Effects of Total Flavones from Acanthopanax senticosus on L‐type Calcium Channels,Calcium Transient and Contractility in Rat Ventricular Myocytes

Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms (AS), a traditional herbal medicine, has been widely used to treat ischemic heart disease. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms of its benefits to cardiac function remain unclear. The present study examined the effects of total flavones from AS (TFAS) on L‐type Ca²⁺ channel currents (I_Ca‐L) using the whole cell patch‐clamp technique and on intracellular calcium ([Ca²⁺]_i) handling and cell contractility in rat ventricular myocytes with the aid of a video‐based edge‐detection system. Exposure to TFAS resulted in a concentration‐ and voltage‐dependent blockade of I_Ca‐L, with the half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 283.12 µg/mL and the maximal inhibitory effect of 36.49 ± 1.95%. Moreover, TFAS not only increased the maximum current in the current–voltage relationship but also shifted the activation and inactivation curves of I_Ca‐L toward the hyperpolarizing direction. Meanwhile, TFAS significantly reduced amplitudes of myocyte shortening and [Ca²⁺]_i with an increase in the time to 10% of the peak (Tp) and a decrease in the time to 10% of the baseline (Tr). Thus, the cardioprotective effects of TFAS may be attributed mainly to the attenuation of [Ca²⁺]_i through the direct inhibition of I_Ca‐L in rat ventricular myocytes and consequent negative effect on myocardial contractility. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

葛根素对氧糖剥夺大鼠海马神经细胞Ca2+和NO的影响

 目的研究葛根素(puerarin,Pur)对缺氧缺糖状态下海马神经细胞内Ca²⁺和NO水平的影响。方法选用新生大鼠体外培养8 d的海马神经细胞,进行3 h的氧糖剥夺(oxygen/glucose deprivation,OGD)或30 min的L-谷氨酸(0.5mmol·L^-1)处理后再正常培养24 h,Pur处理组在OGD或谷氨酸处理的同时和以后24 h给予不同剂量(40,100μmol·L^-1)Pur,Annexin V联合流式细胞仪检测细胞的凋亡率和坏死率;以Fluo-3或DAF-2为荧光标记,用激光共聚焦显微镜观测30 min的OGD过程中海马神经细胞Ca²⁺和NO的动态变化以及Pur的影响。结果OGD诱导海马神经细胞Ca²⁺和NO水平快速升高,其最高值分别达正常对照组的2.9和1.9倍;Pur明显减缓OGD期间神经细胞Ca²⁺内流和NO合成,与OGD组相比,40和100μmol·L^-1的Pur分别使细胞Ca²⁺峰值降低29.2%和37.1%(P<0.05和P<0.01),NO峰值降低23%和33%(P<0.05和P<0.01),显著抑制细胞内Ca²⁺和NO水平的升高;同时Pur可有效抑制OGD和谷氨酸引起的神经细胞死亡。结论Pur可通过抑制神经细胞谷氨酸/Ca²⁺/NO通路的活动而有效保护缺氧缺糖对神经细胞的损伤作用。     

The source of ca2+ for the spasmolytic actions of longicaudatine,a bisindole alkaloid isolated from Strychnos trinervis (Vell.) Mart. (Loganiaceae)

Longicaudatine, a tertiary bisindole alkaloid isolated from the root bark of Strychnos trinervis (Vell.) Mart. (Loganiaceae), antagonized in a noncompetitive manner, carbachol and histamine induced contractions of the guinea-pig ileum and bradykinin responses in the rat uterus. The respective pD₂' values (mean ± SE) were 4.61 ± 0.21, 4.98 ± 0.04 and 4.49 ± 0.01. Longicaudatine, unlike verapamil, had no effect on voltage dependent Ca²⁺ channels, as it failed to inhibit KCI or CaCl₂ induced contractions of guinea-pig ileum and depolarized rat uterus respectively. When compared with sodium nitroprusside, an antagonist of receptor operated Ca²⁺ channels, longicaudatine produced a slower and weaker inhibition of noradrenaline induced sustained contractions of rabbit aortic strips. However, in the aorta, the alkaloid antagonized the intracellular calcium dependent transient contractions of noradrenaline and longicaudatine (IC₅₀, 5.01 × 10^?7 M) was approximately 133 times more potent that procaine (IC₅₀, 6.68 × 10^?5 M), a known inhibitor of the release of Ca²⁺ from intracellular stores. Longicaudatine may exert nonspecific spasmolytic effects by acting on intracellular Ca²⁺ stores, rather than on depolarization dependent or receptor operated Ca²⁺ channels.     

Bronchodilator Activity of Aerial Parts of Polygonatum verticillatum Augmented by Anti‐inflammatory Activity: Attenuation of Ca2+ Channels and Lipoxygenase

Polygonatum verticillatum is commonly used for the treatment of asthma and inflammation. The current study was aimed to scrutinize the pharmacological profile of methanolic extract of the aerial parts (PA). Isolated tracheal preparations were used for the evaluation of bronchodilatory activity, whilst the in vivo carrageenan‐induced paw oedema test and an in vitro lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory assay were used for the assessment of the anti‐inflammatory profile of PA. When tested against carbachol and K⁺ (80 mM)‐induced contractions, PA caused complete inhibition of isolated rabbit tracheal preparations in a dose‐dependent mode, similar to verapamil. While elucidating possible mechanism, PA shifted the Ca²⁺ concentration–response curves to the right, analogous to that produced by verapamil, confirming a Ca²⁺ channel blocker‐like activity. PA provoked profound reduction in paw oedema with a maximum protection of 60.87% at 200 mg/kg i.p. in a dose‐dependent manner which was augmented by its prominent LOX inhibitory activity (IC₅₀: 125 µg/mL). These findings authenticated its therapeutic potential in the treatment of asthmatic and inflammatory conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

环维黄杨星D对心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的保护作用和对心肌细胞内游离钙浓度的影响

目的:研究环维黄杨星D(CVB-D)对培养乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的保护作用和对急性分离大鼠心肌细胞内游离Ca²⁺浓度的影响。方法:采用培养的乳鼠心肌细胞建立缺氧/复氧损伤模型,测定心肌细胞搏动频率、细胞存活率、肌酸激酶(CK)的含量;应用特异性荧光指示剂Fluo-3/AM负载急性分离的大鼠心肌细胞,用激光共聚焦显微镜检测胞内游离钙的变化。结果:缺氧/复氧损伤+环维黄杨星D组(H/R+CVB-D)乳鼠心肌细胞搏动频率、细胞存活率与缺氧/复氧损伤组比较明显升高,CK含量与缺氧/复氧损伤组比较明显下降。对急性分离大鼠心肌细胞内[Ca²⁺]i逐步升高,并呈剂量依赖性;在有外钙和无外钙时,CVB-D对胞内钙的升高有显著差异(P<0.05);在无外钙并加入内罗啶孵育后,CVB-D引起的胞内[Ca²⁺]i轻度升高,但与无钙组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:环维黄杨星D对培养乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤有保护作用,对急性分离大鼠有升高心肌细胞内游离钙离子浓度的作用,[Ca²⁺]的升高既源于内钙释放又源于外钙内流。     

Bisnordihydrotoxiferine and vellosimine from Strychnos divaricans root: Spasmolytic properties of bisnordihydrotoxiferine

Bisnordihydrotoxiferine and vellosimine, two tertiary indole alkaloids have been isolated from the root of Strychnos divaricans. Bisnordihydrotoxiferine antagonized in a nonspecific manner, oxytocin and acetylcholine induced contractions in the rat uterus and acetylcholine and histamine responses in the guinea-pig ileum. Bisnordihydrotoxiferine, like verapamil, produced effects on voltage dependent Ca²⁺ channels. For example in guinea-pig ileum, bisnordihydrotoxiferine (pD'₂ 3.92±0.09) and verapamil (pD'₂ 6.00±0.11) inhibited KCl induced contractions. Furthermore, bisnordihydrotoxiferine (pD'₂ 4.37±0.02) and verapamil (pD'₂ 6.83±0.10) also antagonized CaCl₂ induced contractions of K⁺-depolarized rat uterus. When compared with sodium nitroprusside, an antagonist of receptor operated Ca²⁺ channels, bisnordihydrotoxiferine had no effect. However, in the aorta, the alkaloid (IC₅₀, 6.10 × 10^?6M) antagonized the intracellular calcium dependent transient contractions of noradrenaline and it was about four times more potent than procaine (IC₅₀, 2.30 × 10^?5M), a known inhibitor of the release of Ca²⁺ from intracellular stores. Bisnordihydrotoxiferine may produce nonspecific spasmolytic actions mainly by inhibiting intracellular calcium mobilization and to a lesser extent by inhibiting voltage dependent calcium channels in smooth muscles.     

三七总皂苷对脑细胞内游离钙浓度的影响

 目的：研究三七总皂苷(saponins of Panax notoginseng,PNS)对不同状态下脑细胞内游离钙离子浓度(［Ca2+］i)的影响。方法：采用Fura-2作为荧光指示剂,测定新生大鼠脑细胞中荧光强度的变化。结果：PNS 100,400 mg·L^-1对高钾(50 mmol·L^-1)、谷氨酸(100 μmol·L^-1)诱导的以及缺氧引起的［Ca2+］i增高均有明显的抑制作用。结论：PNS是钙离子拮抗剂。     

马桑内酯对大鼠脑突触膜Ca2+,Mg2+-ATP酶作用的研究

 目的:探讨致痫剂马桑内酯(coriaria lactone)对大鼠大脑皮层突触膜Cat²⁺ , Mg²⁺ -ATP酶的作用。方法:酶底 物动力学分析(Hanes作图法)。结果:马桑内酯对Ca²⁺ , Mg²⁺-ATP酶具有抑制作用，在1.2 x 10^-9～6.0 X 10^-7mol · L^-1范围内，随浓度增加其抑制作用增强。此作用有明显的时效关系，抑制作用随作用时间延长而增强。酶底物动力学分析表明，马桑内酯对该酶的抑制属非竞争性抑制。结论:马桑内酯是Ca²⁺ , Mg²⁺-ATP酶的强力抑制剂。本文对Ca²⁺ , Mg²⁺-ATP酶与胞内游离钙之间的关系及该酶抑制在癫痫发病机制中的意义进行了讨论。     

Effects of alkaloids from Corydalis decumbens on contraction and electrophysiology of cardiac myocytes

The chloroform extract of Corydalis decumbens significantly increased the beating amplitude of cultured myocardial cell sheets. Chemical analysis led to the isolation of isoquinoline and protopine alkaloids. Of these isolated alkaloids, corlumidine and (+)-adlumidine increased the beating amplitude, but (+)-egenine decreased the beating rate and beating amplitude while protopine did not show any activity. We also studied the effects of (+)-egenine and corlumidine on contractile responses and Ca²⁺ currents in single bullfrog atrial cells using the voltage-clamp method. (+)-Egenine inhibited Ca²⁺ current by 68% of the control in single cell of bullfrog atrium, while corlumidine increased Ca²⁺ current to 60% at a concentration of 0.03 mM.     

Endothelium‐Independent Vasorelaxation Effects of Sigesbeckia glabrescens (Makino) Makino on Isolated Rat Thoracic Aorta

The present study aimed to investigate the vasorelaxant effect of the methanol extract of Sigesbeckia glabrescens (Makino) Makino (MESG) on rat aortic rings and mechanism of action. MESG inhibited both noradrenaline bitartrate (NA)‐ and potassium chloride (KCl)‐induced contraction of endothelium‐intact aortic rings in a concentration‐dependent manner. Removal of the endothelium did not influence the effect of MESG on NA‐precontracted aortic rings. Pretreatment with MESG (250 µg/mL) inhibited calcium chloride‐induced vasocontraction of NA‐ or KCl‐precontracted endothelium‐denuded aortic rings. It also relaxed phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate‐induced contraction of aortic rings in a concentration‐dependent manner. In addition, Bay K8644 (an L ‐type calcium channel opener) vasocontracted in MESG pretreated aortic rings. On the other hand, the inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate receptor, the ryanodine receptor, the Rho‐kinase inhibitor (Y‐27632), a soluble guanylyl cyclase blocker (1‐H‐[1,2,4]‐oxadiazolo‐[4,3a]‐quinoxalin‐1‐one), and K⁺ channel blockers (glybenclamide, tetraethylammonium, and 4‐aminopyridine) did not affect the effect of MESG. These results suggested that the mechanism underlying the vasorelaxant effect of MESG is mediated by endothelium‐independent pathways. This specifically refers to blockade of the influx of extracellular Ca²⁺ via receptor‐operative Ca²⁺ channels and voltage‐dependent Ca²⁺ channels and inhibition of a protein kinase C‐mediated cellular pathway. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

氧化苦参碱对豚鼠单个心室肌细胞胞浆[Ca2+]i的影响

 目的 观察氧化苦参碱对急性分离的豚鼠单个心室肌细胞内游离钙离子浓度([Ca²⁺]_i)的影响。方法 采用酶解法分离豚鼠单个心肌细胞,用钙敏感的荧光指示剂Fluo-3/AM染色,以荧光强度(FI)来代表[Ca²⁺]_i,应用激光扫描共聚焦显微技术动态监测FI的变化。结果 在静息状态下,10μmol·L^-1氧化苦参碱对[Ca²⁺]_i无明显影响;但10μmol·L^-1氧化苦参碱对60mmol·L^-1KCl介导的外钙内流却有明显抑制作用(P<0.05)。结论 氧化苦参碱对电压依赖性钙通道(VDC)具有明显抑制作用,这可能是其抗心律失常作用机制之一。     

Effect of Wine Polyphenol Resveratrol on the Contractions Elicited Electrically or by Norepinephrine in the Rat Portal Vein

We investigated the effects of resveratrol on rat portal vein (RPV) contractility without endothelium. Contractions were produced by electrical field stimulation of perivascular nerves (EFS), norepinephrine (NE), adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP), high K⁺ solution and by calcium chloride (CaCl₂) in Ca²⁺‐free and high K⁺, Ca²⁺‐free solution. The EFS‐evoked contractions were more sensitive to resveratrol and to NS1619‐selective openers of big calcium‐sensitive (BK_Ca) channels, than NE‐evoked contractions. Effects of resveratrol on the ATP‐evoked contractions were weak. Blockers of BK_Ca channels partly inhibited the effect of resveratrol only in EFS‐contracted preparations. Western blotting showed that RPV expressed K_Ca1.1 protein. Inhibitors of ATP‐ and voltage‐sensitive K⁺ channels did not modify the effects of resveratrol. None of the antagonists of K⁺ channels affected the resveratrol inhibition of NE‐evoked contractions and effect of high concentrations of resveratrol on the EFS‐evoked contractions. Resveratrol more potently inhibited CaCl₂ than potassium chloride contractions of RPV. Thus, BK_Ca channels partly mediate the inhibitory effect of resveratrol on the neurogenic contractions of RPV. The smooth muscle Ca²⁺ channels and/or Ca²⁺ mobilizing through cells might be involved in the effects of resveratrol on the contractility of RPV. Our results are important for better understanding the impact of resveratrol on the portal circulation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Glycyrretinic acid blocks cardiac sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Licorice has been used to treat many ailments including cardiovascular disorders in China for long time. Recent studies have shown that the cardiac actions of licorice have been attributed to its active component, glycyrretinic acid (GA). However, its mechanism remains poorly understood.

Aim of the Study

The effects of GA on the cardiac sodium currents (I_Na), L-type calcium currents (I_Ca,L) and hyperpolarization-activated inward currents (I_f) were investigated.

Materials and methods

Human isoforms of wild-type and ΔKPQ-mutant type sodium channels were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and the resulting currents (peak and late I_Na) were recorded using a two-microelectrode voltage-clamp technique. A perforated patch clamp technique was employed to record I_Ca,L and I_f from isolated rabbit sinoatrial node pacemaker cells.

Results

GA inhibited peak I_Na (33% at 90 μM) and late I_Na (72% at 90 μM), but caused no significant effects on I_Ca,L and I_f.

Conclusion

GA blocked cardiac sodium currents, particularly late I_Na. Our findings might help to understand the traditional use of licorice in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, because reduction of sodium currents (particularly late I_Na) would be expected to provide protection from Na⁺-induced Ca²⁺ overload and cell damage.     

Genistein inhibits Aβ25–35‐induced SH‐SY5Y cell damage by modulating the expression of apoptosis‐related proteins and Ca2+ influx through ionotropic glutamate receptors

In this study, we investigated the protective effects of genistein against SH‐SY5Y cell damage induced by β‐amyloid 25–35 peptide (Aβ_25–35) and the underlying mechanisms. Aβ‐induced neuronal death, apoptosis, glutamate receptor subunit expression, Ca²⁺ ion concentration, amino acid transmitter concentration, and apoptosis‐related factor expression were evaluated to determine the effects of genistein on Aβ‐induced neuronal death and apoptosis. The results showed that genistein increased the survival of SH‐SY5Y cells and decreased the level of apoptosis induced by Aβ_25–35. In addition, genistein reversed the Aβ_25–35‐induced changes in amino acid transmitters, α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors, and N‐methyl‐d ‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits in SH‐SY5Y cells. Aβ_25–35‐induced changes in Ca²⁺ and B‐cell lymphoma‐2 (Bcl‐2) and Bcl‐2‐associated X (Bax) protein and gene levels in cells were also reversed by genistein. Our data suggest that genistein protects against Aβ_25–35‐induced damage in SH‐SY5Y cells, possibly by regulating the expression of apoptosis‐related proteins and Ca²⁺ influx through ionotropic glutamate receptors.     

龙牙楤木总皂苷对缺血/再灌注心肌细胞收缩功能和钙瞬变的影响

为探讨龙牙楤木总皂苷(AS)对缺血/再灌注(I/R)诱导大鼠心肌细胞损伤的保护作用,采用乳酸钠灌注液灌注成年大鼠的心室肌细胞模拟缺血,含钙台式液模拟再灌注,细胞收缩与离子浓度同步测定系统同步检测AS对单个I/R细胞收缩和钙瞬变的影响.发现AS使再灌注后心肌细胞静息态肌小节长度、收缩幅度、收缩/舒张速度以及钙瞬变幅度、速度增大(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01),细胞达到舒张时最大长度的90.0％的时间、细胞收缩达峰值的时间、稳态钙静息值、收缩期[Ca2+]i上升到最高的50.0％的时间、胞内钙瞬变衰减率减少(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01).因此,推测AS改善了缺血再灌注后细胞收缩与钙稳态的损伤.     

卡托普利对缺氧复氧乳鼠心室肌细胞游离钙和钠钙交换电流的影响

 目的观察卡托普利预处理对缺氧复氧乳鼠心室肌细胞游离钙和钠钙交换电流(Na⁺/Ca²⁺exchange current,I_Na-Ca)的影响。方法建立培养乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤模型。Flou-3/AM负载染色,应用流式细胞分析技术,测定细胞内钙离子浓度([Ca²⁺]_i);利用全细胞膜片钳技术,观察I_Na-Ca的变化。结果与正常对照组比较,缺氧复氧可显著增加[Ca²⁺]_i和I_Na-Ca。与缺氧复氧组比较,卡托普利呈浓度依赖性抑制缺氧复氧时[Ca²⁺]_i增加,减少I_Na-Ca的增加。但[Ca²⁺]_i和I_Na-Ca仍高于正常对照组。结论心肌细胞缺氧复氧可引起[Ca²⁺]_i的异常升高,与I_Na-Ca的异常增加有关;卡托普利预处理可能通过轻度增加I_Na-Ca及其[Ca²⁺]_i而触发心脏延迟保护作用,抑制后续缺氧复氧引起的I_Na-Ca及其[Ca²⁺]_i的异常增加。     

补骨脂素对HL60/HT耐药细胞逆转及对细胞内Ca2+浓度影响研究

 目的研究补骨脂素对HL60/HT耐药细胞逆转作用及对耐药细胞内Ca²⁺浓度影响,探讨其可能作用机制。方法采用MTT法测定补骨脂素对细胞增殖抑制作用,高效液相色谱法检测细胞内HT的浓度,激光共聚焦显微镜测定细胞内不同时段和不同时间点的Ca²⁺浓度。结果补骨脂素在1～20μmol·L^-1能不同程度降低HT对HL60/HT细胞的IC50,并不同程度提高细胞内HT浓度;1～20μmol·L^-1补骨脂素在不同作用时段(24,48,96 h)对HL60/HT细胞内Ca2+浓度与作用时间成负相关,10～20μmol·L^-1补骨脂素在作用HL60/HT不同时间点(5,10,15,20,25 min)细胞内Ca2+浓度与作用时间成负相关性。结论补骨脂素能逆转HL60/HT细胞的MDR,其作用机制与影响耐药细胞内Ca²⁺浓度,故而增加细胞内HT浓度有关。     

L-荷包牡丹碱对大鼠胃底肌条收缩效应的影响

目的 :研究L-荷包牡丹碱 (L-D)对 5-HT ,Histamine,K⁺ ,Ca²⁺ 引起的大鼠胃底肌条收缩效应的影响。方法 :采用大鼠胃底肌条的离体实验法 ,观察L-D对其收缩效应的影响。结果 :L-D及罂粟碱 (pap)对 5 HT ,His tamine ,K⁺ 及Ca2⁺诱发的大鼠胃底肌条的收缩均有显著的对抗作用。呈现非竞争性拮抗。在无Ca²⁺ 液中两药均能抑制 5 HT诱发的收缩 ,提示两药对胃底肌条依赖细胞内Ca²⁺所致收缩均有显著的抑制 ,当恢复细胞外Ca2⁺ 浓度后 ,L-D对胃底肌条依赖细胞外Ca²⁺ 的收缩有抑制作用 ,而 pap无影响。 结论 :L-D具有松弛胃底肌条的作用。     

龙葵碱诱导HepG2细胞凋亡的线粒体通路研究

 目的观察龙葵碱诱导HepG₂细胞凋亡与线粒体通路的关系。方法MTT法测定龙葵碱对HepG₂细胞的细胞毒作用;AO/EB双染,激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察龙葵碱对HepG₂细胞形态学的影响;TMRE和Fluo-3/AM双染,激光共聚焦扫描显微镜同时观察细胞线粒体膜电位和细胞内[Ca²⁺]_i的变化。结果龙葵碱对HepG₂细胞有细胞毒作用;龙葵碱诱导HepG₂细胞形态出现凋亡形态时TMRE和Fluo-3/AM双染观察表明,龙葵碱在降低线粒体膜电位的同时能够升高细胞内[Ca²⁺]_i浓度。结论龙葵碱降低膜电位,开放细胞膜PT通道,使细胞内Ca²⁺顺浓度梯度转运,从而升高细胞内Ca²⁺浓度启动细胞凋亡机制。