2型糖尿病家系非糖尿病正常体重一级亲属脂联素水平5年随访

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者非糖尿病正常体重一级亲属脂联素水平变化及脂联素与胰岛素敏感性和颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)之间的关系.方法入选2型糖尿病非糖尿病正常体重一级亲属53名和对照组37名,入组时检测了脂联素、血脂、血糖、血压及空腹胰岛素水平.用高频B超检测IMT及内皮依赖性血管舒张功能(EDVD).采用稳态模式(HOMA)评价胰岛素抵抗(HOMA-IR)和评价胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA-β).一级亲属组29名和对照组20名完成了5年随访.结果基线时一级亲属组血浆脂联素水平明显低于对照组[(10.06±5.79)对(14.43±7.91)mg/L,P<0.05].5年后一级亲属组脂联素水平降低24.0%(P<0.05),对照组脂联素水平降低36.7%(P<0.05).一级亲属组脂联素与腰臀比(r=-0.397)、空腹血糖(r=-0.373)、IMT(r=-0.372)和HOMA-IR(r=-0.40)负相关(均P<0.05).校正相关因素后,多元逐步回归分析显示一级亲属组脂联素与年龄,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C),IMT独立相关.对照组脂联素与低密度脂蛋白胆周醇(LDL-C)和IMT独立相关.结论 5年后一级亲属组和对照组脂联素水平均明显降低,脂联素降低可能与IMT增加相关.     

2型糖尿病患者治疗前后内脂素与内皮素及胰岛素抵抗的关系

探讨2型糖尿病发病机制中内脂素与内皮素及胰岛素抵抗的关系.比较治疗前后内皮素、内脂素等指标.治疗后内脂素水平降低,内皮素与空腹胰岛素、稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、稳态模型评估的胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA-β)、内脂素正相关,内脂素与内皮素、HbA1c、空腹胰岛素、HOMA-IR正相关,HOMA-IR是血浆内脂素的独立相关因素.内脂素与内皮素、胰岛索抵抗有关,可能与2型糖尿病及胰岛素抵抗的发病机制密切相关.     

短期胰岛素泵强化血糖控制对2型糖尿病患者胰岛功能的影响

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者在短期胰岛素泵强化血糖控制后胰岛功能的变化。方法选取2015年2月—2016年2月在该院接受两周的胰岛素泵强化血糖控制治疗的36例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象。比较治疗前和治疗后患者的血糖指标:空腹血糖指数(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)。胰岛功能指标:胰岛素曲线下面积(AUG)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)、130/G30、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、空腹胰岛素浓度(FIns),的变化情况,,氧化应激水平的指标:丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)及超氧化物岐化酶(superoxidedismutase,SOD)。结果通过数据比较患者的空腹血糖指数(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPPG)、胰岛素曲线下面积(AUG)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)、130/G30、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、空腹胰岛素浓度(FIns)均比治疗前明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 2型糖尿病患者经短期胰岛素泵强化血糖治疗后,患者的胰岛功能得到有效改善。     

DPP-4抑制剂联合地特胰岛素治疗磺脲类药物继发治疗失效2型糖尿病患者的疗效分析

选取磺脲类药物继发失效2型糖尿病患者106例(2017年10月-2018年11月),随机平分为对照组采取地特胰岛素,研究组加用沙格列汀,治疗8周。胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)水平。结果两组治疗后糖化血红蛋白(HbA_(1c))、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2hPG)]较治疗前降低,且研究组低于对照组(P 0.05);两组治疗后胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)低于治疗前,空腹胰岛素(FINS)、HOMA-β高于治疗前,且研究组低于对照组,FINS、HOMA-β高于对照组(P 0.05)。结论联合采取地特胰岛素及DPP-4抑制剂沙格列汀对磺脲类药物继发失效患者治疗,可有效调控血糖,并能改善其胰岛功能。     

厄贝沙坦联合氨氯地平对2型糖尿病并高血压患者胰岛素抵抗及胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的探讨厄贝沙坦联合氨氯地平对2型糖尿病并高血压患者胰岛素抵抗及胰岛β细胞功能的影响。方法选取2015年9月—2016年5月咸阳市第一人民医院收治的2型糖尿病并高血压患者100例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组50例。在常规治疗基础上,对照组患者给予氨氯地平治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用厄贝沙坦治疗;两组患者均连续治疗两个月。比较两组患者临床疗效,治疗前后空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、收缩压、舒张压及24 h尿蛋白定量。结果观察组患者临床疗效优于对照组(P0.05)。治疗前两组患者空腹血糖、Hb A1c、HOMA-β、HOMA-IR比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后观察组患者空腹血糖、Hb A1c、HOMA-IR低于对照组,HOMA-β高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗前两组患者收缩压、舒张压及24 h尿蛋白定量比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后观察组患者收缩压、舒张压及24 h尿蛋白定量低于对照组(P0.05)。结论厄贝沙坦联合氨氯地平可有效降低2型糖尿病并高血压患者血压,改善其胰岛素抵抗及胰岛β细胞功能。     

2型糖尿病患者脂联素与胰岛β细胞第一时相分泌功能的关系探讨

目的 探讨不同糖耐量个体脂联素与胰岛β细胞第一时相分泌功能的关系.方法 37例新诊断的2型糖尿病患者(DM组),30例糖耐量异常者(IGR组),40名正常对照组(NGT组),行静脉葡萄糖耐量试验(IVGTT),ELISA法测定空腹脂联素及胰岛素原(PI)水平,比色法测定空腹游离脂肪酸(FFA).计算0～10 min胰岛素曲线下面积(AUC)、0～10 min胰岛素曲线下增加面积(iAUC)、AIR3-5、稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA-β).探讨脂联素与AUC、iAUC、AIR3-5、PI、FFA及HOMA-IR的关系.结果 (1)DM组及IGR组脂联素、AUC、iAUC、AIR3-5显著低于NGT组(P<0.05),DM组较IGR组明显降低(P<0.05).(2)DM组、IGR组PI明显高于NGT组(P<0.05).(3)脂联素与HOMA-β、AUC、iAUC、AIR3-5、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇正相关,与PI、FFA、HOMA-IR、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)负相关.(4)PI与HOMA-IR值正相关.(5)多元逐步回归分析显示,脂联素与AUC独立相关.结论 脂联素为胰岛β细胞第一时相分泌功能的独立影响因素,低脂联素水平可以预测2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞第一时相功能受损及胰岛素抵抗.     

胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

68例初诊2型糖尿病患者分为CSII组36例和MSII组32例,治疗过程分为对照期,调量期和稳定期,设定靶血糖值为FBG＜6.1mmol/L,2hPPG＜8.3mmol/L,治疗前及稳定期治疗2W后化验空腹及餐后2h血糖、空腹胰岛素.按稳态模型计算胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA-β)和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),观察两种强化治疗方法降糖效果及对胰岛β细胞功能影响.结果两组患者对照期,调量期和稳定期空腹及餐后2h血糖比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05);两组治疗后HOMA-β均较治疗前增高,HOMA-IR均较治疗前降低,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);两组间治疗前后HOMA-β和HOMA-IR差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).但CSII组胰岛素用量较小,低血糖发生率低,达标时间较早.结论短期胰岛素强化治疗能改善胰岛β细胞功能,减轻胰岛素抵抗.CSII较MSII更适合作为强化治疗手段.     

维生素D对新发2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞早相分泌功能及胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的观察新发男性2型糖尿病患者血清25-羟维生素D(25OHD)水平与胰岛β细胞早相分泌功能及胰岛素抵抗之间的关系。方法随机选取初诊男性2型糖尿病患者86例为糖尿病组,健康男性58名为对照组,测定血清25OHD、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FPG)水平,同期进行精氨酸-胰岛素兴奋试验。结果①糖尿病组25OHD、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)和精氨酸-胰岛素兴奋试验6 min胰岛素均低于对照组(P<0.05);TG、FPG、HbA1c、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、FPG均高于对照组(P<0.01)。②相关分析显示25OHD与HbA1c、体重指数(BMI)和HOMA-IR呈负相关(P<0.05);与胰岛素分泌的峰值倍数呈正相关;调整BMI后25OHD与HOMA-β呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论新发男性2型糖尿病患者存在维生素D缺乏;维生素D缺乏可能是导致患者胰岛β细胞早相分泌功能下降及胰岛素抵抗的原因之一。     

胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者血清Chemerin的影响

目的观察初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者胰岛素强化治疗对血清趋化素(Chemerin)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)等的影响。方法选择60例初诊T2DM患者随机分为强化组和对照组,分别进行胰岛素强化和口服药物治疗4周,治疗前后检测血清Chemerin、hs-CRP,同时检测血糖、血脂、胰岛素。结果 (1)强化组及对照组空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2h PG)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、hs-CRP治疗后均较治疗前下降(P0.05)。强化组治疗后FPG、2h PG、hs-CRP较对照组下降(P0.05)。(2)强化组空腹胰岛素(FINS)、餐后2 h胰岛素(PINS)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)治疗后较治疗前增高,而HOMA-IR、Chemerin下降(P0.05);对照组PINS、HOMA-β治疗后较治疗前增高,而HOMA-IR下降(P0.05)。强化组治疗后PINS、HOMA-β较对照组增高,而HOMA-IR、Chemerin下降(P0.05)。结论胰岛素强化治疗能减轻炎症,改善胰岛素抵抗,Chemerin在2型糖尿病的亚临床炎症、胰岛素抵抗的病理机制中可能具有重要作用。     

胰岛素泵强化治疗对新诊断2型糖尿病患者血糖及胰岛β细胞功能的影响

选取2017年1月至2019年1月的新诊断2型糖尿病患者102例,随机平分为对照组采用间断皮下注射胰岛素方法,观察组采用胰岛素泵持续注射胰岛素方法,3个月。结果:治疗后,两组空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPBG)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)均低于治疗前,胰岛素β细胞指数(HOMA-β)均高于治疗前,观察组较变化幅度大,(P 0. 05)。结论:胰岛素泵强化治疗能降低新诊断2型糖尿病患者血糖水平,改善胰岛β细胞功能。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.