两种术式治疗单侧声带麻痹的比较

目的研究单侧声带麻痹的合适手术治疗方法及其疗效的客观评价。方法对２３例行喉支架术（９例）及喉神经再支配术（１４例）的患者于术前及术后从声音评估、频谱分析、喉镜及喉肌电检查等几方面进行了比较观察。结果喉支架术近远期效果均良好，但在远期效果中，又以能恢复声带厚度、弹性及肌张力的喉神经再支配术为佳，且此术式治疗声带麻痹时间较短的患者效果更好。结论两种术式均是治疗单侧声带麻痹的有效方法，但应根据患者的要求、损伤的方式、声带麻痹程度及有无环杓关节固定等情况进行选择合适的治疗方法。     

单侧声带麻痹的病因及预后

目的　探讨单侧声带麻痹的病因与治疗及预后关系。方法　对 2 47例单侧声带麻痹患者的病因进行了分析 ,除治疗原发病外 ,10 2例还进行了声嘶治疗 (包括药物治疗、声带内注射治疗、喉支架术及喉神经再支配术治疗 ) ,观察其预后。结果　单侧声带麻痹的病因中 ,肿瘤占首位 ,为 43.7% ,其余依次为手术、特发性、外伤等 ;从病因看 ,肿瘤患者声嘶预后最差 ,特发性患者声嘶预后最好 ,从治疗结果看治疗有利于声嘶的恢复。结论　单侧声带麻痹除病因治疗外 ,应针对不同病因积极采用不同治疗声嘶的办法 ,促进喉功能恢复     

颈袢主支与喉返神经内收肌支吻合术治疗喉麻痹的实验研究

建立单侧喉麻痹模型，实验组作颈袢主支与喉返神经（ＲＬＮ）内收肌支吻合术，对照组不作神经修复术。６个月后行喉镜、肌电图、组织化学检查及肌收缩力测定，证实实验组动物声带内收肌获得有效的再神经支配，声带内收为颈袢主支支配的结果。对照组无再神经支配征象。提示颈袢主支与ＲＬＮ内收肌支吻合术治疗单侧喉麻痹是一较为理想的手术方法。     

单侧喉返神经损伤神经修复术式探讨

目的 探讨5种神经修复术治疗单侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹的疗效。方法 1993年1月－2001年4月治疗外伤性单侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹38例，病程从损伤即刻至2年不等。资料完整者35例，其中行神经减压术8例、颈襻主支喉返神经吻合术16例、喉返神经端端吻合术6例、颈襻神经肌蒂埋植术3例、颈襻神经植入术2例。手术前后喉镜、噪音声学参数、肌电图检查等评价手术效果。结果 病程4个月内神经减压5例恢复了正常的声带内收及外展功能，4个月以内1例、以上2例及颈襻主支吻合组、喉返神经端端吻合组则未恢复声带运动。但上述3例术式均能使喉内收肌获有效的再神经支配，满意地恢复声带的肌张力、肌体积、声带振动对称性及正常黏膜波，声门闭合良好，嗓音恢复正常。颈襻神经肌蒂埋植术及颈襻神经植入术均能改善声嘶，但无效复正常病例。结论 ①单侧喉返神经损伤神经修复治疗以神经减压效果最佳；②颈襻主支吻合术、喉返神经端端吻合术也能有效地恢复喉的发音功能；③喉神经修复术式选择应根据病程、神经损伤程度、类型而定。     

喉神经再生与神经移植

单侧声带麻痹的传统治疗方法虽然能改善发音,然而这种声音缺乏音调、音量的调节功能。双侧声带麻痹通过各种声门扩大术虽然能改善呼吸困难,但不能兼顾发音及呼吸功能。因此,从理论上讲,重建喉肌的神经再支配,恢复声带的运动功能是治疗喉返神经损伤最理想的方法。自从1909年Horsley首次报道1例颈枪伤致左侧喉返神经麻痹患者行喉返神经端端吻合成功以来,喉神经手术的历史已有一百年,由于喉返神经中有内收及外展两种纤维,直接缝合不能避免这两种纤维的错向生长,故先后出现了各种喉神经移植术的方案及术式。能用于神经再支配手术实验研究的神经…     

单侧喉返神经损伤神经修复术式探讨

目的　探讨 5种神经修复术治疗单侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹的疗效。方法　 1993年 1月～ 2 0 0 1年 4月治疗外伤性单侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹 38例 ,病程从损伤即刻至 2年不等。资料完整者 35例 ,其中行神经减压术 8例、颈襻主支喉返神经吻合术 16例、喉返神经端端吻合术 6例、颈襻神经肌蒂埋植术 3例、颈襻神经植入术 2例。手术前后喉镜、嗓音声学参数、肌电图检查等评价手术效果。结果　病程 4个月内神经减压 5例恢复了正常的声带内收及外展功能 ,4个月以内 1例、以上2例及颈襻主支吻合组、喉返神经端端吻合组则未恢复声带运动。但上述 3种术式均能使喉内收肌获有效的再神经支配 ,满意地恢复声带的肌张力、肌体积、声带振动对称性及正常黏膜波 ,声门闭合良好 ,嗓音恢复正常。颈襻神经肌蒂埋植术及颈襻神经植入术均能改善声嘶 ,但无恢复正常病例。结论　①单侧喉返神经损伤神经修复治疗以神经减压效果最佳 ;②颈襻主支吻合术、喉返神经端端吻合术也能有效地恢复喉的发音功能 ;③喉神经修复术式选择应根据病程、神经损伤程度、类型而定     

颈袢亚分支植入术治疗单侧喉麻痹的实验研究

用１１只狗，分成实验组（７只）及对照组（４只），均切断左侧喉返神经和左侧喉上神经外支造成单侧喉麻痹。实验组将颈拌（舌下神经拌）主支的各亚分支植入声带内收肌中，对照组不作此神经修复术。６个月后行喉镜检查、喉肌电图检查、肌收缩力测定、组织化学检查及运动终板细胞化学电镜观察，证实实验组声带内收肌获得有效的再神经支配，声带内收为预计亚分支再神经支配的结果，未见吸气性声带内收现象。对照组声带内收肌无再神经支配征象。     

颈袢主支吻合术治疗单侧声带麻痹的临床观察

采用颈袢主支与喉返神经内收肌支吻合术治疗单侧声带麻痹７例。结果表明，声音恢复满意。术后声学三参数频率微扰、振幅微扰及标化噪音能量均明显减小，平均值均在正常范围之内；喉镜检查发现术侧声带均有不同程度的内移，其中３例恢复至正中位；喉肌电图显示，发音及喉括约活动时术侧喉内收肌恢复与健侧基本同步的密集型强放电，证明术侧喉内收肌获得颈袢主支有效的神经再支配。提示该术是治疗单侧声带麻痹一种理想方法。     

颈袢亚分支植入术治疗单侧喉麻痹的实验研究

用１１只狗，分成实验组（７只）及对照组（４只），均切断左侧喉返神经和左侧喉上神经外支造成单侧喉麻痹。实验组将颈袢（舌下神经袢）主支的各亚分支植入声带内收肌中，对照组不作此神经修复术，６个月后行喉镜检查，喉肌电图检查，肌收缩力测定，组织化学检查及运动终板细胞化学电镜观察，证实实验组声带内收肌获得有效的再神经支配，声带内收为颈袢亚分支再神经支配的结果，未见吸气性声带内收现象。对照组声带内收肌无再神经支     

声带注射在矫正声门闭合不全中的应用

声门闭合不全导致的发声困难和误吸等症状影响到患者的生存质量，甚至对生命造成潜在的威胁。单侧声带麻痹是引起声门闭会不全的最常见原因。目前治疗单侧声带麻痹的方法主要有以下几种：（1）喉结构外科（laryngealframeworksurgery）（2）神经再支配术（reinnervation）（3）电起搏治疗（electricalpacing）（4）声带注射术（injectionlampgopasty）。其中，声带注射术相对而言有着实用、简便、安全、经济的优越性，被广泛应用于声门闭会不全的矫治。除单侧声带麻痹外，声带注射还应用于其它原因引起的声门闭合不全的矫正，包括声带缺损、…     

Effects of arytenoid adduction on laryngeal function following ansa cervicalis nerve transfer for vocal fold paralysis in an in vivo canine model

Laryngeal reinnervation with the ansa cervicalis has been proposed as a treatment for human unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). This study tested the assumption that results from reinnervation could be improved if combined with medialization surgery. Six canine subjects underwent recurrent laryngeal nerve section and reinnervation with a branch of the ansa cervicalis. After reinnervation, vocal function was assessed before and after arytenoid adduction. Although laryngeal function improved significantly following reinnervation, results were significantly enhanced by the addition of medialization surgery. The implications for the treatment of human unilateral vocal fold paralysis are discussed.     

Combined arytenoid adduction and laryngeal reinnervation in the treatment of vocal fold paralysis

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: Glottal closure and symmetrical thyroarytenoid stiffness are two important functional characteristics of normal phonatory posture. In the treatment of unilateral vocal cord paralysis, vocal fold medialization improves closure, facilitating entrainment of both vocal folds for improved phonation, and reinnervation is purported to maintain vocal fold bulk and stiffness. A combination of medialization and reinnervation would be expected to further improve vocal quality over medialization alone. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of preoperative and postoperative voice analysis on all patients who underwent arytenoid adduction alone (adduction group) or combined arytenoid adduction and ansa cervicalis to recurrent laryngeal nerve anastomosis (combined group) between 1989 and 1995 for the treatment of unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Patients without postoperative voice analysis were invited back for its completion. A perceptual analysis was designed and completed. METHODS: Videostroboscopic measures of glottal closure, mucosal wave, and symmetry were rated. Aerodynamic parameters of laryngeal airflow and subglottic pressure were measured. A 2-second segment of sustained vowel was used for perceptual analysis by means of a panel of voice professionals and a rating system. Statistical calculations were performed at a significance level of P = .05. RESULTS: There were 9 patients in the adduction group and 10 patients in the combined group. Closure and mucosal wave improved significantly in both groups. Airflow decreased in both groups, but the decrease reached statistical significance only in the adduction group. Subglottic pressure remained unchanged in both groups. Both groups had significant perceptual improvement of voice quality. In all tested parameters the extent of improvement was similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: The role of laryngeal reinnervation in the treatment of unilateral vocal cord paralysis remains to be established.     

Ansa-RLN reinnervation for unilateral vocal fold paralysis in adolescents and young adults

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: To assess the outcomes of management of unilateral vocal fold paralysis by ansa-RLN reinnervation in a series of patients ages 12-21. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical outcomes study. METHODS: Six consecutive adolescents and young adults (ages 12-21 years) seeking treatment for unilateral vocal fold paralysis and glottal incompetence underwent ansa-RLN neurorraphy. Pre- and post-operative voice recordings acquired at least 1 year following surgery were submitted to acoustic and perceptual analysis. Patient-based measures were also taken. RESULTS: Mean perceptual visual analogue scale rating of dysphonia severity (0mm=profoundly abnormal voice, 100mm=completely normal voice) improved from 50mm pre-operatively to 82mm post-operatively. Mean maximum phonation time improved from 6.5s to 13.2s. Pitch and dynamic range were also observed to improve. Global self-ratings of voice function (0-100%) increased from 31.2% to 81.6% of normal. CONCLUSIONS: Ansa-RLN reinnervation is an effective treatment option for adolescents and young adults with unilateral vocal fold paralysis. The procedure has the potential to improve vocal function substantially, especially in those with isolated paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The procedure alleviates the disadvantages associated with other surgical options for this age group.     

喉返神经修复术及非喉返神经修复术治疗声带麻痹

目的 探讨喉返神经修复术及非喉返神经修复术这两种不同术式治疗声带麻痹的疗效。方法 ①单侧声带麻痹21例, 其中采用喉返神经修复术(喉返神经减压术、颈袢神经与喉返神经吻合术、颈袢神经肌肉蒂环杓侧肌移植术)15例, 采用非喉返神经修复术(声带自体脂肪注射术、自体软骨Ⅰ型甲状软骨成形术)6例;②双侧声带麻痹16例, 其中采用喉返神经修复术(喉返神经减压术、颈袢神经肌肉蒂环杓后肌移植术)6例, 采用非喉返神经修复术(声带外移术、内镜下杓状软骨切除术)10例。治疗前后以电子喉镜、频闪喉镜、声音评估等评价手术疗效。结果 ①单侧喉返神经麻痹患者中喉返神经修复组15例, 术后术侧声带活动不同程度改善, 发音时声带突明显内收, 声带振动及黏膜波均恢复对称性, 声门闭合良好, 手术前后的最大声时为(5.51±1.05)s和(12.10±1.41)s, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);非喉返神经修复术术后声带均不同程度内移, 声嘶症状改善, 但声带均无运动, 手术前后的最大声时为(5.47±0.45)s和(11.83±1.47)s, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。神经修复组和非神经修复组术后最大声时比较, 差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);②双侧喉返神经麻痹患者中喉返神经修复术6例中, 术后呼吸困难缓解及声带外展部分恢复4例;非神经修复术10例术后呼吸困难改善;神经修复组术后拔管率为66.7%, 非神经修复组术后拔管率为100%;Fisher精确概率法比较两组术后拔管率, 差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 对于单侧声带麻痹, 喉返神经修复术及非喉返神经修复术疗效相当, 前者的远期疗效更佳。对于双侧声带麻痹, 非喉返神经修复术疗效更佳, 但喉返神经修复术不影响患者的发音功能。选择喉返神经修复术或非喉返神经修复术治疗声带麻痹, 需要医师根据自身的专业知识及技能、患者的身体状况及需求, 作出慎重的决定, 以取得可靠的疗效。     

Correction of dysphonia using laryngeal framework surgical techniques

Many dysphonias caused by incomplete glottis closure or inadequate vocal fold tension are eligible for phonosurgical correction. Most phonosurgeons presently advocate laryngeal framework surgery as the first treatment of choice. For correction of incomplete glottis closure usually thyroplasty type 1 and arytenoid adduction techniques are used. For correction of vocal fold tension crico-thyroid approximatidn and thyroplasty type 3 can be used. Often combinations of different techniques are required to achieve the best result. It is therefore essential to perform these procedures under local anaesthesia, so that the voice can be monitored during the surgery and so that the surgery can be tailored to the patient’s voice. 89 patients underwent laryngeal framework surgery, 85 of them for correction of incomplete glottis closure, which in 75 patients was due to unilateral vocal fold immobility. The results in this group were good also in long term follow-up. Complications were few and insignificant.     

Thyroarytenoid muscle maintains normal contractile force in chronic vocal fold immobility.

BACKGROUND: Denervation of skeletal muscle typically results in irreversible denervation atrophy over time. This finding has generated controversy as to the efficacy of reinnervation procedures for chronic vocal fold immobility related to recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that chronic vocal fold immobility after recurrent laryngeal nerve injury does not result in diminished maximal isometric force generation in the thyroarytenoid muscle. STUDY DESIGN: Adult random-bred cats underwent either unilateral laryngeal denervation (n = 6) or sham surgery (n = 6). After 6 months, videolaryngoscopy was performed followed by in vitro measurement of maximal isometric tetanic force produced by the thyroarytenoid muscle. RESULTS: All animals in the denervation group showed right vocal fold paralysis after the initial denervation operation; none of these animals had return of appropriately phased movement with respiration. Four had intermittent disorganized twitching movements. One had these movements plus an occasional weak adduction, and one had no movement. Normal vocal fold mobility was observed in 6 of 6 animals undergoing sham surgery. The maximal isometric tetanic force measured from the thyroarytenoid muscle in the sham group was 438 mN (+/-92 mN standard deviation [SD]). The maximal isometric tetanic force measured from the thyroarytenoid muscle in the chronically immobile group was 405 mN (+/-107 mN SD). Differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Maximal isometric force in the thyroarytenoid muscle is not diminished in chronic vocal fold immobility after recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. We conclude that the possibility for restoration of contractile force to the chronically immobile thyroarytenoid muscle exists. This finding supports the pursuit of reinnervation procedures in the treatment of chronic vocal fold immobility.     

Acoustic and perceptual evaluation of laryngeal reinnervation by ansa cervicalis transfer

Objectives/Hypothesis: To evaluate the acoustic and perceptual results of laryngeal reinnervation with ansa cervicalis to recurrent laryngeal nerve anastomosis. Study Design: Retrospective study of voice samples from 12 patients with unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, treated with ansa cervicalis to recurrent laryngeal nerve anastomosis. Samples were recorded before surgery and at least 8 months after surgery. Methods: The samples were subjected to several acoustic analyses sensitive to paralytic dysphonia, including cepstral peak prominence, noise-to-harmonics ratio, and measures of frequency and amplitude perturbation. The voice samples from the patients were randomized with age- and sexmatched samples from normal subjects and judged by trained listeners for overall dysphonia, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, and strain. The preoperative and postoperative results were compared statistically, and the postoperative results were compared with the matched normal subjects. Results: As a group, the patients showed improvement (P < .05) in cepstral peak prominence, frequency perturbation, and perceptual judgments of overall dysphonia, breathiness, and asthenia. The best results occurred in patients with isolated vocal fold paralysis. The postoperative group as a whole did not improve to the level seen in matched normals. Suboptimal results were seen primarily in patients with untreated laryngeal or extralaryngeal pathology beyond the laryngeal paralysis. Conclusions: These data suggest that laryngeal reinnervation has the potential to bring about a return to normal or near-normal voice in patients with isolated unilateral vocal fold paralysis.     

Configuration of the glottis in laryngeal paralysis. II: Animal experiments

It is widely believed that in isolated recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, the paralyzed vocal fold assumes a median or paramedian position, due to the action of the cricothyroid muscle. A review of the literature reveals that support for this theory is not conclusive and, in particular, experiments indicate that the cricothyroid muscle does not appreciably affect vocal fold position in acute paralysis. The research in this study compares the configuration of the glottis in chronic unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis in cats, with and without concomitant denervation of the cricothyroid muscle. Results indicate that vocal fold position is not determined by the cricothyroid muscle. Incomplete denervation of intrinsic laryngeal muscles as well as synkinetic reinnervation appear to be significant factors in determining vocal fold position in chronic laryngeal paralysis.     

Laryngeal aerodynamics after vocal fold augmentation with autologous fat vs thyroplasty in the same patient

OBJECTIVE: To analyze laryngeal aerodynamics in the same patient in 4 different circumstances: before the onset of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP), after the onset of UVFP, and after 2 types of surgical vocal fold medialization techniques to compare the results of surgery with the measurements made in that same patient when his larynx was healthy (before paralysis). DESIGN: Prospective self-paired study of 1 male patient. Measurements were taken before iatrogenic UVFP (of the patient's healthy larynx), 1 week after the onset of iatrogenic UVFP (thoracic surgery), 3 days after vocal fold medialization with autologous fat, and 2 months after polytetrafluoroethylene thyroplasty. SETTING: University hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Phonatory airflow and intraoral pressure. RESULTS: Airflow and intraoral pressure increased after the onset of UVFP. Airflow decreased to preparalytic values after both types of vocal fold medialization. Intraoral pressure decreased after fat injection but increased after thyroplasty, despite the favorable effects of this treatment on laryngeal resistance and vocal efficiency compared with preparalytic values. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the variability of intraoral pressure as an indirect measure of subglottal pressure after vocal fold medialization in UVFP, due to as yet unknown factors. Phonatory airflow, laryngeal resistance, and vocal efficiency seem to be more reliable indicators of aerodynamic results after vocal fold medialization.