磁共振扩散加权成像在兔VX2肝移植瘤研究中的应用价值

目的 探讨兔VX2肝移植瘤模型磁共振成像(MRI)及扩散加权成像(DWI)的成像参数及图像特征.方法 将传代兔瘤块种植到30只新西兰纯种大白兔的肝左叶,建立兔VX2肝移植瘤模型.接种后用二维超声监测肿瘤长至1～2 cm大小,用头线圈进行MRI成像及DWI检查.结果 肿瘤的接种成功率为100%,2周后可在B超下监测到肿瘤.2～3周肿瘤生长最旺盛,其体积迅速增大.T1WI肿瘤呈稍低信号或等信号,T2WI呈不均匀高信号;增强初期可见肿瘤明显强化,后强化程度较前减低,与肝实质强化程度相近.DWI扩散敏感因子(b值)在350、550 s/mm2和1000 s/mm2时,对应的肝组织和肿瘤组织的ADC值分别为(3.0732±0.5326)±10-3mm2/8和(1.7900 4-0.5310)×10-3mm2/s;(2.7204±0.4726)× 10-3mm2/s和(1.5611±0.2007)±10-3mm2/s;(2.0843±0.3312)×10-3mm2/s和(1.2000±0.2148)×10-3mm2/s.b值增大,肝脏组织和肿瘤组织ADC值减小.结论 随着b值增大,肝组织和肿瘤病灶ADC值呈下降趋势.b值大小影响DWI上肿瘤的显示及信号强度.     

磁共振扩散加权成像在肝外胆管癌诊断中的应用研究

目的探讨MR扩散加权成像(DWI)及表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值对肝外胆管癌的诊断价值。资料与方法回顾性分析58例经手术病理证实的肝外胆管癌患者的MRI原始资料,包括不同b值的DWI(b值为100 s/mm2、300 s/mm2、500 s/mm2、800 s/mm2、1000 s/mm2)及常规MRI平扫(T2WI、T1WI)。测量不同b值时肝外胆管癌病灶ADC值,计算病灶与正常肝脏间对比噪声比(CNR),根据HE染色病理图片记录肝外胆管癌细胞密度,并进行分析。结果 DWI对肝外胆管癌病灶的信号显示优于T2WI及T1WI。随着b值的增大,病灶ADC值逐渐降低,病灶与正常肝脏间CNR呈逐渐下降趋势,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同b值时,肝外胆管癌病灶ADC值与细胞密度之间均呈负相关(P<0.05);b=800 s/mm2时,其相关性最高(r=-0.81,P<0.05)。结论 DWI能较清楚地显示肝外胆管癌病灶,b值为800 s/mm2时最佳,与ADC值测量共同分析,有助于肝外胆管癌病灶的检出。     

敏感性编码技术和弥散敏感系数（b值）在兔肝VX2瘤扩散加权成像中的应用

目的探索敏感性编码（SENSE）技术和弥散敏感系数（b值）在兔肝VX2瘤快速MRI扩散加权成像实验中的应用。方法新西兰大白兔24只，于VX2瘤种植后2～3周行快速扩散加权成像（DWI）扫描。成像参数的缩减因子（reduction factor）取值为1，2，观察使用SENSE后扫描时间的缩短情况以及图像的信噪比变化情况。b值取100～600s／mm^2共6个。测量不同b值的兔肝VX2瘤与正常肝组织的信噪比以及相应的表面扩散系数（ADC），进行统计学分析。结果DWI中应用SENSE成像缩减因子为2时扫描时间缩短约13．3％，而图像的信噪比没差别（P≥0．05）。b值400s／mm^2时VX2瘤具有最高信噪比为115．5±71．6；ADC值为1．575±0．218×10^-3mm^2／s（P〈0．05）。结论 合理应用SENSE技术能缩短扫描时间而图像信噪比没有差别，弥散敏感系数（b值）为400s／mm^2是最优b值，兔肝VX2瘤与正常肝组织的信噪比最高，其ADC值最准确。     

扩散成像技术在鉴别肝脏单纯性囊肿和囊性包虫囊肿中的应用

目的评价扩散加权成像(DWI)在鉴别肝单纯性囊肿和包虫囊肿特别是完全液化的肝包虫囊肿的价值。资料与方法20例囊性包虫病患者22个病灶,肝脏单纯囊肿9例10个病灶,均行b值500和1000 s/mm2的MRDWI序列扫描。结果b值500和1000 s/mm2的病灶ADC值以及病灶和周围肝实质的信号强度率均有显著性差异,肝脏单纯囊肿的表观扩散系数(ADC)值明显高于肝包虫囊肿,肝脏包虫囊肿的信号强度率明显高于肝脏单纯囊肿(P值<0.05)。结论肝脏MR DWI有助于鉴别肝脏单纯囊肿和肝脏囊性包虫囊肿。     

3.0 T MR扩散加权成像评价兔肝VX2瘤射频消融治疗的实验研究

目的 探讨3.0 T MR DWI评价兔肝VX2瘤射频消融治疗疗效的价值.方法 新西兰大白兔22只.20只用于建立VX2瘤模型,2只健康正常兔用于行正常肝射频消融术对照.于VX2瘤种植后14～21 d(平均17 d),对符合实验条件瘤兔(病灶位于肝实质内,最大直径≤3 cm,坏死病灶直径≤整个病灶直径的1/2)行3.0 T常规MRI和功能DWI.对瘤兔及对照组正常兔行射频消融治疗,射频消融术后7～10 d(平均8 d)行3.0 T常规MRI及DWI.所有射频消融治疗兔行MR检查后均行病理检查.测量兔肝VX2瘤、正常兔肝射频消融治疗前后ADC值,分析兔肝VX2瘤射频消融治疗前后3.0 T MR常规成像、ADC值特征,并与病理对照.同一b值射频消融治疗后不同组织间ADC值比较采用重复测量资料方差分析.结果 20只实验组兔肝VX2瘤模型均建立成功,1例肿瘤突出于肝表面、1例肿瘤病灶出现明显坏死未纳入实验.所有18个瘤灶及2例正常兔肝射频消融均成功.兔VX2瘤T1WI序列表现为低或等信号,T2WI为高信号.肝VX2瘤兔射频消融治疗后7～10 d,射频消融病灶T1WI序列表现为低或稍高信号,T2WI为混杂信号.T2WI序列周边环形稍高信号为肉芽组织,增强扫描明显强化,T2WI序列低、中等信号为凝固性坏死.坏死组织在DWI图上为低信号,活性肿瘤组织位于病灶周边,呈结节状,在T2WI、DWI图上为等或稍高信号.肿瘤标本为灰白色,部分肿瘤组织间夹杂增生血管、少许肉芽组织.b值为600 s/mm2时,射频消融治疗后活性肿瘤组织(9只)、坏死组织(18只)、肉芽组织(18只)、正常组织(18只)ADC值分别为:(1.227±0.140)×10-3、(0.702±0.050)×10-3、(1.918±0.124)×10-3、(1.739±0.044)×10-3mm2/s,各组间ADC值差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).b值分别为200、400、600、800、1000 s/mm2时治疗后坏死组织、活性残留或复发肿瘤组织、肉芽组织、正常肝组织间ADC值差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 兔VX2瘤模型适合3.0 T MR评价射频消融治疗疗效的动物实验研究,对射频消融治疗基础及临床应用研究具有重要价值.     

肝脏磁共振扩散加权成像对肝癌化疗栓塞后疗效评价的实验性研究

目的应用MR扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)技术评价兔肝癌化疗栓塞疗效。材料与方法首先建立兔VX2肝癌模型,采用Seldinger’s法经股动脉插管行选择性肝动脉造影成功后,行肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE),治疗前后行MR DWI,记录表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值。结果 DWI图像质量随b值增加而明显下降。整个肿瘤ADC值TACE术前为(1.48±0.36)×10 s/mm2,TACE术后为(1.78±0.15)×10 s/mm2,两者差异有统计学意义(t=2.885,P<0.05)。结论 MR DWI作为无创性检查方法,可以用于评价肝癌化疗栓塞疗效。     

肝VX-2 瘤模型MR扩散成像的实验研究

目的探讨肝VX-2瘤模型MR扩散成像特征.方法新西兰大白兔35只,采用块种植的方法,一期预实验皮下种植14只,肝内种植6只;二期肝内种植12只,另3只做正常对照.对包括二期肝内种植在内的15个肿瘤于种植前后行定期扩散加权成像(DWI) 与MR检查.以表观扩散系数(ADC)值等为指标进行统计分析.结果 (1)一期预实验,皮下种植成功率29%(4/14),肝内种植成功率33%(2/6);二期肝内种植成功率83%(10/12).(2)VX-2瘤在DWI上呈高信号,边缘清楚.正常组与VX-2瘤实验组b值为100和300 s/mm2时ADC值分别为(2.57±0.26)mm2/s、(1.73±0.31)mm2/s、(1.87±0.25)mm2/s与(1.57±0.23)mm2/s(F=43.26,P<0.001).随b值增大,病灶信号降低;ADC图上病灶呈低信号;不同b值之间病灶ADC值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);b=100 s/mm2病灶与正常肝脏之间ADC值差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).(3)VX-2瘤发展迅速,易发生肺、肝、纵隔等处转移.结论 DWI在反映肝VX-2瘤内部水分子运动、发现与追踪病灶进展等方面有重要价值.     

MR扩散加权成像评价兔VX2肝肿瘤射频消融疗效的实验研究

目的 通过对兔VX2肝肿瘤模型作动物实验,探讨MR扩散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging, DWI)在评价射频消融疗效的可行性与可靠性.方法 9例兔VX2肝肿瘤模型做射频消融术(radiofrequency ablation, RFA),治疗后1周做常规MRI检查确定肿瘤平面后,选择b值(扩散敏感度)为100 s/mm2,300 s/mm2和1000 s/mm2分别做水扩散加权成像扫描,与病理作比较分析正常肝组织、残留肿瘤灶和消融坏死灶的DWI图、表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)差异.结果 由于受患兔呼吸与心跳影响,DWI图像均存在不同程度伪影.以DWI图像上正常肝组织信号作为对比,对应于病理观察到的存活肿瘤组织区域在DWI图像上表现为更低信号,而消融坏死灶区域表现为高信号.而在选定平面所重建的ADC图像上则刚好相反,存活区域色彩鲜明,而消融坏死区域色彩暗淡.正常肝组织、存活肿瘤组织与消 融坏死组织的ADC值(单位:×10-3mm2/s)分别为1.658±0.866、2.011±0.925、0.709±0.511(b＝100 s/mm2);1.242±0.651、1.436±0.425、0.529±0.387(b＝300 s/mm2);0.819±0.357、1.136±0.217、0.558±0.332(b＝1000 s/mm2).在同一b值下,ADC值由高到低依次为存活肿瘤组织、正常肝组织与消融坏死组织,而存活肿瘤组织与消融坏死组织在同一b值下均存在显著性差异;随着b值的升高,不同组织的ADC值普遍降低,在b值分别为100 s/mm2和1000 s/mm2时,同一组织的ADC测量值也存在统计学差异(消融坏死组织除外),消融坏死组织在不同b值下测量ADC值无显著性差异.结论 MR扩散加权成像能从微观、功能成像的角度区别消融坏死灶与肿瘤残留灶,是有发展潜力的新型RFA评价手段,但图像质量有待改进.     

不同b值扩散加权MRI诊断肝脏局灶性病变的初步研究

目的:探讨不同b值磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)系列分析及表观扩散系数(ADC)值对肝脏常见局灶性病变定性诊断的价值.方法:对45例肝脏常见局灶性病变(15例肝癌,18例肝血管瘤,12例肝囊肿)行不同b值DWI (b=600 s/mm2,1000 s/mm2,2000 s/mm2),观察病灶DWI信号强度连续变化并计测表观扩散系数(ADC)值.结果:肝癌不同b值DWI均表现为高信号,随b值增加,病灶信号强度无显著性改变(P＞0.05);肝血管瘤DWI (b=600 s/mm2)表现为高信号,DWI (b=1000 s/mm2,2000 s/mm2)表现为高或等信号,随b值增加,病灶信号强度降低(P＜0.05);肝囊肿DWI (b=600)表现为高、等或低信号,DWI (b=1000 s/mm2,2000 s/mm2)表现为低信号,随b值增加,囊肿信号强度降低(P＜0.05).随b值增加,肝癌、肝血管瘤、肝囊肿的ADC值均逐渐降低(P＜0.05).结论:不同b值DWI系列分析可能鉴别诊断肝脏常见局灶性病变.     

MR扩散加权成像在肝脏占位性病变中的应用

目的 探讨MR扩散加权成像(DWI)及表观扩散系数(ADC)值在肝脏占位性病变诊断的价值.方法 对53例正常及100例肝占位性病变患者行DWI检查,并测量ADC值.包括肝细胞癌24例,肝转移瘤31例,肝血管瘤19例及肝囊肿26例. 结果正常肝组织ADC值为(1.52±0.24)×10-3mm2/s;肝细胞癌、肝转移瘤、肝血管瘤、肝囊肿ADC值分别为(1.38±0.37)×10-3 mm2/s、(1.71±0.78)×10-3 mm2/s、(2.41±0.51)×10-3 mm2/s、(3.96±0.76)×10-3 mm2/s,肝恶性肿瘤与肝囊肿、肝血管瘤ADC值存在统计学意义(P＜0.05).在DWI图像上,肝囊肿呈低或等信号,肝血管瘤呈稍高信号,肝癌和转移瘤呈高信号.结论 分析DWI图像特点及ADC值在肝脏占位性病灶中的鉴别诊断有重要价值.     

A monitoring,feedback, and triggering system for reproducible breath-hold MR imaging

A technique is described that provides improved reproducibility of breath-holding for MR image acquisition by monitoring the superior-inferior (S/I) position of the diaphragm. The method incorporates detection of the level of inspiration using an MR signal, rapid display to the patient of diaphragm position to enable breath-hold adjustment, and triggering of image data acquisition once appropriate position is attained. The response time of the system is short, approximately 10 ms. Studies in six volunteers using this method demonstrate a considerable decrease in the S/I range of diaphragm position over 10 consecutive periods of suspended respiration. The mean range is 1.3 mm with the system, while it is 8.3 mm without using it is expected that this method will be of assistance in many abdominal and cardiothoracic studies that use breath-hold techniques.     

DSA功能性参数的提取与利用

本文介绍了在临床实际中利用功能性参数，对冠状动脉ＤＳＡ心肌血流灌注成像、冠状动脉血流量测定、左心室功能测定、肺动脉高压程度的评价等项目研究结果。重点讨论了提取ＤＳＡ功能性参数的一般方法，认为功能性参数在现代影像诊断学中的作用是对疾病做出程度、定量、动态及功能诊断。     

RARE spiral T2-weighted imaging

Spiral imaging has a number of advantages for fast imaging, including an efficient use of gradient hardware. However, inhomogeneity-induced blurring is proportional to the data acquisition duration. In this paper, we combine spiral data acquisition with a RARE echo train. This allows a long data acquisition interval per excitation, while limiting the effects of inhomogeneity. Long spiral k-space trajectories are partitioned into smaller, annular ring trajectories. Each of these annular rings is acquired during echoes of a RARE echo train. The RARE refocusing RF pulses periodically refocus off-resonant spins while building a long data acquisition. We describe both T₂-weighted single excitation and interleaved RARE spiral sequences. A typical sequence acquires a complete data set in three excitations (32 cm FOV, 192 × 192 matrix). At a TR = 2000 ms, we can average two acquisitions in an easy breath-hold interval. A multifrequency reconstruction algorithm minimizes the effects of any off-resonant spins. Though this algorithm needs a field map, we demonstrate how signal averaging can provide the necessary phase data while increasing SNR. The field map creation causes no scan time penalty and essentially no loss in SNR efficiency. Multiple slice, 14-s breath-hold scans acquired on a conventional gradient system demonstrate the performance.     

Echo-Time-Encoded Burst Imaging (EBI): A Novel Technique for Spectroscopic Imaging

A new technique for rapid spectroscopic imaging is presented. The proposed experiment enables a complete mapping of the two-dimensional reciprocal space k_x, k_o, and thus the acquisition of a 1D spectroscopic image in a single scan. The properties of the pulse sequence, based on the use of a burst of low flip angle pulses, are analyzed in the framework of linear response theory, and it is shown that chemical shift information may be introduced into the spatially encoded echoes. First experimental results are presented demonstrating that 32 x 32 proton spectroscopic images may be acquired within less than 1 min with a conventional imaging system.     

Fast imaging of phosphocreatine in the normal human myocardium using a three-dimensional RARE pulse sequence at 4 Tesla

PURPOSE: To investigate the use of a three-dimensional rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) pulse sequence for direct acquisition of phosphocreatine (PCr) images of the human myocardium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A short elliptical birdcage radiofrequency (RF) body coil was constructed to produce a uniform flip angle throughout the chest cavity. In vivo images using a spectrally-selective RARE sequence with a spatial resolution of 1.2 cm x 1.2 cm x 2.5 cm (4 cm(3)) were acquired in nine minutes and 40 seconds. RESULTS: Scans of phantoms demonstrated excellent spectral selectivity. The signal-to-noise ratio in the myocardium ranged from 12.6 in the anterior wall to 5.3 in the mid septum. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that PCr data can be acquired using a three-dimensional RARE sequence with greater spatial and temporal resolution than spectroscopic techniques.     

Current Status of Optical Imaging for Evaluating Lymph Nodes and Lymphatic System

Optical imaging techniques use visual and near infrared rays. Despite their considerably poor penetration depth, they are widely used due to their safe and intuitive properties and potential for intraoperative usage. Optical imaging techniques have been actively investigated for clinical imaging of lymph nodes and lymphatic system. This article summarizes a variety of optical tracers and techniques used for lymph node and lymphatic imaging, and reviews their clinical applications. Emerging new optical imaging techniques and their potential are also described.     

Simultaneous multislice (SMS) imaging techniques

Simultaneous multislice imaging (SMS) using parallel image reconstruction has rapidly advanced to become a major imaging technique. The primary benefit is an acceleration in data acquisition that is equal to the number of simultaneously excited slices. Unlike in‐plane parallel imaging this can have only a marginal intrinsic signal‐to‐noise ratio penalty, and the full acceleration is attainable at fixed echo time, as is required for many echo planar imaging applications. Furthermore, for some implementations SMS techniques can reduce radiofrequency (RF) power deposition. In this review the current state of the art of SMS imaging is presented. In the Introduction, a historical overview is given of the history of SMS excitation in MRI. The following section on RF pulses gives both the theoretical background and practical application. The section on encoding and reconstruction shows how the collapsed multislice images can be disentangled by means of the transmitter pulse phase, gradient pulses, and most importantly using multichannel receiver coils. The relationship between classic parallel imaging techniques and SMS reconstruction methods is explored. The subsequent section describes the practical implementation, including the acquisition of reference data, and slice cross‐talk. Published applications of SMS imaging are then reviewed, and the article concludes with an outlook and perspective of SMS imaging. Magn Reson Med 75:63–81, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society of Medicine in Resonance.     

Dynamic bioluminescence imaging for quantitative tumour burden assessment using IV or IP administration of <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-luciferin: effect on intensity,time kinetics and repeatability of photon emission

Introduction In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a promising technique for non-invasive tumour imaging. d-luciferin can be administrated intraperitonealy or intravenously. This will influence its availability and, therefore, the bioluminescent signal. The aim of this study is to compare the repeatability of BLI measurement after IV versus IP administration of d-luciferin and assess the correlation between photon emission and histological cell count both in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods Fluc-positive R1M cells were subcutaneously inoculated in nu/nu mice. Dynamic BLI was performed after IV or IP administration of d-luciferin. Maximal photon emission (PE_max) was calculated. For repeatability assessment, every acquisition was repeated after 4 h and analysed using Bland–Altman method. A second group of animals was serially imaged, alternating IV and IP administration up to 21 days. When mice were killed, PE_max after IV administration was correlated with histological cell number. Results The coefficients of repeatability were 80.2% (IV) versus 95.0% (IP). Time-to-peak is shorter, and its variance lower for IV (p < 0.0001). PE_max was 5.6 times higher for IV. A trend was observed towards lower photon emission per cell in larger tumours. Conclusion IV administration offers better repeatability and better sensitivity when compared to IP. In larger tumours, multiple factors may contribute to underestimation of tumour burden. It might, therefore, be beneficial to test novel therapeutics on small tumours to enable an accurate evaluation of tumour burden. Marleen Keyaerts is a Ph. D. fellow of the Research Foundation—Flanders (Belgium; FWO).     

Molecular imaging programs in the United States: results of a national survey

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: We sought to identify and describe the characteristics of molecular imaging (MI) programs in the United States and to determine the factors considered critical for their future. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, a validated survey was sent to members of the Society of Chairmen in Academic Radiology Departments (SCARD) in the United States, and 26 variables were studied. RESULTS: The response rate was 40.3%; 67.9% of the departments surveyed have an MI program. The main focus of 47.4% of departments is oncology. The number of radiologists working for the department was the only variable found to be significantly positively correlated with (1) number of researchers in the MI program, (2) number of MI modalities available, (3) total number of grants, and (4) having ongoing MI clinical trials. These four variables plus the number of federal grants and the space used by MI programs were independent of the geographical region, hospital size (number of beds), and department size (number of radiological examinations per year). All the MI programs received grants during 2005. Only 16.1% have no alliances with industry. Among all the departments, 82% identified staff training and recruitment as the keys for success; 78.57% considered oncology the most important future application of MI and cancer management the hospital service most affected by MI. CONCLUSION: MI programs are starting to be more widespread throughout the United States, and the trend is for more academic radiology departments to become engaged in MI activities; their development is independent of department characteristics. Radiology departments strongly agreed about the key components for success of MI initiatives and the areas that will be most affected by MI applications.