硝唑尼特和阿苯达唑联合治疗小鼠原发性和继发性泡状棘球蚴病的机制探讨

目的观察硝唑尼特、阿苯达唑及硝唑尼特／阿苯达唑联合治疗原发性和继发性泡状棘球蚴病小鼠的疗效。方法分别通过腹腔注射泡状棘球蚴原头节和口服泡状棘球蚴虫卵的方式建立继发性和原发性泡状棘球蚴病小鼠模型,建模2个月后分别进行药物治疗,药物经口灌胃,疗程持续35d后,检测各组小鼠泡状棘球蚴囊湿重及病理改变并检测血清IL-2、IL-4、TNF—α和Ig—E的含量。结果治疗35d后,继发性泡球蚴感染小鼠用药组与模型对照组比较,用药组泡球蚴的平均湿重显著下降（P〈0．01）,结果现示硝唑尼特单独及联合均有明显抑制小鼠泡状棘球蚴生长的作用（抑囊率分别为51．56％、67．68％、88．06％）,其中联合用药明显优于单独用药。继发性和原发性泡球蚴感染实验小鼠血清IL-2、IL-4及Ig-E的含量,用药组和模型对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,与空白对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;TNF—α含量用药组和模型对照组与空白对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,用药组与模型对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论硝唑尼特及硝唑尼特／阿苯达唑联合用药对小鼠泡状棘球蚴感染有一定的抑制作用。     

苦参碱和阿苯达唑治疗小鼠继发性泡球蚴病的疗效观察

目的探讨中药苦参碱与阿苯达唑联用对小鼠继发性泡球蚴病的治疗效果。方法将感染泡球蚴小鼠随机分为四组,即:苦参碱组、阿苯达唑组、联合用药组和阴性对照组,另设空白组。小鼠泡球蚴病用药物治疗60天后,检测各小鼠泡球蚴湿重、胸腺指数、脾脏指数和抑囊率,并进行病理组织学和超微结构观察。结果苦参碱单独及与阿苯达唑联合用药均对小鼠泡球蚴有明显抑制作用(抑囊率分别为77.61%和89.88%),各治疗组泡球蚴的平均湿重与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01);接种泡球蚴的各组与空白组比较,胸腺普遍缩小而肝、脾增大(P<0.05)。结论苦参碱对小鼠泡球蚴的生长有明显的抑制作用,尤其联合阿苯达唑治疗效果更好,说明两种药物具有协同治疗作用。     

汉防己甲素和阿苯达唑治疗小鼠继发性泡球蚴病的疗效观察

目的　通过中药单体汉防己甲素和阿苯达唑单独及联合用药对小鼠继发性泡球蚴病的疗效观察 ,以探讨中西药物结合治疗泡球蚴病的新途径。方法　通过体外培养原头节检测汉防己甲素杀灭原头节的效力 ;同时对小鼠继发性泡球蚴病进行药物治疗 90d后 ,检测各小鼠泡球蚴湿重、抑囊率 ;并对泡球蚴组织进行病理组织学和超微结构观察及病理分级。结果　汉防己甲素在体外能有效地杀灭原头节 ;汉防己甲素和阿苯达唑单独及联合用药均对小鼠泡球蚴有明显抑制作用 (抑制率分别为 4 4 5 5 %、6 3 39%和 80 82 % ) ,其中联合用药组明显优于单独用药组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　汉防己甲素对小鼠泡球蚴的生长有一定的抑制作用 ,尤其联合阿苯达唑治疗效果较好 ,说明两种药物具有协同治疗作用。     

苦参碱联合阿苯达唑治疗小鼠继发性棘球蚴病效果观察

目的 评价中药苦参碱单独及联合阿苯达唑使用治疗小鼠继发性棘球蚴病的效果.方法 将感染棘球蚴的昆明小鼠分为4组:苦参碱组、阿苯达唑组、联合用药组、对照组,每组10只.在对小鼠进行药物治疗90 d后,检测各组小鼠棘球蚴湿重、抑囊率,并利用光镜、电镜对棘球蚴组织进行形态结构和超微结构观察.结果 苦参碱组、阿苯达唑组、联合用药组、对照组棘球蚴湿重分别为(0.32±0.12)、(0.31±0.10)、(0.05±0.03)、(1.16±0.43)g,苦参碱组及联合用药组对小鼠棘球蚴的抑囊率分别达到72.4%和95.7%,显示联合用药组明显优于苦参碱组(P<0.05).上述4组包囊组织Ⅲ级病理损伤率分别为40.9%(9/22)、43.5%(10/23)、91.3%(21/23)、9.5%(2/21).与对照组比较,其他3组包囊组织Ⅲ级病理损伤率明显增高(P均<0.01),且联合用药组最为明显.结论 苦参碱对小鼠棘球蚴的增长有明显的抑制作用,尤其联合阿苯达唑使用治疗效果较好,说明两种药物具有协同治疗作用.     

维拉帕米治疗小鼠继发性棘球蚴病的实验研究

目的通过利用钙拮抗剂维拉帕米和阿苯哒唑单独和联合用药治疗小鼠继发性棘球蚴病的疗效观察,探讨两种药协同治疗棘球蚴病的机理。方法小鼠被随机分成6组(维拉帕米、阿苯哒唑的单用组、维拉帕米和阿苯哒唑的联合用药组、对照组)。给予药物治疗90天后,解剖小鼠,检测各小鼠棘球蚴囊的湿重并且对棘球蚴囊进行病理组织学和超微结构的观察。结果治疗90天后,发现维拉帕米和阿苯哒唑单独及联合应用均对小鼠棘球蚴有明显的抑制作用(抑制率分别为47.2%、43.4%、56.6%),其中联合用药组效果明显优于单独用药组,经统计学分析差异有显著性意义。结论维拉帕米对小鼠继发性棘球蚴有一定的抑制作用,尤其维拉帕米联合阿苯哒唑的效果更好,说明维拉帕米和阿苯哒唑有协同治疗作用。     

阿苯达唑和吡喹酮治疗沙鼠泡球蚴病的病理学观察

观察阿苯达唑和吡喹酮治疗沙鼠泡球蚴的病理形态学改变、肝脏组织内泡球蚴形态变化和泡球蚴囊周组织反应。为观察疗效，将肝脏泡球蚴分为Ⅰ级：衰退性囊泡、Ⅱ级：静止性囊泡和Ⅲ级：增殖性囊泡。结果显示：阿苯达唑剂量较大组（５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ·ｄ）Ⅰ级囊率最高（Ｐ＜０．０５），其次为吡喹酮两组。早期治疗组比晚期治疗组Ⅰ级囊率为高。泡球蚴囊周淋巴细胞数以阿苯达唑治疗组为高（１０６．９±３４．３—３００．１±５９．５）（Ｐ＜０．０００１）。联合用药组无明显提高疗效作用。     

细粒棘球蚴囊经甲苯达唑、阿苯达唑或阿苯达唑亚砜作用后其生发层的形态学变化和药物含量

小鼠的继发性细粒棘球蚴囊在含甲苯达唑阿苯达唑或阿苯达唑亚枫1及10μg/ml的培养液中培养l～7d时,囊壁所含各药物的量相近,但生发层的受损以甲苯达唑组较重,次为阿苯达唑亚砜和阿苯达唑组。感染小鼠ig上述3种苯并咪唑类化合物的等效剂量1～14d后24h,囊壁的药物含量甚低,但生发层的损害仍以甲苯达唑组的较重,并认为阿苯达唑亚矾是阿苯达唑的有效代谢物。     

汉防己甲素体外抗泡球蚴作用的研究

目的　比较汉防己甲素、阿苯哒唑和汉防己甲素脂质体体外抑制原头节作用 ,探讨汉防己甲素抗泡型包虫病的作用。　方法　将汉防己甲素、阿苯哒唑和汉防己甲素脂质体分别配制成 2 0 μg/ml、40 μg/ml、80 μg/ml 3个浓度 ,并且选择低、中剂量的汉防己甲素和阿苯哒唑合用 ,加入RPMI164 0培养基中 ,体外培养泡球蚴原头节 ,观察计数每天的死亡率 ,直到所有的用药组头节全部死亡。　结果　汉防己甲素、阿苯哒唑低、中、高浓度组与相应的对照组比较 ,原头节死亡率的差异均有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;汉防己甲素脂质体在中、高浓度下与对照组的原头节死亡率差异有统计学意义(P <0 .0 5 ) ;联合用药组与单药组的原头节死亡率差异亦有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论　汉防己甲素体外具有抑制泡球蚴原头节的作用 ,并且与阿苯哒唑联合使用时具有一定的协同作用。     

阿苯达唑脂质体对小鼠细粒棘球蚴囊超微结构的影响

目的:探讨阿苯达唑脂质体(liposom alalbendazole,L-ABZ)及其联合西咪替丁(cim etidine,CTD)治疗小鼠细粒棘球蚴病的病理形态变化。方法:将阿苯达唑脂质体及西咪替丁(1.5% 乳液阿苯达唑200 m g/kg,西咪替丁100 m g/kg),经口灌喂感染小鼠3个月后,用光镜和电镜观察小鼠肝、腹细粒棘球蚴囊结构的病理改变。结果:以阿苯达唑脂质体联合西咪替丁治疗组细粒棘球蚴囊组织变性坏死改变最为显著,与对照组有显著性差异(P< 0.01)。结论:脂质体包封阿苯达唑,可提高阿苯达唑的抗细粒棘球蚴作用,西咪替丁具有明显的协同作用     

X线照射泡球蚴原头节的体外实验研究

目的探讨X线对体外培养的泡球蚴原头节的杀伤作用。方法无菌采集子午沙鼠体内的泡球蚴中含原头节的囊液,将其加入RPMI 1640培养液中培养。原头节体外培养3 d后分装至培养瓶中,每组10瓶,每瓶约含10 000个原头节,设空白对照组、低剂量组(15 Gy和30 Gy)、中剂量组(45 Gy和60 Gy)、高剂量组(75 Gy和90 Gy)、阿苯达唑组(2 500 ng/ml)、45 Gy X线+2 500 ng/ml阿苯达唑组和75 Gy X线+2 500 ng/ml阿苯达唑组。X线照射剂量率为200 cGy/min,源皮距为100 cm。体外培养第4天开始照射,每组共照射3次,每次间隔1 d。首次照射后第1天开始每天取原头节培养液,0.1%伊红染色,光镜下计数每100个原头节中着色原头节数目,每组计算300个原头节的平均死亡率,直至实验组原头节全部死亡为止。同时光镜下观察经X线照射后原头节的变化。结果不同放射剂量组的原头节死亡率与空白对照组间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。阿苯达唑组原头节死亡率与放射线联合阿苯达唑组间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05)。其中,X线...     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.