–666, December, 1999     

Adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells on surface-modified PEEK substrata

A series of surface-functionalized poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) films has been prepared by selective wet-chemistry; they are hydroxylated polymer (PEEK-OH) obtained by reduction, aminated polymer (PEEK-[]-NH2) prepared by coupling a diisocyanate reagent to PEEKOH (PEEK-[]-NCO) followed by hydrolysis, and carboxylated and aminocarboxylated polymers (PEEK-[]-GABA and PEEK-Lysine) resulting from the coupling of aminoacids to PEEK-[]-NCO. The aminated and carboxylated substrata promoted the adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells in the presence of serum. Fibronectin (FN), an extra-cellular matrix protein, has been covalently fixed and/or adsorbed on various PEEK substrata, in the presence or not of a polymeric surfactant (Pluronic F68). The performances of the FN-grafted substrata (PEEK-[]-FN(1) and PEEK-[]-FN(2)) were significantly higher than those of reference substrata simply coated with FN (PEEK-OH(+FN)(1) and (2), PEEK-[]-NH2(+FN)(1) and (2)), considering the adhesion and spreading of CaCo2 cells in the absence of serum. Moreover, the stability of the adherent cells on the FN-adsorbed substrata dramatically depended on the experimental conditions applied during the PEEK coating with FN.     

THE ODYSSEY – A JUNGIAN PERSPECTIVE: INDIVIDUATION AND MEETING WITH THE ARCHETYPES OF THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

Homer's epic tale of the 20-year return of Odysseus from the Trojan War is investigated with particular reference to Jung's theory of individuation. Odysseus' meetings with 'the anima' in the form of goddesses, sirens and female monsters and his visit to Hades demonstrate the confrontation and humanization of aspects of the archetypal level of the psyche, central to Jung's theories of psychic growth and development. Jung's important ideas of the psychoid level and the transcendent function are explored and linked both to his investigations into medieval alchemy and with findings from contemporary neuroscience. The importance of Jung's constructive method of the interpretation of dreams and myths is shown to be central.