磁共振尿路成像对肾盂输尿管先天性疾病的诊断价值

目的：探讨磁共振尿路成像(MRU)对肾盂、输尿管先天性疾病的诊断价值。方法：对11例肾盂、输尿管先天性疾病患者行MRU检查以明确诊断。结果：MRU诊断肾盂输尿管交界处狭窄3例，腔静脉后输尿管3例．巨输尿管症2例，肾盂输尿管完全重复畸形伴异位开口3例；均可显示梗阻部位及尿路扩张的形态，其定位诊断准确率为100％。结论：MRU是安全有效的非侵袭性的影像学检查方法，对肾盂、输尿管先天性疾病患者，尤其对有静脉尿路造影禁忌证和患侧肾功能严重受损的患者，具有特殊诊断价值。     

后腹腔镜治疗儿童先天性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的价值

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗儿童先天性肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(UPJO)的可行性、手术技巧及临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析26例先天性UPJO患儿经后腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗的临床资料。20例患儿因患侧腰腹胀痛就诊,2例因血尿就诊,4例体检时发现。并发肾盂结石4例。在后腹腔镜下游离肾盂及输尿管上段,斜行切除狭窄段,用5-0可吸收线全层缝合输尿管近端与肾盂做V-Y吻合。留置支架管及肾盂造瘘管。结果:26例手术均获得成功。随访3～18个月,复查静脉尿路造影示吻合口无狭窄,肾积水、肾功能均得到改善。结论:采用后腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗儿童先天性UPJO效果显著,安全可行,较开放手术创伤小,可以替代开放手术成为儿童先天性UPJO的首选治疗方式。     

输尿管膀胱连接部狭窄诊治体会

目的　探讨输尿管膀胱连接部狭窄的诊治方法。　方法　回顾性分析 18例输尿管膀胱连接部狭窄的临床资料。男 6例 ,女 12例。平均年龄 4 3岁。左侧 5例 ,右侧 6例 ,双侧 7例。膀胱壁内段狭窄 12例 18侧 ,膀胱前 7例 7侧 (含 1例双侧者 1侧 )。输尿管膀胱再植 7例 7侧 ;经膀胱镜或术中输尿管扩张后 ,留置双J管或细硅胶导尿管 6例 6侧 ;狭窄段纵行切开带蒂膀胱黏膜条翻转输尿管末段成形术 7例 12侧。　结果　 18例术后随访 2个月～ 2 3年 ,全组无输尿管狭窄 ,治愈率78% ,好转率 2 2 %。其中输尿管扩张后 ,留置双J管或细硅胶导尿管治愈率 6 7% (4/ 6 ) ;狭窄段纵行切开带蒂膀胱黏膜条翻转输尿管末段成形术 7例均治愈。输尿管再植术 3例和输尿管末段成形术 5例 ,膀胱造影无膀胱输尿管返流。　结论　经膀胱镜或术中输尿管扩张后留置双J管和狭窄段纵行切开带蒂膀胱黏膜条翻转输尿管末段成形术治疗输尿管膀胱连接部狭窄创伤小 ,疗效满意。     

逆行性肾盂造影在输尿管肿瘤诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨逆行性肾盂造影在输尿管肿瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值并提高输尿管肿瘤病变的诊断与鉴别诊断的水平。方法对手术病理证实为输尿管肿瘤的患者17例，术前均行腹部超声、尿路平片（KUB）、静脉尿路造影（IVU）、肾CT（14例）、MR尿路水成像（8例）及逆行性肾盂造影检查并对结果进行分析。结果本组病例中有15例行逆行性肾盂造影检查即获得明确的影像学诊断；2例因梗阻严重，导管无法通过狭窄段，无法显示病变输尿管的情况而诊断为输尿管梗阻，原因待查，阳性率达88．2％。结论逆行性肾盂造影检查对输尿管肿瘤的诊断阳性率高，对判定病变性质及范围亦有较大的意义。     

先天性血管压迫致输尿管梗阻的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨先天性血管压迫致输尿管梗阻的诊断与治疗方法。方法：术前采用Ｂ超、静脉层路造影（ＩＶＵ）、逆行尿路造影和磁共振水成像（ＭＲＵ）诊断先天性血管压迫致输尿管和肾积水患者１９例，均采用手术治疗，术中切断腔静脉后输尿管、切除异位血管和切除受压部分输尿管后作输尿管端端吻合或肾盂整形术。结果：手术证实下腔静脉压迫致输尿管梗阻８例，异位血管压迫致输尿管梗阻１０例，左侧髂总动脉压迫致输尿管梗阻１例。术后３     

先天性输尿管狭窄的影像学诊断

目的：比较先天性输尿管狭窄的影像学诊断方法。方法：对比分析26例患者的B超、静脉尿路造影、泌尿系MRI水成像及CT等影像学诊断资料。结果：26例B超检查均显示肾盂积水;静脉尿路造影有4例不显影或显影不清;泌尿系MRI水成像10例均显影清楚;CT检查3例能显示积水。结论：B超适于该病的初筛检查．静脉肾盂造影作为常规检查,MRI水成像适于静脉肾盂造影不显影及有禁忌证者,CT检查只适于辅助检查。     

下腔静脉后输尿管的诊断与治疗(附7例报告)

目的总结下腔静脉后输尿管的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析7例下腔静脉后输尿管患者的症状、影像学柃奄、治疗和随访情况。7例均有右腰胀痛，其中1例有肾绞痛，无肉眼血尿。结果术前均依据B超、IVU、逆行球路造影和磁共振尿路造影明确诊断，均采用输尿管离断复位矫正术治疗。术后恢复良好，未发生漏尿等并发症。随访3个月～1年，7例症状消失，B超、KUB加IVU检查示肾积水减轻，吻合几无明显狭窄。结论对不明原冈的右肾及上段输尿管积水者应考虑有本病的可能，IVU、逆行尿路造影和磁共振尿路造影是主要诊断方法，其中磁共振尿路造影是理想的非侵入性诊断方法。输尿管离断复位矫止术可获得良好疗效。     

磁共振尿路成像对异位输尿管开口的诊断

目的:探讨磁共振尿路成像(MRU)对异位输尿管开口的定位诊断的价值。方法:对7例输尿管异位开口患者在行B超、CT、静脉肾盂造影(IVU)、膀胱镜插管造影的基础上,进一步行MRU检查。结果:7例患儿术前经B超、IVU均未明确诊断,行MRU检查全部定位诊断明确。结论:MRU可作为B超、IVU等的进一步检查手段,用于小儿输尿管异位开口的定位诊断。     

输尿管息肉的诊断和治疗(附22例报告)

目的　探讨输尿管息肉的诊断与治疗体会。方法　回顾性分析 2 2例输尿管息肉患者的临床资料 ,结合文献进行讨论。结果　 2 2例共 2 4侧输尿管息肉患者中 ,2例行肾盂成形 ,7例行单纯息肉切除 ,7例行病变段输尿管切除加端端吻合 ,1例行输尿管下段及部分膀胱切除加输尿管膀胱重植 ,2例行病变段肾输尿管切除 ,3例行输尿管镜检加钬激光息肉电灼。全部病例均获治愈并经病理证实。结论　IVU (分泌性尿路造影 )加输尿管逆行造影检查可能对诊断输尿管息肉有帮助 ,其特征是边缘光滑锐利的充盈缺损。输尿管息肉的治疗以手术为主 ,应根据息肉的大小、数量、部位及肾脏受累程度选择单纯切除术、输尿管部分切除术和肾盂成形术等。输尿管镜检查与处理是诊断和治疗输尿管息肉的最好方法之一。     

肾移植术后长段输尿管狭窄的诊断与开放性手术治疗

目的 总结肾移植术后发生长段输尿管狭窄的诊断方法与手术治疗经验.方法 分析11例肾移植术后发生长段输尿管狭窄患者的临床资料.患者发生长段输尿管狭窄的时间为肾移植术后2～6个月,临床表现为血肌酐升高、体重增加、尿量减少和移植肾区肿胀.所有患者均经B型超声、64层螺旋CT尿路造影(CTU)或磁共振尿路水成像(MRU)确诊,输尿管狭窄长度为3～7 cm.11例患者的治疗方法为:5例行膀胱壁瓣输尿管成形术;2例行供肾肾盂-自体输尿管吻合术;4例行供肾输尿管-自体输尿管吻合术.结果 11例长段输尿管狭窄的患者经开放性手术治疗后,均取得成功,恢复了尿路的通畅.手术时间为2.5～4 h,无明显手术并发症.术后尿量显著增加,血肌酐下降至75～156μmol/L,B型超声示移植肾积水明显减轻或消失.术后随访8～62个月,患者肾功能稳定,无再发狭窄.结论 对肾移植术后出现血肌酐升高等临床特点的患者,应考虑到输尿管狭窄的可能,及时采用B型超声进行常规的检查,采用CTU或MRU明确狭窄的长度及部位;明确诊断后应及时进行开放性手术治疗.肾移植术后的长段输尿管狭窄经早期诊断和及时治疗成功率较高.     

先天性巨输尿管症的诊治体会（附9例报告）

目的：探讨先天性巨输尿管症的诊治特点。方法：9例先天性巨输尿管症,其中左侧4例,右侧2例,双侧3例。主诉症状不典型,最终经B超、KUB＋IVP、膀胱镜逆行插管造影、CT、MRU等检查确诊。采用输尿管中、下段裁剪、坑逆流输尿管膀胱再植术5例。1例先行肾盂穿刺造瘘术,3个月后行输尿管膀胱再植术。因肾重度积水,功能严重受损而行。肾、输尿管切除术1例。1例行输尿管末端切开术。1例行保守治疗,定期更换双J管。结果：输尿管膀胱再植术6例（包括先行肾盂穿刺造瘘术,3个月后再行输尿管膀胱再植术的患者）,均于6-12周后拔除支架管或双J管（幼儿患者约6周拔除支架管导尿管,成人患者约2-3个月拔除双J管）。术后随访经B超及静脉肾盂造影检查,显示患侧输尿管扩张度和肾积水均明显减轻。1例行输尿管末端内切开术的患者在术后3个月拔除并更换双J管1次,复查B超亦提示恢复良好。保守治疗的1例患者到目前为止,病情尚无恶化征象。结论：B超和KUB＋IVP检查是诊断先天性巨输尿管症的首选检查方法,但MRU近年体现出更多的诊断优势。治疗本症的原则是解除梗阻,尽量保留肾功能。手术方式以输尿管剪裁或折叠加输尿管膀胱吻合术为主,但腹腔镜和内镜手术也逐渐受到重视。肾功能尚好者也可行扩张或放置内支架等保守治疗。     

Prenatal puncture of a unilateral hydronephrosis leading to fetal urinoma and postnatal nephrectomy

We report the first case of retroperitoneoscopic ureterocalicostomy in a 17-year-old male patient with severe left hydronephrosis caused by a long congenital upper ureteral stenosis. With a retroperitoneoscopic approach, the stenotic segment was resected, the thin renal parenchyma overlying the lower calyx was fenestrated by a modest excision, and the proximal ureter was anastomosed to the lower pole in an end-to-end manner. At 2 years postoperatively, the patient was asymptomatic, with a significant reduction in hydronephrosis and a patent upper ureter. Retroperitoneoscopic ureterocalicostomy is technically feasible and can provide long-term successful reconstruction of a complicated ureteropelvic junction obstruction.     

Acute renal failure due to bilateral ureteral stone impaction in an HIV-positive patient

A 51-year-old HIV-positive man treated with atazanavir for 9 months presented with anuria following right flank pain. Laboratory examination indicated renal insufficiency, and abdominopelvic computed tomography scanning showed bilateral hydroureteronephrosis, but no stones were visualized. Endoscopic procedures were performed to investigate the causes of ureteral obstruction and, if possible, to insert Double-J stents in the ureters. A yellowish stone composed of pure atazanavir was found at the right ureteral orifice, and retrograde pyelography revealed a filling defect in the left ureter found to be caused by an atazanavir stone. The patient’s renal function recovered after removal of these stones.     

急性上尿路梗阻性无尿的诊断

目的 提高急性上尿路梗阻性无尿的诊断水平。方法 对58例急性上尿路梗阻患者的临床表现、影像学检查结果和梗阻原因进行总结、分析。结果 临床表现为无尿58例、肾区疼痛41例、肾区叩击痛33例、高血压20例、血尿素氮和肌酐升高57例、高血钾8例。MRU、B超、x线（包括KUB、IVU、逆行肾盂造影）、CT、MRI等影像学检查为主要辅助检查。对上尿路梗阻的检出率，MRU为100％（25／25），B超为88％（50／57），CT／MRI为60％（6／10），X线为49％（19／39）；MRU、B超检出率显著高于X线和CT／MRI（P〈0．05）。对梗阻病因的检出率，MRU为88％（22／25），B超为46％（26／57），X线为46％（18／39），CT／MR为50％（5／10）；MRU检出率显著高于B超、X线和CT／MRI（P〈0．05）。梗阻病因为结石27例、肿瘤18例、输尿管狭窄4例、腹膜后纤维化3例、药物结晶2例、肾结核1例，不明原因3例。结论 影像学检查对急性上尿路梗阻性无尿的诊断具有重要价值，MRU、B超对梗阻的检出率较高，MRU在病因诊断方面具有优势。结石是最常见的上尿路梗阻病因，其次为肿瘤。     

Persistent clot anuria complicating renal transplant biopsy

Serious morbidity from renal transplant biopsy is reported to be infrequent. However, 4 of 43 patients who had renal transplant biopsy between July, 1981, and March, 1984, experienced anuria from upper urinary tract obstruction by blood clots. Although these clots usually dissolve, 3 patients (7%) experienced persistent clot anuria and deterioration of renal function. Awareness of this complication is important. Retrograde pyelography and ureteral catheterization are preferred primarily for diagnosis and treatment. Percutaneous techniques are reserved for those cases in which the ureter cannot be catheterized cystoscopically.     

Ureteral polyp occurring as renal dysfunction with contralateral ureteral calculi: a case report

A 46-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of macroscopic hematuria with dull pain in the right flank. Laboratory finding showed renal dysfunction and abdominal ultrasound sonograph revealed bilateral hydronephrosis (right > left). Retrograde pyelography showed left ureteral calculi and a filling defect in the middle portion of the right ureter. Renal function improved after bilateral single-J ureteral stent placement. Selective wash cytology of right renal pelvis was class II. Ureteroscopy demonstrated right ureteral obstruction with smooth-surfaced protruded tumor and cold cup biopsy was performed. Histopathological diagnosis was a fibroepithelial polyp but with no malignancy. In addition, left transurethral lithotripsy was performed under ureteroscopy. After the endoscopic examination, a double pigtail stent inserted into the right ureter. We performed conservative management by repeat urine cytologies and retrograde pyelography due to thrombocytopenia. The urine cytologies all proved negative and retrograde pyelography showed no abnormal changes. A ureteroscopic procedure is considered to be useful for the diagnosis of ureteral polyps. Transurethral resection of ureteral polyps with a ureteroscope is recommended for treatment.     

Endopyeloureterotomy via transpelvic extraureteral approach]

Endopyelotomy has been established as a valuable procedure to relieve the obstruction of ureteropelvic junction or upper ureteral stenosis. However, in a case with a long stenotic segment and in a case with high insertion type of ureteropelvic junction obstruction, we had often poor results by the conventional technique. To resolve these problems, we developed a new technique of endopyeloureterotomy via transpelvic extraureteral approach. We made an auxiliary incision in renal pelvis or dilated ureter involved with stricture to pass a 22 Fr. urethrotome equipped with a cold knife into the retroperitoneal space. Then we incised a stenotic segment by the knife through the urethrotome until the normal caliber of ureteric lumen was found. A 10-16 Fr. stent was left in place in the incised segment for 3 weeks. We treated 38 patients with ureteropelvic junction stenosis or upper ureteral stenosis by this procedure between August 1988 and June 1990. A total of 39 procedures were performed on 39 ureteropelvic junctions or upper ureters. Original disease were congenital anomalies in 23 patients, strictures secondary to urinary calculi in 12 and postoperative strictures in 4. The length of incision was 2 to 6 cm with the average being 3.2 cm. Postoperative follow-up period ranged 4 to 32 months with the average being 19 months. Obstructive changes disappeared or improved in 37 procedures (95%). In two procedures we failed. Thus this new technique of endopyeloureterotomy might be an useful procedure to relieve ureteropelvic junction stenosis or upper ureteral stenosis with a long stenotic segment or high insertion type of ureteropelvic junction stenosis.     

A case of malignant lymphoma originating from paraureteral tissue

A 53-year-old man was admitted with epigastric discomfort. Excretory pyelography demonstrated left non visualizing kidney. Computed tomography showed the dilatation of left renal pelvis and a mass along with a left lower ureter. Retrograde pyelography showed the stenosis of left lower ureter. Urine cytologies from both voided and upper urinary tract showed class I. Ureteroscopy revealed the normal ureteral mucosa, suggesting extrinsic obstruction of the ureter. The operation was performed under the diagnosis of retropelvic tumor. The tumor could be easily resected from the left ureter. The pathological diagnosis was follicular lymphoma. There was no prolificative accumulation on Gallium scintigraphy after the operation. The tumor was considered to have originated from paraureteral tissue.     

Obstruction of the ileal ureter by mesenteric vessels occurring 5 years after total ureteral substitution for bilateral ureteral stenosis due to systemic lupus erythematosus

We previously reported a case of bilateral ureteral stenosis accompanied by systemic lupus erythematosus, which was successfully managed by total ureteral reconstruction using a segment of the ileum. Herein, we describe an unusual complication in the same patient, which we experienced 5 years after the ileal-ureteral substitution. Left-sided back pain repeated together with transient obstruction of the ileal ureter interposed between the right and left renal pelvis. Consequently, exploratory laparotomy revealed that left colic vessels oppressed and caused obstruction, and the obstructed ileal ureter was released by reconstitution of these vessels instead of re-anastomosis of the ileal ureter. Left hydronephrosis and related back pain disappeared postoperatively. The number of patients with an indication of ileal-ureteral substitution is increasing for various disorders, and thus, the present report gives additional suggestions for the follow up of patients with ileal ureter.