侵及海绵窦的眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤的显微手术治疗

目的通过总结显微手术切除侵及海绵窦的眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤的经验,探讨沟通眶颅的神经鞘瘤的手术方法,以提高手术全切率及减少并发症。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年12月采用眶-翼点入路硬脑膜外显微手术切除的侵及海绵窦的眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤24例的临床资料,其中神经内镜辅助手术5例,并对该类肿瘤的特点及手术要点进行分析。结果肿瘤全切除20例,次全切除4例,肿瘤全切率为83．3％,无死亡病例。术后新出现10例眼球运动障碍;3个月后6例完全恢复,2例不全麻痹,2例无变化。1例病人术后2周出现溃疡性角膜炎,治疗后未愈。1例病人术后失明。4例次全切的患者术后2周行1刀治疗。术后随访3～18个月,平均8个月,复查MRI示全切病例无肿瘤复发,次全切病例未见残余肿瘤明显增大。结论眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤从眶内通过眶上裂侵犯眶尖区及海绵窦,经眶-翼点入路硬脑膜外手术全切率高,并发症少,效果满意,是对侵及海绵窦的眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤较好的手术方式。     

手术治疗海绵窦海绵状血管瘤的临床体会

目的研究海绵窦海绵状血管瘤的手术治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1995-2004年收治的9例海绵窦海绵状血管瘤的临床资料，比较经改良翼点入路开颅显微手术和射频辅助显微手术这二种手术治疗方法的治疗结果。结果9例病人均行手术治疗，无手术死亡，其中经改良翼点入路开颅显微手术治疗6例，经改良翼点入路开颅射频辅助显微手术治疗3例。经改良翼点入路开颅显微手术和射频辅助显微手术的肿瘤全切率分别为1例（17％）和3例（100％），次全切除率分别为5例（83％）和0例（0％），次全切除病例中有2例因大出血而终止手术，术中平均出血量分别为3500ml和500ml，术后Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ等颅神经功能损害分别有4例（67％）和1例（33％）。结论经改良翼点入路开颅射频辅助显微手术出血少，肿瘤全切率高，是治疗海绵窦海绵状血管瘤的一种有效的手术方法。     

累及眶尖的海绵窦肿瘤的手术探讨

目的讨论累及眶尖的海绵窦肿瘤手术方法及相关解剖。方法22例全部采用额颞弧形切口，翼点人路。当肿瘤位于视神经外侧或海绵窦外侧壁时，选择颞部偏大的切口。取下骨瓣，磨除蝶骨嵴，剪开硬膜，分开外侧裂。依据肿瘤的位置用微钻磨除前床突和视神经管上壁。选择肿瘤突出部位切开海绵窦外侧壁或眶筋膜，分块切除肿瘤。结果22例肿瘤中，17例全切，3例近全切，1例大部分切除，1例活检。结论详细了解海绵窦和眶尖肿瘤的外科解剖是达到其外科切除的良好结果所必需。     

颅眶沟通性肿瘤显微手术40例分析

目的分析颅眶沟通性肿瘤显微手术治疗的方法和效果。方法 2009年1月～2010年3月采用经眶-翼点入路和经眶-额下入路两种显微手术入路治疗颅眶沟通性肿瘤共40例,其中经眶-翼点入路显微手术26例,经眶-额下入路显微手术入路14例。两种手术入路均先切除颅内肿瘤,再开眶切除眶内肿瘤。结果肿瘤全切34例,次全切除5例,部分切除1例。肿瘤全切除率达到85%。结论①应根据肿瘤大小、位置和侵袭范围采用不同手术入路,在充分暴露和直视下广泛切除颅眶沟通性肿瘤;②熟练的解剖知识及手术技巧、恰当的手术入路、成功的手术操作和及时处理术后并发症是治疗的关键;③颅底缺损应给予修补和重建,硬脑膜的严密修复是避免脑脊液漏及颅内感染的关键。     

颅眶沟通陛肿瘤显微手术40例分析

目的 分析颅眶沟通性肿瘤显微手术治疗的方法 和效果.方法 2009年1月～2010年3月采用经眶-翼点入路和经眶-额下入路两种显微手术入路治疗颅眶沟通性肿瘤共40例,其中经眶-翼点入路显微手术26例,经眶-额下入路显微手术入路14例.两种手术入路均先切除颅内肿瘤,再开眶切除眶内肿瘤.结果 肿瘤全切34例,次全切除5例,部分切除1例.肿瘤全切除率达到85%.结论 ①应根据肿瘤大小、位置和侵袭范围采用不同手术入路,在充分暴露和直视下广泛切除颅眶沟通性肿瘤;②熟练的解剖知识及手术技巧、恰当的手术入路、成功的手术操作和及时处理术后并发症是治疗的关键;③颅底缺损应给予修补和重建,硬脑膜的严密修复是避免脑脊液漏及颅内感染的关键.     

翼点入路显微手术治疗大型垂体腺瘤

目的 报道经翼点入路显微手术切除30例大型垂体腺瘤。方法 经翼点入路开颅，采用显微手术解剖鞍区各脑池，充分利用鞍区4个间隙切除肿瘤。结果 30例中达全切除或次全切除26例，占87％，无手术死亡，无严重并发症，复发1例，占3．3％。结论 采用翼点入路显微手术治疗大型垂体腺瘤，疗效满意。     

眶尖肿块的神经外科治疗

目的探讨眶尖肿块经眶翼点入路手术治疗方法。方法回顾分析11例眶尖肿块患者的临床表现,手术方法。结果11例均采用眶翼点入路,肿物全切8例,大部切除3例,无手术死亡,疗效满意。结论此类肿块部位特殊,累及眶内及颅内,单纯经眼眶入路或经颅入路对肿块的显露均难满意,全切困难,采用眶翼点入路显露良好,可在直视下切除肿瘤,神经外科技术的应用可明显提高手术疗效,减少并发症。     

额颞颧入路海绵窦眶尖肿瘤切除及脑神经保护

目的探讨海绵窦眶尖肿瘤显微手术及脑神经保护的方法。方法回顾性分析8例海绵窦眶尖肿瘤临床资料,均采用额颞颧入路显微神经外科手术切除肿瘤及神经电生理检测保护脑神经,术后定期随访。结果肿瘤全切除4例,次全切2例,大部分切除1例,活检1例。脑神经继发损伤症状出现率22%,脑脊液漏1例,无脑内感染及死亡病例。结论掌握海绵窦眶尖区解剖及熟练的显微神经外科技术,再加上神经电生理检测保护脑神经,可提高肿瘤切除程度,减少脑神经继发损伤。     

显微外科治疗颅眶沟通肿瘤

目的分析颅眶沟通肿瘤显微外科治疗的手术方法和治疗效果。方法回顾分析过去5年采用显微手术治疗35例颅眶沟通肿瘤的临床资料。分别采用4种经颅入路、4种经颅开眶入路及3种眶内入路。结果35例肿瘤全切除18例，次全切除13例，大部分切除4例，无手术死亡及严重并发症。结论(1)应根据肿瘤大小、位置和侵袭范围采用不同入路，在充分暴露和直视下广泛切除颅眶沟通肿瘤；(2)熟练的解剖知识及手术技巧、恰当的手术入路、成功的手术切除和及时处理术后并发症等是治疗的关键；(3)颅底缺损应给予修补和重建，硬膜的严密修复是避免脑脊液漏及颅内感染的关键问题。     

颅眶沟通性肿瘤显微手术探讨

目的讨论颅眶沟通性肿瘤的特点及手术治疗方法。方法35例颅眶沟通性肿瘤病人中,采用额下硬膜外入路手术切除4例,额颞眶颧入路2例,眶上-翼点入路10例,改良翼点入路17例,翼点和颞下联合入路2例。先切除颅内肿瘤,再开眶切除眶内肿瘤。结果肿瘤全切29例,次全切4例,部分切除2例,肿瘤全切率为82.9%（29/35）。结论对于颅眶沟通性肿瘤,充分的术前准备,正确的手术入路选择,细致的术中操作,耐心的颅底重建以及多科的协调合作,是手术成功的重要保证。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.