POSSUM和P-POSSUM评分评价肠内营养对胃癌根治术后并发症率和死亡率的影响

目的　采用POSSUM和P POSSUM评分系统评估肠内营养对于胃癌根治术病人的手术并发症率和死亡率的影响。方法　回顾性分析 1 0 6例胃癌根治术病人的并发症率和死亡率 ,与POSSUM和P POSSUM评分预测的发生率进行比较。结果　肠内营养组实际并发症率为 2 .2 2 % ,无死亡病例 ;对照组实际并发症率为 1 6 .39% ,死亡率为 1 .6 4 %。肠内营养组病人的并发症率显著低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。肠内营养组的实际并发症率和死亡率均显著低于预测发生率 ,P <0 .0 1。对照组实际并发症率和死亡率较POSSUM评分预测的发生率为低 ,P <0 .0 1 ,与P POSSUM评分预测校正后的死亡率无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　术后早期使用肠内营养可以降低胃癌根治术病人的并发症率和死亡率     

POSSUM评分系统在肝移植中作用及临床意义

目的 探讨POSSUM评分系统在肝移植术后并发症和死亡率评估中作用.方法 应用POSSUM评分系统对126例肝移植病人进行评估,观察术后实际并发症发生率和死亡率,并与预测值比较.结果 预测并发症发生52人,实际发生数38人(P<0.05).符合率73.1%.预测死亡数35人,实际死亡数10人(P<0.05),符合率为28.6%.高危组预测准确性高,符合率50.0%～100%,而低危组高估死亡率,符合率12.5%.结论 POSSUM评分系统高估术后并发症,但能较好的预测高危病人术后死亡率.     

运用改良POSSUM评分系统预测颈椎手术并发症发生率

目的探讨改良生理学和手术严重度评分系统（POSSUM）对预测颈椎手术患者术后并发症发生率的意义。方法根据颈椎手术特点修改POSSUM评分系统中的部分指标（将手术严重度指标中的手术范围和手术次数替换为手术方式和手术持续时间．在生理学指标中增加颈椎核磁共振检查）．并对183例颈椎手术患者术后并发症实际发生率和理论预测率进行比较。结果按Copland公式理论预测有59例（32．2％）发生并发症．实际发生为52例（28．4％）．二者比较，差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论改良POSSUM评分系统能较准确地预测颈椎手术并发症发生率，对临床医疗护理工作有重要的指导意义。     

POSSUM、(P、Cr)-POSSUM、APGBI评分系统预测结直肠癌术后死亡率的研究

目的：评价POSSUM、（P、Cr）-POSSUM、APGBI评分系统对预测结直肠癌术后死亡率的效果。方法：采用POSSUM、（P、Cr）-POSSUM、APGBI评分系统预测120例结直肠癌患者（分为中年组、老年组、总体）术后死亡率，并比较实际发生率与理论预测率的差异。结果：120例结直肠癌患者中，实际死亡率为1．67％（2例），中年组实际死亡率0％，老年组实际死亡率2．67％。POSSUM、P—POSSUM预测各组死亡率均高于实际水平；Cr—POSSUM、APGBI评分系统在预测总体水平及老年组时，理论预测率与实际死亡率比较无明显差异（x^2=0．839，P〉0．05），而预测中年患者预测值稍高于实际水平。结论：APGBI及Cr-POSSUM评分系统能较准确地评估结直肠癌患者手术风险性。     

POSSUM评分预测胃肠道肿瘤患者术后并发症发生率和死亡率的价值

目的探讨POSSUM评分系统评估胃肠道肿瘤患者手术后并发症发生率和死亡率的临床价值。方法对171例胃肠道肿瘤患者分别在术后立即进行生理学和手术侵袭度评分,预测术后发生并发症和死亡的危险性,同时观察术后并发症发生率和死亡率的实际值,并与预测值进行比较。结果POSSUM评分预测并发症发生例数为75例,与实际并发症发生的96例比较,差异无显著性意义(P=0.3529)。POSSUM评分预测死亡例数为22例,与实际死亡的17例比较,差异也无显著性意义(P=0.3326)。结论POSSUM评分能较好地评估胃肠道肿瘤手术的预后。     

结直肠癌患者住院期间病死率新评分系统的建立和评价

目的建立预测术后病死率的改良P-POSSUM和改良Cr-POSSUM评分系统并与POSSUM比较，评价其对结直肠癌患者住院期间病死率的预测能力。方法调查北京大学第三医院1992-2005年间结直肠癌经手术切除的903例患者资料，按70：30把本组病例分成建立模型样本和预测模型样本，用Logistic回归分析建立改良P-POSSUM和改良Cr-POSSUM，用ROC曲线分析判断改良P-POSSUM和改良Cr-POSSUM评分的判别能力，用Hosmer-Lemeshow检验判断评分的拟合优度，用不同危险因素群的O：E值判断评分的预测能力。结果本组患者住院期间的病死率为1．0％（9／903）。POSSUM、P-POSSUM和Cr-POSSUM评分预测的病死率明显高于实际病死率，O：E值分别为0．18、0．35和0．20。改良P-POSSUM除在急诊手术和姑息手术中判别能力较差外，在其他手术中都具有较好的判别能力，在所有手术中预测的死亡率与实际死亡率接近（O：E值为0．91）；改良Cr-POSSUM除在姑息手术中有很好的判别能力外，在评价模型样本和急诊手术预测的死亡率高于实际死亡率，但仍在实际死亡率95％的可信区间内（0：E值为0．78）。两者的预测能力都好于POSSUM。结论POSSUM、P-POSSUM和Cr-POSSUM在中国结直肠癌手术中预测的病死率高于实际病死率。改良P-POSSUM和改良Cr-POSSUM可较准确地预测中国结直肠癌患者手术住院期间病死率。     

运用改良POSSUM评分系统预测颈椎手术并发症发生率

目的 探讨改良生理学和手术严重度评分系统(POSSUM)对预测颈椎手术患者术后并发症发生率的意义.方法 根据颈椎手术特点修改POSSUM评分系统中的部分指标(将手术严重度指标中的手术范围和手术次数替换为手术方式和手术持续时间.在生理学指标中增加颈椎核磁共振检查),并对183例颈椎手术患者术后并发症实际发生率和理论预测率进行比较.结果 按Copland公式理论预测有59例(32.2%)发生并发症,实际发生为52例(28.4%),二者比较,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05).结论 改良POSSUM评分系统能较准确地预测颈椎手术并发症发生率,对临床医疗护理工作有重要的指导意义.     

改良POSSUM评分评价前列腺电切术术后并发症的价值

目的　探讨改良POSSUM评分系统在前列腺电切术 (transurethralresectionoftheprostate ,TURP)后并发症评估中的临床价值以及TURP后并发症发生的原因及预防。 方法　回顾性分析 3 3 6例TURP术后并发症情况 ,用改良POSSUM评分系统 (在生理学指标中以Cr代替BUN ,在手术侵袭度中将“多种手术同时进行”改为“前列腺体积” ,手术侵袭性根据泌尿外科情况分 4级 )进行评分 ,并按Copeland并发症发生率计算公式 ,比较实际并发症人数与预测发病数 ,同时比较有、无并发症组POSSUM评分间的差异。结果　用改良POSSUM评分预测并发症人数 79例 ,与实际并发症人数 66例之间差异无显著性意义 (P =0 .3 5 89)。无并发症组在年龄、生理学评分和手术侵袭度评分上均低于并发症组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　改良POSSUM评分系统可正确评价TURP手术预后。根据评分结果应在围手术期加强监测及器官支持治疗 ,有助于减少并发症的发生     

改良POSSUM及P-POSSUM评分在老年髋部骨折手术风险评估中的应用价值

目的 应用改良的生理学和手术严重度评分系统(POSSUM及P-POSSUM)对老年髋部骨折手术死亡率和并发症率进行评估探讨对手术风险评估的价值.方法 应用POSSUM及P-POSSUM,预测191例老年髋部骨折术后30 d内并发症率及死亡率,比较其预测价值.以并发症率50%为界,分为中低风险组(101例)及高风险组(9...     

POSSUM评分系统预测胰十二指肠切除术手术风险的价值

目的 探讨POSSUM评分系统在预测胰十二指肠切除术(PD)手术风险中的价值.方法 采用POSSUM评分系统(含12项生理学指标和6项手术学指标)对2005年1月至2007年12月在四川大学华西医院肝胆胰外科接受PD手术的265例患者的资料前瞻性地进行评分,根据公式计算出预期术后并发症和术后病死率的发生情况;按Clavien术后并发症诊断标准和国内参考标准分别统计分析术后实际并发症的发生情况,并与预期并发症发生情况进行比较.结果 265例患者的生理学评分为12-24分,平均15分;手术学评分为14～24分,平均17分;POSSUM评分值为0.24～0.88分,预期平均并发症发生率为43.8%.发生例数为116例;实际观察有105例术后发生不同程度的并发症,实际并发症发生率为39.6%,与预测数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).进一步的分层分析发现,POSSUM评分为0.4～0.8分时预测最为准确;POSSUM评分系统在预测术后总的病死率时价值不大,但对于POSSUM评分≥0.5分患者的病死率预测仍有意义.结论 POSSUM评分系统能较好地预测PD的手术风险,对于PD手术及术后处理决策有指导意义.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.